The GALE E NCYCLOPEDIA o f Surgery A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS VOLUME A-F ANTHONY J. SENAGORE, M.D., EXECUTIVE ADVISOR CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION The GALE E NCYCLOPEDIA o f Surgery A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS 1 Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Anthony J. Senagore MD, Executive Adviser Project Editor Kristine Krapp Editorial Stacey L. Blachford, Deirdre Blanchfield, Madeline Harris, Chris Jeryan, Jacqueline Longe, Brigham Narins, Mark Springer, Ryan Thomason Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman, Sue Petrus Indexing Synapse Illustrations GGS Inc. Permissions Lori Hines Imaging and Multimedia Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Dave Oblender, Christine O’Brien, Robyn V. Young Product Design Michelle DiMercurio, Jennifer Wahi Manufacturing Wendy Blurton, Evi Seoud ©2004 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 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While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no pay- ment for listing; and inclusion in the publica- tion of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or the pub- lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN: 0-7876-7770-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Gale encyclopedia of surgery : a guide for patients and caregivers / Anthony J. Senagore, [editor]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-7721-3 (set : hc) — ISBN 0-7876-7722-1 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-7723-X (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-9123-2 (v. 3) Surgery—Encyclopedias. 2. Surgery—Popular works. I. Senagore, Anthony J., 1958- RD17.G34 2003 617’.91’003—dc22 2003015742 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY v CONTENTS List of Entries vii Introduction xiii Contributors xv Entries Volume 1: A-F 1 Volume 2: G-O 557 Volume 3: P-Z 1079 Glossary 1577 Organizations Appendix 1635 General Index 1649 A Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal wall defect repair Abdominoplasty Abortion, induced Abscess incision and drainage Acetaminophen Adenoidectomy Admission to the hospital Adrenalectomy Adrenergic drugs Adult day care Ambulatory surgery centers Amniocentesis Amputation Anaerobic bacteria culture Analgesics Analgesics, opioid Anesthesia evaluation Anesthesia, general Anesthesia, local Anesthesiologist’s role Angiography Angioplasty Anterior temporal lobectomy Antianxiety drugs Antibiotics Antibiotics, topical Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs Antihypertensive drugs Antinausea drugs Antiseptics Antrectomy Aortic aneurysm repair Aortic valve replacement Breast reduction Bronchoscopy Bunionectomy C Cardiac catheterization Cardiac marker tests Cardiac monitor Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cardioversion Carotid endarterectomy Carpal tunnel release Catheterization, female Catheterization, male Cephalosporins Cerebral aneurysm repair Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis Cervical cerclage Cervical cryotherapy Cesarean section Chest tube insertion Chest x ray Cholecystectomy Circumcision Cleft lip repair Club foot repair Cochlear implants Collagen periurethral injection Colonoscopy Colorectal surgery Colostomy Colporrhaphy Colposcopy Colpotomy Appendectomy Arteriovenous fistula Arthrography Arthroplasty Arthroscopic surgery Artificial sphincter insertion Aseptic technique Aspirin Autologous blood donation Axillary dissection B Balloon valvuloplasty Bandages and dressings Bankart procedure Barbiturates Barium enema Bedsores Biliary stenting Bispectral index Bladder augmentation Blepharoplasty Blood donation and registry Blood pressure measurement Blood salvage Bloodless surgery Bone grafting Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy Bone marrow transplantation Bone x rays Bowel resection Breast biopsy Breast implants Breast reconstruction GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY vii LIST OF ENTRIES Complete blood count Cone biopsy Corneal transplantation Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Coronary stenting Corpus callosotomy Corticosteroids Craniofacial reconstruction Craniotomy Cricothyroidotomy Cryotherapy Cryotherapy for cataracts CT scans Curettage and electrosurgery Cyclocryotherapy Cystectomy Cystocele repair Cystoscopy D Death and dying Debridement Deep brain stimulation Defibrillation Dental implants Dermabrasion Dilatation and curettage Discharge from the hospital Disk removal Diuretics Do not resuscitate order (DNR) E Ear, nose, and throat surgery Echocardiography Elective surgery Electrocardiography Electroencephalography Electrolyte tests Electrophysiology study of the heart Emergency surgery Endolymphatic shunt Gastrostomy General surgery Gingivectomy Glossectomy Glucose tests Goniotomy H Hair transplantation Hammer, claw, and mallet toe surgery Hand surgery Health care proxy Health history Heart surgery for congenital defects Heart transplantation Heart-lung machines Heart-lung transplantation Hemangioma excision Hematocrit Hemispherectomy Hemoglobin test Hemoperfusion Hemorrhoidectomy Hepatectomy Hip osteotomy Hip replacement Hip revision surgery Home care Hospices Hospital services Hospital-acquired infections Human leukocyte antigen test Hydrocelectomy Hypophysectomy Hypospadias repair Hysterectomy Hysteroscopy I Ileal conduit surgery Ileoanal anastomosis Ileoanal reservoir surgery Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Endoscopic sinus surgery Endotracheal intubation Endovascular stent surgery Enhanced external counterpulsation Enucleation, eye Epidural therapy Episiotomy Erythromycins Esophageal atresia repair Esophageal function tests Esophageal resection Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Essential surgery Exenteration Exercise Extracapsular cataract extraction Eye muscle surgery F Face lift Fasciotomy Femoral hernia repair Fetal surgery Fetoscopy Fibrin sealants Finding a surgeon Finger reattachment Fluoroquinolones Forehead lift Fracture repair G Gallstone removal Ganglion cyst removal Gastrectomy Gastric acid inhibitors Gastric bypass Gastroduodenostomy Gastroenterologic surgery Gastroesophageal reflux scan Gastroesophageal reflux surgery GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY viii List of Entries Ileostomy Immunoassay tests Immunologic therapies Immunosuppressant drugs Implantable cardioverter- defibrillator In vitro fertilization Incision care Incisional hernia repair Informed consent Inguinal hernia repair Intensive care unit Intensive care unit equipment Intestinal obstruction repair Intravenous rehydration Intussusception reduction Iridectomy Islet cell transplantation K Kidney dialysis Kidney function tests Kidney transplantation Knee arthroscopic surgery Knee osteotomy Knee replacement Knee revision surgery Kneecap removal L Laceration repair Laminectomy Laparoscopy Laparoscopy for endometriosis Laparotomy, exploratory Laryngectomy Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Laser iridotomy Laser posterior capsulotomy Laser skin resurfacing Laser surgery Laxatives Leg lengthening/shortening N Necessary surgery Needle bladder neck suspension Nephrectomy Nephrolithotomy, percutaneous Nephrostomy Neurosurgery Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nursing homes O Obstetric and gynecologic surgery Omphalocele repair Oophorectomy Open prostatectomy Operating room Ophthalmologic surgery Orchiectomy Orchiopexy Orthopedic surgery Otoplasty Outpatient surgery Oxygen therapy P Pacemakers Pain management Pallidotomy Pancreas transplantation Pancreatectomy Paracentesis Parathyroidectomy Parotidectomy Patent urachus repair Patient confidentiality Patient rights Patient-controlled analgesia Pectus excavatum repair Pediatric concerns Pediatric surgery Limb salvage Lipid tests Liposuction Lithotripsy Liver biopsy Liver function tests Liver transplantation Living will Lobectomy, pulmonary Long-term care insurance Lumpectomy Lung biopsy Lung transplantation Lymphadenectomy M Magnetic resonance imaging Mammography Managed care plans Mastoidectomy Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation Mechanical circulation support Mechanical ventilation Meckel’s diverticulectomy Mediastinoscopy Medicaid Medical charts Medical errors Medicare Meningocele repair Mentoplasty Microsurgery Minimally invasive heart surgery Mitral valve repair Mitral valve replacement Modified radical mastectomy Mohs surgery Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan Muscle relaxants Myelography Myocardial resection Myomectomy Myringotomy and ear tubes GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY ix List of Entries Pelvic ultrasound Penile prostheses Pericardiocentesis Peripheral endarterectomy Peripheral vascular bypass surgery Peritoneovenous shunt Phacoemulsification for cataracts Pharyngectomy Phlebography Phlebotomy Photocoagulation therapy Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) Physical examination Planning a hospital stay Plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery Pneumonectomy Portal vein bypass Positron emission tomography (PET) Post-surgical pain Postoperative care Power of attorney Preoperative care Preparing for surgery Presurgical testing Private insurance plans Prophylaxis, antibiotic Pulse oximeter Pyloroplasty Q Quadrantectomy R Radical neck dissection Recovery at home Recovery room Rectal prolapse repair Rectal resection Red blood cell indices Reoperation Retinal cryopexy Retropubic suspension Surgical instruments Surgical oncology Surgical team Sympathectomy Syringe and needle T Talking to the doctor Tarsorrhaphy Telesurgery Tendon repair Tenotomy Tetracyclines Thermometer Thoracic surgery Thoracotomy Thrombolytic therapy Thyroidectomy Tonsillectomy Tooth extraction Tooth replantation Trabeculectomy Tracheotomy Traction Transfusion Transplant surgery Transurethral bladder resection Transurethral resection of the prostate Tubal ligation Tube enterostomy Tube-shunt surgery Tumor marker tests Tumor removal Tympanoplasty Type and screen U Umbilical hernia repair Upper GI exam Ureteral stenting Ureterosigmoidoscopy Ureterostomy, cutaneous Rhinoplasty Rhizotomy Robot-assisted surgery Root canal treatment Rotator cuff repair S Sacral nerve stimulation Salpingo-oophorectomy Salpingostomy Scar revision surgery Scleral buckling Sclerostomy Sclerotherapy for esophageal varices Sclerotherapy for varicose veins Scopolamine patch Second opinion Second-look surgery Sedation, conscious Segmentectomy Sentinel lymph node biopsy Septoplasty Sex reassignment surgery Shoulder joint replacement Shoulder resection arthroplasty Sigmoidoscopy Simple mastectomy Skin grafting Skull x rays Sling procedure Small bowel resection Smoking cessation Snoring surgery Sphygmomanometer Spinal fusion Spinal instrumentation Spirometry tests Splenectomy Stapedectomy Stereotactic radiosurgery Stethoscope Stitches and staples Stress test Sulfonamides GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY x List of Entries Urinalysis Urinary anti-infectives Urologic surgery Uterine stimulants V Vagal nerve stimulation W Webbed finger or toe repair Weight management White blood cell count and differential Wound care Wound culture Wrist replacement Vagotomy Vascular surgery Vasectomy Vasovasostomy Vein ligation and stripping Venous thrombosis prevention Ventricular assist device Ventricular shunt Vertical banded gastroplasty Vital signs GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY xi List of Entries The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery is a medical ref- erence product designed to inform and educate readers about a wide variety of surgeries, tests, drugs, and other medical topics. The Gale Group believes the product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily definitive. While the Gale Group has made substantial efforts to provide information that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to- date, the Gale Group makes no representations or war- ranties of any kind, including without limitation, war- ranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular pur- pose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehensive- ness, or timeliness of the information contained in this product. Readers should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge is constantly growing and changing, and that differences of medical opinion exist among au- thorities. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY xii PLEASE READ— IMPORTANT INFORMATION [...]... on the area of interest As an imaging tool, abdominal ultrasound generally is indicated for patients afflicted with chronic or acute abdominal pain; abdominal trauma; an obvious or suspected abdominal mass; symptoms of liver or biliary tract disease, pancreatic disease, gallstones, spleen disease, kidney disease, and urinary blockage; evaluation of ascites; or symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm... implant into the breast, most often behind the breast tissue or chest muscle wall A breast reduction may be performed on patients who have large breasts that cause an array of symptoms such as back and neck pain Breast reduction removes excess breast skin and fat and moves the nipple and area around the nipple (called the areola) to a higher position A breast lift, also called a mastopexy, is performed... has lost a large amount of weight or is obese A large area of overhanging skin is called a pannus Older patients are at an increased risk of developing a pannus because skin loses elasticity as one ages Problems with hygiene or wound formation can result in a patient who has multiple hanging folds of abdominal skin and fat If a large area of excess tissue is removed, the procedure is called a panniculectomy... radiology department and emergency department, as well as in physician offices, for a number of clinical applications Ultrasound has a great advantage over x-ray imaging technologies in that it does not damage tissues with ionizing radiation Ultrasound is also generally far better than plain x rays at distinguishing the subtle variations of soft tissue structures, and can be used in any of several modes,... eligible to take the Pediatric Surgery examination Other credentials may include membership in the American College of Surgeons, the American Pediatric Surgical Association, and/ or the American Academy of Pediatrics Each of these organizations require that fellows meet well-established standards of training, clinical knowledge, and professional conduct If prenatal screening indicates that abdominal wall defects... Infection may occur DILATATION AND EVACUATION Some second trimester abortions are performed as a dilatation and evacuation (D & E) The procedures are similar to those used in a D & C, but a larger suction tube must be used because more material must be removed This increases the amount of cervical dilation necessary and increases the risk and discomfort of the procedure A combination of suction and manual... procedure can take up to a week, and final closure may be performed a few weeks later More surgery may be required to repair the abdominal muscles at a later time Diagnosis/Preparation Prenatal screening can detect approximately 85% of abdominal wall defects Gastroschisis and omphalocele are usually diagnosed by ultrasound examinations before birth These tests can determine the size of the abdominal wall... pelvis It contains a cavity with many organs Amniotic membrane A thin membrane that contains the fetus and the protective amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus Anesthesia A combination of drugs administered by a variety of techniques by trained professionals that provide sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility adequate for the accomplishment of the surgical procedure with minimal discomfort, and without... structure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY • Abdominal trauma After a serious accident such as a car crash or a fall, internal bleeding from injured abdominal organs is often the most serious threat to survival Neither the injuries nor the bleeding may be immediately apparent Ultrasound is very useful as an initial scan when abdominal trauma is suspected, and it can be used to pinpoint the location, cause, and. .. hypertension, particularly in the heart, but also in the abdominal aorta and the portal vein of the liver The actual procedure for a patient undergoing an abdominal ultrasound is relatively simple, regardless of the type of scan or its purpose Fasting for at least eight hours prior to the procedure ensures that the stomach is empty and as small as possible, and that the intestines and bowels are relatively inactive . GALE E NCYCLOPEDIA o f Surgery A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS 1 Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Anthony J. Senagore. SURGERY xii PLEASE READ— IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers is a unique and invaluable source of information