1. To ask about drug discovery and drug development. 2. To get familiar with using passive voice in writing scientific articles or experimental instructions. 3. To describe some dosage forms. Research Development (R D) Research + Testing chemical compounds + Finding substance which has beneficial effect on a targeted disease Development + Carrying forward scientific discoveries made during the research process + Producing a marketable drug
Lesson : Substance discovery and product development Objectives To ask about drug discovery and drug development To get familiar with using passive voice in writing scientific articles or experimental instructions To describe some dosage forms Research & Development (R & D) Research Development Testing chemical compounds Carrying forward scientific discoveries made during the research process Finding substance which has beneficial effect on a targeted disease Producing a marketable drug Match each phonetic spelling to one of the words /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ or /ˈriːsɜːtʃ/ /dɪˈveləpmənt/ /ˈsʌbstəns/ /ˈmɑːkɪtəbl drʌɡ/ /ˈdəʊsɪdʒ/ /ˌklɪnɪkl ˈtraɪəl/ /ˈtɑːɡɪt aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ /əˈnæləsɪs əv dɪˈziːz/ /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl ˈtestɪŋ/ 10 /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ a dosage b development c substance d marketable drug e analysis of disease f clinical trial g analytical testing h research i target identification 10 j synthesize Match each of the following concepts with its definition an analysis of disease an analytical testing a clinical trial dosage forms drug safety drug discovery target identification _ is an experiment conducted to identify the chemical makeup or characteristics of a particular sample _ are the manners in which drug substances are presented in the market _ is the science of detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of side effects which allows us to understand more about the risks and benefits of a medicine _ is aimed at finding the efficacy target of a drug _ is a research performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention _ is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered _ is an organized, proactive approach to health care for members of a population designed to prevent the development of specific diseases Language Focus: Passive voice S + to be + PP Used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action Example: Mr Hieu teaches the class of D20 => The class of D20 is taught by Mr Hieu Give examples of passive voice Sentence: Chính quyền cung cấp gói thuốc cho người nhà thời gian họ tự cách ly Translate: The authority provided three packs of medicine to people staying at home during the quarantine Passive voice: Three packs of medicine were provided by the authority to people staying at home during the quarantine Give examples of passive voice Sentence: Các nhà hảo tâm từ thiện lương thực thực phẩm đến người dân địa phương Translate: The benefactors have donated food and clothes to the local people Passive voice: Food and clothes have been donated by the benefactors to the local people Language Focus: Passive voice S + to be + PP Often used in scientific articles or in experimental instructions Point out sentences written in the passive voice The syntheses of compounds (which are) reported in this paper are outlined in Figure and described in details in Information S1 In the first step, 2,4-diamino-5-cyanopyrimidine (1) was prepared according to the method (which was) reported by Huber [30], by condensing guanidine nitrate with ethoxymethylenemalononitrile in ethanol in the presence of a significant amount of sodium ethoxide, to form the free guanidine base The cyano group was reduced using Raney nickel as catalyst and 98% formic acid as solvent [31] [Skedelj V, Arsovska E, Tomasic ́ T, Kroflic A, Hodnik V, et al (2012) 6-Arylpyrido[2,3d]pyrimidines as Novel ATP-Competitive Inhibitors of Bacterial D- Alanine:D-Alanine Ligase PLoS ONE 7(8): e39922 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039922] Drug discovery and development: questions often asked Dosage Development What kind of formulation could we develop? What is the toxicity of this NCE? What about using other forms? What about the bioavailability of this NCE? Are tablets, capsules, or drops possible? When can we start the first in-man study? What about the dosage for these forms? Do we have the technology to make patches? Listen to the conversation about an R & D meeting What participants query about the new chemical substance? kind of formulation that could be developed from the NCE? the bioavailability of the NCE? the toxicity of the substance? kind of time frame for the first in-man study? could the new dosage form be made with current technology? Opinions: asking and giving Asking for opinions What you think ….? What’s your opinion on …? What’s your view of …? Avoiding/Withholding opinions I would rather not say … I’m sorry I cannot comment on … I’m affaid I’m not in the position to answer that Giving opinions I think/feel … In my opinion, … From my point of view, … Giving strong opinions I firmly believe … I feel very strongly that … I’m sure/certain/convinced … Give examples of asking and giving opinions Put one of the vocabulary items from the box into the sentences below chemist – dosage form – formulation – in-man study – prescription - toxicology chemist A specialist or expert in the scientific field of chemistry is called a ………………… Using the right …………………… …… is especially important when giving medicine to dosage form children, because they often have problems swallowing pills The science of poisons, including their source, chemical composition, action, tests, toxicology and even their antidotes, is what we call …………………………… Put one of the vocabulary items from the box into the sentences below chemist – dosage form – formulation – in-man study – prescription - toxicology If a drug or medicine is not available ‘over-the-counter’, it is normally means that prescription a ……………………………… from a physician is needed to obtain it from a pharmacy Chemists and pharmacologists are also interested in how the medicine is formulation administered, so they often ask about its …………………………… Before drugs or medicines can be made available to the public, they have to be in-man study tested on human beings We call this an ……………………………… Read the answers below and write your own version of the questions (You may consult the conversation of the R & D meeting or the questions often asked about the topic of drug discovery and development) What kind of fomulation could we develop from this NCE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… It is already available in lozenge and chewing gum form, but we hope to develop a time-release patch in the near future What is the bioavailability of this NCE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We will have to test the bioavailability to be able to calculate dosages for nonintravenous routes of drug administration for this NCE Is there some information available on the toxicity of the substance ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… As you know, when substances are taken with alcohol or antibiotics, their chemical form could change and even cause harmful side effects I’ll keep you informed Are we in the position to make this new dosage form with our current technology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Not completely However, we have a partner to help us develop a patch form which provides the desired effects for at least six hours What kind of time frame are we talking about for the first in-man study ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I’m afraid it may take a year or more before we can start the first tests on healthy humans Listen to the conversation between Janet, a chemist, and Brian, a pharmacologist about the brainstorming meeting Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F)? T The side-effects research for the product is not finished yet F There are other dosage forms which work better than the patch form F It will only take a few months to further develop the patch form F Cream, ointment, and suppository forms would also be possible for this product T The company already has the technology to make tablets and pills Talking about time periods a bit more time We’ll need a bit more time still running We are still running tests to find out what kinds of side effects are possible in about (+ time period) We should be able to come up with an answer in about four weeks from … to … Developing a patch would take anything from six months to a couple of years yet We don’t have a complete answer to that question yet We don’t have the technology perfected yet Read the article about different classes of drugs in different countries Answer the following questions What are the advantages of providing drugs and medications by presciption, BTC and OTC? How are drugs and medications made available in your country? Should patients have the right to obtain drugs and medications online from other countries? ... meeting about, and what needs to be discussed? Breakthrough in the search for NCE for Mensapatch TM development, ideas for new substance and further development What kind of product is Mensamint... drug discovery stage, which after undergoing clinical trials could translate into a drug that could be a treatment for some disease Drug discovery and development: questions often asked Dosage Development. .. passive voice Weigh g of p-aminophenol and transfer thoroughly to a 100 ml cleaned and dried conical flask Add to the flask 6.5 ml of acetic anhydride and 3 -4 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid