CÁC DẠNG CHUYỂN ĐỔI CÂU VÀ BÀI TẬP MINH HỌAtienganh ônthi tailieuonthi chuyendoicaunhững cấu trúc và ví dụ kèm theo bài tập chuyendoicautienganhbaitapchuyendoicautienganhnó sẽ rất có ích cho bạn tài liệu dễ hiểu, có bài tập và ví dụ để thúc đẩy quá trình hiểu biết những ví dụ sẽ giúp bạn hiểu hơn về những cách chuyển đổi câu trong tiếng anh những bài tập từ cơ bản đến nâng cao nó khá là bao quát. vì thế hãy lựa chọn tài liệu này nó thật sự rất có ích và hữu dụng
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL IT IS (NOT) NECESSARY TO + V S + DON’T HAVE TO / NEED TO + V Example: It isn’t necessary to shout You don’t have to shout 1.It isn’t necessary for you to wear uniform on Sunday => You don’t …………………………………………… 2.It isn’t necessary for you to book the tickets =>You don’t ……………………………………………… 3.There was no need for you to have gone to all the trouble =>You don’t ……………………………………………… 4.It is a waste of time reading that novel =>You needn’t …………………………………………… 5.It is essential to meet your aunt at the airport? =>Does your aunt …………………………………………… 6.It is impossible for roses to be grown in such poor ground =>Roses can’t ……………………………………………… MODEL HAVE + SO + DO GET + SO + TO DO HAVE / GET + STH + DONE Example: Mr.Bryan mended the washing machine for me I had/ get the washing machine mended by Mr.Bryan / I had Mr.Bryan mend the washing machine 1.The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon => I am …………………………………………………… 2.I have had my car cleaned =>I have ………………………………………………… 3.Someone has just washed our car =>We have ………………………………………………… 4.I employed my neighbor to clean my car =>I had …………………………………………………… 5.My suits needs to be cleaned before the interview =>I must …………………………………………………… 6.He had someone paint his house last month => He ………………………………………………………… 7.The hurrican blew the roof off the house =>The house had …………………………………………… MODEL SOMEONE PEOPLE THEY SAY THINK BELIEVE RUMOUR EXPECT REPORT THAT IT + BE + V3/ V-ed + THAT + S2 + V … S2 + BE + V3/ V-ed + (1) TO + V (2) TO HAVE + V3/ V-ed Dùng (1) V1 = V2 ( the same tense) Dùng (2) : V2 xãy trước V1 Example: a/ People say that he beats his wife V1 V2 V1 ( say ) : present => The same tense V1 = V2 V2 ( beats ) : present Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS He is said to beat his wife b/ People thought that he had died in battle V1 V2 V1 ( thought) : past => V2 xãy trước V1 V2 (had died) : past perfect He was thought to have died in battle 1.People said that he had gone to Italy => He ……………………………………………… 2.They say that he escaped to an Africa country => He ……………………………………………… 3.People say that Nam is living with his uncle ia America => Nam …………………………………………………… 4.People believe that there exists ghost => It is ……………………………………………………… 5.They all say that he speaks very good English => He ……………………………………………………… 6.People used to think that he was shefish => He used …………………………………………………… 7.They say that football is the best game to play => Football ………………………………………………… 8.People used to believe that the earth was flat => It used …………………………………………………… 9.People believe that he was killed by teriorists => He ………………………………………………………… MODEL S + BE/ GET USED TO + NOUN / V-ing Example: Getting up early is not a problem to me I am/ get used to getting up early 1.I don’t find it difficult to study late at night => I am ………………………………………………… 2.It is not a habit of mine to sleep in the afternoon => I am not ……………………………………………… 3.She feels strange when she drives on the left => She is not ……………………………………………… 4.She doesn’t usually stay up late =>She is not ………………………………………………… 5.He gets up early in the morning and he’s used to it =>He’s used to ……………………………………………… MODEL ADJ / ADV + ER THAN … THE ADJ / ADV + EST MORE + ADJ / ADV MOST + ADJ / ADV NOT + SO/ AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS ADJ / ADV + ER THAN MORE + ADJ / ADV Example: a/ Hang is the fattest girl in my class No girl in my class are fatter than Hang b/ Susan isn’t as good at chemistry as Sarah Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan 1.You are the worst chess player in the world => No one in the world …………………………… 2.Tom is the best programmer in his company => No one in Tom’s company …………………………… 3.They say that Nam is the brightest in our school =>No other students ……………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 4.Gary is the best guitarist in the class =>No one else in our ………………………………………… 5.Have you got a cheaper carpet than this? =>Is this the ……………………………………………………… 6.This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read =>This is the ………………………………………………………………… 7.I don’t play the guitar as well as he does =>He plays ………………………………………………………………… 8.Geopor is not nearly as energetic as he used to be =>He used to be …………………………………………………………… 9.It’s not cheap as it was =>It’s more ……………………………………………………………… 10.My mother cooks better than my father does =>My father cooks …………………………………………………… MODEL S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3/ V-ed …SINCE / FOR -S + LAST + V2/ V-ed ….WHEN … -THE LAST TIME + S + …… WAS Example: a/ I haven’t heard him since August The last time I heard him was in August b/ I haven’t seen him since I was a student I last saw him when I was a student 1.I haven’t played football since 1970 =>The last time ………………………………… 2.We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol =>We last ………………………………………… 3.It hasn’t rained for a fortnight =>The last time …………………………………… =>It last …………………………………………… 4.Lucy hasn’t worn that dress since Barbara’s wedding =>The last time ………………………………………… 5.My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for years =>The last time ………………………………………… MODEL S + V2/ v-ED ………… AGO -S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed + SINCE (FOR) -S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ing + SINCE/FOR Example: a/ He started working for this factory a year ago He has worked/ has been working for this factory for a year b/ My sister has studied English for a year My sister began to study English a year ago 1.It’s a long time since we became close friends =>We have …………………………………………… 2.Minh last wrote to his pen pal five months ago =>Minh hasn’t ………………………………………… 3.The last time I met Mai was in 1999 =>I haven’t ……………………………………………… 4.We haven’t seen one another for a long time =>We stopped …………………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 5.My father started to give up smoking last year =>My father has …………………………………………… 6.This is her six appearance on stage in our city this year =>She has ………………………………………………… MODEL S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed ….+ IT IS + TIME ….+ SINCE + S + (last) TIME V2/ V-ed Example: a/ I haven’t seen my father for one month It’s one month SINCE I last saw my father b/ Tom and Daisy have been married for two years It is two years SINCE Tom and Daisy got married 1.I haven’t seen Henry for two years =>It is ………………………………………………… 2.Tim has not had his hair cut for over month =>It is ………………………………………………… 3.I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years =>It is ………………………………………………… 4.I haven’t eaten this kind of food for years =>It is ………………………………………………… 5.It is five years since I last met David =>I haven’t ……………………………………………… MODEL S + HAVE/ HAS NOT + V3/ V-ed … + … FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/ HAS + BEFORE V3/ V-ed Example: a/ I haven’t seen that man here before -> It’s the first time I have seen that man here b/ I have never read this book before -> This is the first time I have read this book 1.My father hasn’t driven a car before =>This is ………………………………………… 2.I’ve never met such a famous singer before =>It’s ……………………………………………… 3.She has never been to the ballet before =>It’s ……………………………………………… 4.She hasn’t drunk Coca Cola before =>This is …………………………………………… 5.my grandfather hasn’t been in hospital before =>This is ……………………………………………… MODEL 10 PRESENT PAST SUBJUNCTIVE WISH + PAST SITUATION WISH + PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE WOULD + V (bare –inf ) Example: a/ I am not a millionair -> I wish I were a millionair b/ She won’t visit me a tomorrow -> I wish she would visit me the following day/ the day after c/ What a pity you failed in your exam I wish you hadn’t failed in your exam 1.It is a pity I can’t come to your birthday party Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS =>I wish ………………………………………………… 2.I would love to study in Britain for a year =>I wish ………………………………………………… 3.I didn’t borrow her some money yesterday =>If only ………………………………………………… 4.It would be nice to have a swimming pool in our garden =>I wish …………………………………………………… 5.I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework =>I wish …………………………………………………… 6.I regret not going to the airport to say goodbuy to him =>I wish …………………………………………………… 7.I’m sorry now that I didn’t tell you the truth =>I wish …………………………………………………… 8.It’s a pity he doesn’t take the doctor’s advice =>I wish …………………………………………………… MODEL 11 BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( S + V ) BECAUSE OF + (ADJ ) +NOUN/ V-ING Example: She went to bed early because she was/ felt sick -> She went to bed early because of her sickness 1.I went to bed early because I felt tired ->I went to bed early because of my tiredness/ feeling tired 2.I can’t play basketball because of my height -> I can’t play basketball because ……………………… 3.She must stay in bed because of her illness ->She must stay in bed because …………………………… 4.We can’t swim in this part of the river because of highly polluted water -> We can’t swim in this part of the river because ………………………… 5.We couldn’t go on clearing the beach because of heavy rain ->We couln’t go on clearing the beach because …………………………… 6.He likes her because she is very beautiful ->He likes her because of ………………………………………………… 7.He couldn’t go to school because he was very poor ->He couldn’t go to school because of ………………………………… 8.He failed the exam because because he didn’t learn the lesson carefully ->He failed the exam because of ………………………………………… 9.I can’t buy that house because I don’t have enough money ->I can’t buy that house because of ……………………………………… MODEL 12 ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH +CLAUSE (S + V ) INSPITE OF / DESPITE + N / V-ing HOWEVER + ADJ + S + V Example: Despite her like for coffee, she drank it => Although she didn’t like coffee, she drank it 1.Mike will not go with Mariam even though he likes her -Mike will not go with Mariam in spite of ……………………………… 2.In spite of their mother’s unhappiness, they held a party -Though …………………………………………………………… 3.We took many photographs even thought the sky was dark -We took may photographs despite ……………………………………… 4.Despite her madness, he wanted to make friends with her -Though…………………………………………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 5.In spite of her poor memory, she tried to recount what happened to the police -Although………………………………………………………………… 6.He passed the test even though he was frequently absent from class -He passed the test in spite of………………………………………………… 7.She still fat even though she is on a diet -She still fat despite …………………………………………………………… 8.Even though she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire -In spite of ……………………………………………………………………………… 9.He went to bed even though he didn’t finish his lessons -He went to bed dsepite ……………………………………………………………… 10.Although the water is cold, I will swim -However ……………………………………………………………………………… 11.Even though you say anything, I won’t change my opinions -Whatever ……………………………………………………………………………… 12.Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish -Much ……………………………………………………………………………… MODEL 13 PRESENT UNREAL SENTENCE IN PAST SUBJUNTIVE ( S + V2/V-ed ) IF + PAST UNREAL IF …NOT PAST PERFECT ( S + HAD + V3/ V-ed ) -WITHOUT/ BUT FOR + NOUN -IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR + NOUN -HAD + S + V3/ V-ED UNLESS + ( affirmative verb ) Example: a/ I can’t see the play because it is sold out If the play were not sold out, I cound see it ( type ) b/ We didn’t go because it rained If it had not rained, we could have gone.( type ) c/ If you don’t phone immediately you won’t get any information -> Unless you phone immediately you won’t get any imformation 1.He failed in his exam because he was very lazy => If …………………………………………………………… 2.I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t buy that laptop => If ……………………………………………………………… 3.I don’t have enough money, I can’t buy that expensive dictionary => If ………………………………………………………………… 4.We must our homework well or the teacher will get angry with us => Unless ………………………………………………………………… 5.You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry => Unless ………………………………………………………………… 6.She didn’t know you were in hospital, so she didn’t visit you => If ……………………………………………………………………… 7.Unless you water these plants everyday, they will die => If ……………………………………………………………………… 8.If the police had found out him, he would have been in trouble =>Had …………………………………………………………………… 9.We couldn’t have got the prize if our father hadn’t encouraged us => If it …………………………………………………………………… 10.Without Nam’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to solve this difficulty => If Nam …………………………………………………………………… 11.John is fat because he eats so many chips Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS => If …………………………………………………………………………… 12.Thanks to Laura’s support, I was able to finish the project =>Had Laura …………………………………………………………… 13.With a lot of luck, you may get your novel published => If you ………………………………………………………………… 14.My advice is that Mary should apply for that job => If I ……………………………………………………………………… 15.We can’t survive when there is no air =>Without …………………………………………………………………… 16.Your warning helped prevent my failure in the test => Had it ……………………………………………………………………… 17.They will go swimming if it is sunny => Unless ……………………………………………………………………… 18.We could have lost that match if there hadn’t been efforts from everyone of us =>Without efforts ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 14 PASSIVE FORM : S + BE + V3/ V-ed Example: Nobody told me about it I was not told about it 1.My father made me study hard for my exams =>I ……………………………………………………………………… 2.Thay won’t allow you to go in the house => You ………………………………………………………………… 3.Nobody finished their exercises on time =>Their exercises ………………………………………………………… 4.Nobody has ever asked me that curious question ( not …ever = never ) =>I ……………………………………………………………………… 5.They hardly finish their work on time =>Their work ………………………………………………………… 6.They paid no attention to Mr.Van’s lecture =>Mr.Van’s lecture ………………………………………………… 7.It’s vital that this work is finished by Monday =>This work …………………………………………………………… 8.Temperature is measured by a thermometer =>A thermometer …………………………………………………… 9.No one has lived in this house for years =>This house ………………………………………………………… 10.We should something about it =>Something …………………………………………………………… 11.They will have to change the date of the meeting again =>The date of the meeting ……………………………………………… 12.Can they control the city traffic? => Can ………………………………………………………… 13.Lock the door carefully before going to bed => The door must ……………………………………………… 14.I hear them singing a nice English song => They ………………………………………………………… 15.She expected us to offer her the job => She …………………………………………………………… 16.Nobody knows anything about his family => Nothing ……………………………………………………… 17.They are pulling down the old theater => The old theater ……………………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 18.People all the world speak English => English ……………………………………………………… MODEL 15 SO + ADJ + THAT SUCH + ( A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT ( … ) Example: a/ The film was so good that I saw it three times IT WAS such a good film that I saw it many times b/ It is such a bad book that nobody reads it THE BOOK is so bad that nobody read it 1.The stamps are so beautiful that all of us want to buy them =>They are such ……………………………………………… 2.It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it =>The tea was ………………………………………………… 3.It was such dirty beach that we decided not to stay =>The beach …………………………………………………… 4.The program was so interesting that none of us wanted to turn the TV off =>It was such …………………………………………………………………… 5.The news was so good that she smiled happily =>It was …………………………………………………………………………… 6.Her handwriting is so bad that I can’t read =>She writes so ………………………………………………………………… 7.It rained so heavily that they dicided to cancel the match.( cấu trúc đảo ngữ ) =>So …………………………………………………………………………… 8.He bought such a lot of books that he couldn’t read them all =>So ……………………………………………………………………………… 9.The children were so excited that they talked about the show all night long =>Such ………………………………………………………………………… MODEL 16: SO + ADJ + THAT … SUCH + (A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT … TOO + ADJ + FOR … + TO + V ( …không thể ) ( NOT ) + ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR … + TO + V (đủ để ) Lưu ý : cấu trúc: “ too to / enough to” chủ ngữ tân ngữ nói người hay vật viết câu ta nhớ bỏ tân ngữ +Nếu viết cấu trúc “ enough to” => S + be + not + tính từ trái nghĩa + enough …for …to Example: a/ This raincoat is so small that she can’t wear it THIS RAINCOAT is too small for her to wear ( mang nghĩa phủ định ) b/ It was such an intersting novel that I read it many times THE NOVEL was interesting enough for me to read many times c/ He is too short to reach the shelf -> He is not tall enough to reach the shelf 1.It was such good weather that we went swimming =>The weather ………………………………………… 2.The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it =>The water was not …………………………………………… 3.It was such a long dress that my sister could not wear it =>The dress was not …………………………………………… 4.The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it =>The furniture was ……………………………………………… 5.The switch was too high for him to reach =>He was not ……………………………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 6.I tried to eat the cake, but it was too sweet =>The cake was …………………………………………………… 7.The furniture was too old to keep =>It was such ……………………………………………………… MODEL 17 …WOULD RATHER + S + V2/ V-ed IT’S HIGH/ ABOUT TIME + S + V2/ V-ed Example: We’d prefer you not to smoke W’d rather you didn’t smoke 1.We’s better buy a new cooker =>It’s time ……………………………… 2.I really think you ought to acquire a few manners =>It’s high time …………………………………… 3.Would you mind not smoking here? =>I’d rather ………………………………………… 4.I had better get back to work =>It’s ………………………………………………… 5.You really should be able to dress yourself by now =>It’s high …………………………………………… 6.It’s a pity you wrote that letter =>I’d rather ………………………………………… MODEL 18 ( present meaning ) S + V + V-ing S + V + preposition + V-ing S + V + O + preposition + V-ing Example: a/ “ I’m sorry that I broke the glass” said Peter Peter apologised for breaking the glass b/ “ You were cheating” said to Carol to June Carol accused June of cheating c/ “ I did not steal the car” he said “ I just borrow it” He denied stealing the car but admitted borrowing it 1.She admitted that she had taken the necklace =>She admitted to …………………………………………… “ You stole the jewels” the inspector said to him =>The inspector accused ……………………………………… “ I must see the manager” he cried =>He insisted …………………………………………………… 4.May I borrow your pen? =>Would you mind ……………………………………………… 5.Arthur said he was sorry he hurt her feelings =>Arthur apologised ……………………………………………… 6.You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed =>There is no point in ………………………………………………… 7.She didn’t say a word as she left the room =>She left the room …………………………………………………… 8.It is quite pointless to complain =>There is no ……………………………………………………… 9.John failed to find the source of the River Nile =>John didn’t succeed ……………………………………………… 10.I dislike it people criticise me unfairly =>I object …………………………………………………………… Page SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 19 WHY DON’T YOU + V ?/ LET’S + V IF I WERE YOU I SHOULD S + HAD BETTER + V … WHAT/ HOW ABOUT + V-ing ….? S + SUGGESTED + THAT + S + SHOULD + V S + ADVISED + O + (NOT) + TO + V Example: “ Why don’t you complain to the company , Tom ?” said Mary Mary suggested that Tom should complain/ complain to the company 1.“ Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann?” said Sue =>Sue suggested …………………………………………… =>Sue advised ………………………………………………… “ Why don’t you go to Paris to study French?” Mary asked Peter =>Mary suggested ………………………………………………… =>Mary advised …………………………………………………… 3.If I were you I’d look for another job => I suggested ……………………………………………………… =>I advised ………………………………………………………… 4.If I were you I would stop smoking cigarettes =>He suggested ……………………………………………………… =>He advised …………………………………………………………… “ You’d better not lend that man any more money, Mary” said John =>John advised ………………………………………………………… 6.Let’s buy some vegetable for dinner =>How ………………………………………………………………… 7.What about using energy-saving appliances? =>We should ………………………………………………………… 8.I advise you you to put money in the bank =>You’d ……………………………………………………………… MODEL 20 REPORTED SPEECH 1.Statements in reported speech : câu trần thuật lời nói gián tiếp S1 + SAID / TOLD ( THAT ) + S2 + V Example: a/ Tom said, “ I’m happy to see you” Tom said he was happy to see you c/ Cousin Mai said, “ I will go to Hue tomorrow” Cousin Mai said she would go to Hue the following day/ the next day b/ Bill said to her “ I didn’t love you any more” Bill said he hadn’t loved her any more 2.Wh – question in indirect question: từ hỏi lời nói gián tiếp S + ASKED + O + QUESTION WORD + S + V Example: a/ Tom asked me “ What is her name?” -> Tom asked me what her name was b/ “ Where did you go last night , John?” said Mrs Clark Mrs Clark asked John where he had gone the night before 3.Yes – No questions : câu hỏi “ có … khơng” lời nói gián tiếp Page 10 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS S + ASKED/ WONDER/ WANT TO KNOW … + O + IF/ WHETHER + S + V Example: a/ She said “ Are you hungry, Tom?” -> She asked Tom if / whether he was hungry b/ He said “ Can you speak any foreign language?” He asked me if / whether I could speak any foreign languages c/ “ Did you go to the party yesterday evening?” she said to me She asked me if/ whether I had gone to the party yesterday evening 4.Commands, requests, offers, …: mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, đề nghị câu gián tiếp S + ASKED/ TOLD/ ORDERED/ REQUESTED/ REMINDED/ WARNED …+ O + (NOT) + TO +V Example: a/ He said to the servant, “ Please bring me some hot water He told the servant to bring him some hot water b/ The office gave the order: “ Fire!” The officer ordered the soldier to fire c/ “ Don’t be late tomorrow” He said to them He told them not to be late the following day 5.Exclamations:lời nói cảm thán Example: a/ Peter said, “ What a lovely girl!” Peter exclaimed/ said that the girl was lovely b/ She said, “ How beautiful your dress is !” She exclaimed ( remarked ) that my dress was beautiful “ I am happy to see you” Aunt Xuan said Aunt Xuan said ……………………………… “ This birthday cake is delicious” Uncle Hung said Uncle said ……………… ……………………… “ I love these roses” Miss Nga said Miss Nga said …………………………………… “ I must leave now” Mr Quang said Mr Quang said he ………………………………………… “ Do you like pop music? She said to me She asked me …………………………… “ Is your school near you’re here? She said to me She asked me ……………………………………… “ Do you go to school by bike? Lan told Nga Lan asked Nga …………………………………… “ Can you use a computer? Hoa said to Huy Hoa asked Huy ……………………………………… “ How old are you?” He said to me He asked me how old ……………………………………… 10 “ Why you want this job?” Peter told Maryan Peter asked Maryan …………………………………… 11 “ Where you live?” I said to him I asked him ………………………………………………… 12 She said, “ I once spent a summer here in this village ……………………………………………………………… 13 “ Have you finished reading the book yet? My friend asked me Page 11 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS ……………………………………………………………… 14 “ Why didn’t you come to my party last night? He said to her ………………………………………………………………… 15 He said to me “ If I were you I should put all money in the bank” ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 16 “ Will you keep silent , Peter.” She shouted ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 17 “ Let’s go” She said ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 19.She said “ What a lovely dress!” -> ………………………………………………………………… 20.He said to me “ Hello! Where are you going?” -> …………………………………………………………………… 21.He said to her, “ How beautifully you have sung today!” -> ………………………………………………………………… 22.I said to her, “ Good night.” -> ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 21 RELATIVE CLAUSE Who : làm chủ ngữ ( subject ) hay tân ngữ ( object ) thay cho danh từ người Ex: Jake is the boy He plays the guitar ->Jake is the boy who plays the guitar Whom: dùng lam tân ngữ thay cho Who ( Whom dùng lối nói trang trọng ) The boy is Tom We are looking for him ->The boy whom we are looking for is Tom Which: dùng làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ thay cho danh từ vật việc Ex: My sister works for a company The company makes washing machine ->My sister works for a company which makes washing machine That: dùng thay cho danh từ người vật That thay cho who, whom, which mệnh đề hạn định ( restrictive clause ) Ex: The man is very friendly He lives next door ->The man who / that lives next door is very friendly ->I don’t like the stories which / that have unhappy endings => THAT dùng sau cụm danh từ gồm người lẫn vật, sau đại từ: everything, anything, something, all, little, much, any, nothing, nobody, none dạng so sánh : the first/ last/ only Ex: I met the people, cattle and vehicles that went to market She is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met Whose: dùng để sở hữu thay cho danh từ người vật đứng trước Ex: I know the man His house is big ->I know the man whose house is big The house is not far from my house The roof of the house is green ->The house whose roof is green is not far from my house Where: dùng thay cho từ, cụm từ nơi chốn ( = in / of / at which ) Ex: I love Hue I was born in Hue I love Hue where I was born Page 12 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS This is the house I was born in this house ->This is the house where I was born When: dùng thay cho từ, cụm từ thời gian ( = in / on / at which ) Ex: I can’t forget the year 2000 I celebrate millenium in 2000 I can’t forget the year 2000 when I celebrate millenium I can’t forget the day I was born on that day I can’t forget the day when I was born Why: thay cho danh từ lý Ex: You didn’t come to the party Tell me the reson ->Tell me the reason why you don’t come to my party 1.This is the woman She can help you with your homework -……………………………………………………………………… 2.I am talking to Russ His land is in this region -……………………………………………………………………… 3.That is the cottage My grandparents lived there all their life -………………………………………………………………………… 4.I will never forget that rain day He came to see me for the last time on that day -……………………………………………………………………………………… 5.You didn’t come to the party Tell me the reason -……………………………………………………………………… 6.We needs to meet those students Their exam results are not good -…………………………………………………………………………… 7.One of my neighboors is horrible He has a non-stop barking dog -…………………………………………………………………………… 8.I will show you my favorite place I often go there on weeekeds -…………………………………………………………………………… 9.How can I forget that day? You told me you had to leave me alone on that day -…………………………………………………………………………………… 10.She left without saying a word I don’t know the reason -………………………………………………………………………………… 11.The girl has left the city You want to talk to her -…………………………………………………………………………………… 12.Here is the book You asked me to lend you it -……………………………………………………………………………………… 13.Mr.Tan is an English teacher He has taught English for 20 years -……………………………………………………………………………………… 14.The car crashed into a queue of people Four of them were killed -……………………………………………………………………………………… 15.All the children like the full-moon very much The festival is celebrated in the midfall -……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16.The explorer was Christopher Columbus and he discovered America -The explorer ………………………………………………………………………………… 17.Tornadoes can suck up anything Anything is in their path -………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18.One of our neighbors is horrible His dog barks at night -………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19.I saw a lot of people and horses They went to the market this morning - ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 20.I know this reporter’s background well and he’s 100% honest -This reporter, ………………………………………………………………………………… 21.I’ve forgotten that commentator’s name but he’s very well-known -That commentator, …………………………………………………………………………… Page 13 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 22 CLAUSE + CLAUSE THE + COMPARATIVE … + THE COMPARATIVE … THE MORE + S + V THE MORE + S + V LESS LESS Example: a/ As he grows older, he becomes increasingly cheerful The older he grows, the more cheearful he becomes b/ As I het older, I want to travel The older I get, the less I want to travel 1.We sit near to the stage, we can see clearly => The nearer ……………………………………………… 2.I feel miserable when It is hot => The hotter …………………………………………………… 3.He eats much He feels thirsty => The more …………………………………………………… 4.We live far from our house, we miss it very much => The farther ………………………………………………… 5.As TV programes becomes more popular, they seem to get worse =>The more ……………………………………………………… 6.They are big, they fall hard => The bigger ……………………………………… 7.If you study much, you will become smart => The more ……………………………………………… 8.You take your medicine soon, you will feel good => The sooner ……………………………………………… MODEL 23 HARDLY/ SCARELY + AUXILIARY + S + V …….WHEN + CLAUSE ( ….thì ) NO SOONER + AUXILIARY + S + V … THAN + CLAUSE NOT UNTIL + S + V ……… + AUXILIARY + S + V … ( đảo ngữ mệnh đề ) Lưu ý: sau hardly when/ no sooner ….than vv.ta dùng q khứ hồn thành ( had + v3/ V-ed ) Example: a/ He had hardly seen me when he ran away -> Hardly had he seem me when he ran away -> No sooner had he seen me than he ran away b/ I got into the bed when the telephone rang Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang No sooner had I got into bed than the telephone rang c/He forgot about the gun until he go home ->Not until he got home did he remember about the gun 1.He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house =>Hardly …………………………………………………………… =>No sooner …………………………………………………………… 2.When I got outside, it began to rain =>Hardly ……………………………………………………………… =>No sooner …………………………………………………………… 3.After he had arrived home, he began to make trouble => Hardly ……………………………………………………………… =>No sooner …………………………………………………………… Page 14 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 4.The soldier leaped into the water as soon as the ship touched the shore =>No sooner …………………………………………………………… 5.Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another =>Hardly …………………………………………………………………… 6.The teacher started to write the lesson right after he returned home =>Hardly …………………………………………………………………… 7.Just when he arrived at the station, the train was starting to move =>Hardly …………………………………………………………………… 8.Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong =>Hardly ………………………………………………………………… 9.Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill =>No sooner ……………………………………………………………… 10.I only recognized him when he came into light =>Not until ……………………………………………………………… 11.John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing =>Not until ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 24 S + V … + TIME IT + TAKES ( TOOK ) + O + TIME + TO -V Example: a/She typed the letter in 20 minutes It took her 20 minutes to type the letter b/I walked to my office in 10 minutes It took me 10 minutes to walk to my office 1.We spent five hours getting to London =>It took ……………………………………… 2.It is a six hour drive from London to Edinbugh =>It takes ……………………………………… 3.The flight to Moscow lasted three hours and a half =>It took ………………………………………………… 4.My mother spent three hours making a dress =>It took ………………………………………………… 5.It took him an hour to travel to Paris by train =>He spent ……………………………………………… MODEL 25 VERB ( EQUIVALENT) NOUN ( danh từ tương đương ) Example: a/ I don’t intend to apologise to either of them I have no intention of apologising/ to apologise to either of them b/ The cost of living has gone up considerably in the last few years There has been a considerable increase in the cost of living in the last few years 1.The managing director refuses to resign =>The managing director has ………………………………… 2.I applied for the job but was turned down =>My …………………………………………………………… 3.Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway =>There was ………………………………………………………………… 4.Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed =>We haven’t received ………………………………………………………… 5.House prices have risen dramatically this year =>There has been ……………………………………………………………… 6.The value of sterling has fallen considerably in the past week Page 15 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS =>There has been ……………………………………………………… 7.The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office =>The Prime Minister had ……………………………………………… 8.I never intended to go to te meeting =>I never had ……………………………………………………………… 9.I’m certainly not going to give you any more money =>I have no ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 26 S + V + NOT ….UNTIL IT WAS NOT UNTIL …….THAT ( đến ) Example: a/ Tom didn’t begin to read until he was eight It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read b/ The doctor was not out until o’clock in the afternoon It was not until o’clock in the afternoon that the doctor was out 1.I couldn’t speak English until the third year => It was not until ………………………………………………… 2.The noise next door did not stop until midnight =>It was not until ………………………………………………… 3.The carpenter didn’t finish his work until Monday =>It was not until …………………………………………………… 4.Regular radio broadcast didn’t begin until 1920 =>It was not until …………………………………………………… 5.I didn’t know how to use a computer until I was ten =>It was not until …………………………………………………… MODEL 27 S + V + ……… AUXILIARY ( trợ từ ) + S + V ……… Notes: hình thức đảo trợ từ hay muợn trợ từ đưa đứng trước chủ ngữ ( ý động từ ) Example: a/ He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended Not until the war ended did he return to his native village b/ You seldom find traffic wardens who are kind and helpful Seldom you find traffic wardens whoe are kind and helpful 1.He had spent all his money before arriving in New York He had lost all his clothes =>Not only ……………………………………………………………………………… 2.The refugees continued to feel homeless until they had come home =>Not until ……………………………………………………………………………… 3.We only send you books after receiving the money =>Only after ……………………………………………………… 4.We shouldn’t be impolite to our parents in any circumstances =>In no circumstances …………………………………………………… 5.There was no precedent for the King’s resignation =>Never before …………………………………………………………… 6.I have never seen such a mess in my life =>Never in ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 28 TO – V + BE + ADJ V-ing + BE + ADJ Example: -IT + BE + ADJ + TO – V -IT + BE + ADJ + V-ing Page 16 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS a/ To sit here with you is so nice ->It is so nice to sit/ sitting here with you b/ Following your direction is very difficult ->It is difficult to follow your direction 1.To listen to music all day is wonderful =>It’s ……………………………………………… 2.Going swimming in the river is interesting =>It’s ……………………………………………… 3.He doesn’t think it is beneficial to be able to speak English =>He doesn’t think …………………………………………… 4.I believe doing morning exercises is good for our health =>I believe …………………………………………………… 5.He believes that having a vegertarian diet is good for our health =>He believes ……………………………………………………… MODEL 29 S + CAN/ COULD NOT + V S + PREVENT/ STOP + O + FROM + V –ing Example: Because of the rough sea, the ferry couldn’t sail The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing 1.I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise =>The noise …………………………………………… 2.The trains couldn’t run because of the great flood =>The great flood ……………………………………… 3.He tried to escape but the police stopped him =>The police prevented ………………………………… 4.The train couldn’t run because of the snow =>The snow ……………………………………………… 5.We couldn’t drive because the fog =>The fog ………………………………………………… MODEL 30 V ( past ) V-ing HAD + V (pp) HAVING + V (pp) DIDN’T + V NOT + V -ing Note: đưa động từ dạng nguyên mẫu thêm “ ING” ( chủ ngữ giống nhau) Example: a/David arrived home and went to bed immediately ->Arriving home, David went to bed immediately Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again ->Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again 1.Since we had nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk =>Having ………………………………………………………… 2.The strange woman opened the door and entered the room =>Opening ………………………………………………………… 3.The mother smiled happily She took the baby in her arms =>Smiling …………………………………………………………… 4.Because she didn’t know the language she found it hard to get work =>Not ………………………………………………………………… 5.It was a big difficulty to get into work this morning =>Getting ………………………………………………………… S+ Page 17 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 31 S + BE + ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR sb) + TO -V S + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + S + V IT + BE + ( A/ AN ) + SUCH + NOUN + THAT + S +V Example: a/ The weather was good enough for us to go swimming The weather was so good that we went swimming It was such good weather that we went swimming 1.The box was light enough for him to carry =>The box …………………………………………………… 2.The work is hard enough for him to ask his friends for some help =>The work ………………………………………………………… 3.This song is simple enough for her to sing =>It is ……………………………………………………………… =>The song ………………………………………………………… 4.The film was interesting enough for us to see twice =>It was …………………………………………………………… =>The film was …………………………………………………… MODEL 32 TO – V …………+ BE + ADJ S + V + IT + ADJ/ NOUN + TO -V Example: a/ To live on my salary must be hard ->I find it hard to live my salary b/To be accurate is a good think -I think it a good thing to be accurate 1.To finish that work is hard =>I find ……………………………………… 2.To spend all that money was a shame =>We considered ……………………………… 3.It’s extremely difficult for us to make ends meet these days =>We find …………………………………………………… Getting a suitable job is not easy =>I think …………………………………………………… Page 18 ... TO + V (đủ để ) Lưu ý : cấu trúc: “ too to / enough to” chủ ngữ tân ngữ nói người hay vật viết câu ta nhớ bỏ tân ngữ +Nếu viết cấu trúc “ enough to” => S + be + not + tính từ trái nghĩa + enough... bank =>You’d ……………………………………………………………… MODEL 20 REPORTED SPEECH 1.Statements in reported speech : câu trần thuật lời nói gián tiếp S1 + SAID / TOLD ( THAT ) + S2 + V Example: a/ Tom said, “ I’m... said Mrs Clark Mrs Clark asked John where he had gone the night before 3.Yes – No questions : câu hỏi “ có … khơng” lời nói gián tiếp Page 10 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS S + ASKED/ WONDER/