Giáo trình cơ sở môi trường nước

GS TS PHAM NGOC HO TS DONG KIM LOAN - PGS.TS TRINH THI THANH Gioo trinh CO SO AAOI TRITONG NUOC (Tai ban Ian thu nhat) NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUC VIET NAM Cong ty co phan Sach Dai hoc - Day nghe - Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam gitfquyen cong bo tac pham 19 - 2010/CXB/537 - 2244/GD Ma so : 7K799yO - DAI Co so Moi trudng nude la giao trinh dupe cac tac gia giau kinh nghiem bien soan tren ca so cac bai giang cho sinh vien nganh Moi trubng b Trubng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien - Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi vong 10 nam qua (ke tir Khoa Moi trubng dupe lap nam 1995 - Khoa dau tien hinh he thong dao tao chinh quy Nganh Khoa hoc Moi trubng b nirbe ta) Noi dung cua giao trinh khong chi phan anh nhu'ng kien thiic cot loi chuong trinh khung da duo’c Bo Giao due vci Dao tao thong qua ma chiia dung mot so noi dung nang cao, giup sinh vien hieu biet sau, rong ve moi truong nubc Vi vay, giao trinh duoc su dung lam tdi lieu chinh thiic gidng day vd hoc tap cho sinh vien nganh Moi trudng thuoc cac trudng dqi hoc lie thong Dqi hoc Quoc gia cung nhu cac triidng dqi hoc, cao dang tren phqm vi cd nude Giao trinh gom chuong: Chuong va trinh bay cac khai niem va dinh nghla ve nubc tu nhien, qua trinh hinh cung nhu cac dac trung cau true cua nubc, vai tro va tac dong cua nu'bc doi vbi moi trubng Trong chuong de cap den cac loai nubc tu nhien, bao gom nubc mua, nubc bien, nubc mat va nubc ngam Thanh phan hoa hoc va cac tinh chat vat ly cua cac loai nubc duqc phan tich ky lubng dubi goc xem xet anh hubng den chat luqng moi trubng nubc nhu ham lupng cac ion chinh, pH, due, muoi, hoa tan, khoang, cac chat lo lung v.v Chuong trinh bay cac nguon gay nhibm nubc, cac qua trinh tu lam sach nguon nubc nham phuc hoi lai trang thai chat luqng nubc ban dau nhb cac qua trinh thuy dong hoc, vrlt ly, hoa hoc, sinh hoc v.v dibn ngubn nubc Cac qua trinh ldng dong, khuech tan, hoa tan, ket tiia, bay hoi, quang hop, phan giai hieu va yem v.v duqc phan tich dubi goc tac dong cua cac CO che vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc Tren co so trinh bay mot so phuong phap xir ly nude tu nhien Chuong de cap den viec quan ly va kiem soat chat luong nude, trinh bay nhung giai phap quan ly thong qua viec giam sat chat luong nude de tri tinh da dang sinh hoc, phat trien ngudn lqi sinh vat, bao ve su sach ciia nguon nude dap ung nhu cau thiet yeu cua cuoc song ngudi va the gidi sinh vat tren Trai Da't Ddng thdi, chuong trinh bay vd he thong quan trac chat luong nude, cac phuong phap danh gia chat luong nude bang so' lieu quan trac thuc te va tinh toan tir mo hinh, cac tieu chi danh gia chat luong nude theo chi tieu rieng le va tdng hop cua cac tac gia nude ngoai va nude, lam co so cho viec danh gia, kiem soat va quan ly chat luong nude Giao trinh duqc bien soan lan dau nen khong tranh khoi cac khiem khuyet, ra't mong ban doc ddng gop y kien de lan tai ban sau giao trinh duqc cap nhat va hoan thien hon Moi y kien ddng gop xin gui ve Ban Bien tap sach Dai hoc Cao dSng, Cong ty Co phan sach Dai hoc - Day nghd, 25 Han Thuyen, Ha Noi Cac tac gia DANH MUC VIET TAT BVMT Bao ve moi truing c rQ G Chuong trinh quo'c gia CDM Co che phat trien sach CLMT Chat luong moi trudng DPSIR Driving Pressures State Impacts Responses (Mo hinh DPSIR theo quan diem cua EEA) HPA Cue Bao ve moi trudng EEA Cue Moi trudng chau Au OMB Co quan quan ly ngan sach PSD Ngan chan sir suy giam nghiem trong/su nhidm nghiem RBO Ban quan ly luu vuc TCCP '1'ieu chuan cho phep TCVN Tieu chuan Viet Nam TLN Tong luong nude TNNQG Tai nguyen nude quoc gia TNNM Tai nguyen nude mat TNNN Tai nguyen nude ngam TOC Tong luong cacbon UNEP Chuong trinh moi trudng cua Lien hop quoc who To chuc Y te the gidi MUC LUC Trang Leri noi d a u Danh muc viet ta t ChUtfng DAI CUONG VE NUtiC TIT NHIEN 1.1 Su hinh thanh, vai tro va su phan bo cua nude tu nhien l.l.lr Su hinh nude tren Trai Dat [28, 30] 1.1.2 Tac dong va vai tro cua nude doi vdi moi trudng [25] 10 1.1.3 Lucfng nude, sir phan bo' va tieu thu nude trdn Trai Dat [3,25] .12 1.2 Sir tufin hoan ciia nude IV 1.2.1 Chu trinh cua nude 17 1.2.2 Thdi gian luu cua nude 19 1.3 Phan loai nude tu nhien 20 1.3.1 Phan loai theo su phan bo 20 1.3.2 Phan loai theo nhiet (chu yeu ap dung doi vdi nude khoang) 20 1.3.3 Phan loai theo pH 20 1.3.4 Phan loai theo cilng (H - me/1) 21 1.3.5 Phan loai theo khoang hoa 21 1.3.6 Phan loai theo phan hoa hoc 21 Chuong DAC TRUNG CUA NUC(C 2.1 Phan tir nude va lien ket hidro [3, 8, 30, 34] 23 2.1.1 Ca'u tao cua phan tu nude 23 2.1.2 Lien ket hidro 24 2.2 Ca'u true cua nude [2, 8, 30, 34] 26 2.2.1 Quan niem v6 ca'u tao cua phan tu nude 26 2.2.2 Ba trang thai cua nude .27 2.3 Tmh cha't vat ly cua nude 30 2.3.1 Ty va the ti'ch cua nude 30 2.3.2 Cac tinh chat nhiet 33 2.3.3 Do nhdt .35 2.3.4 She cang b6 mat 36 2.3.5 Ap sua't tham tha'u .37 2.3.6 Tmh chat dien cua nude 38 2.3.7 Tinh chat quang hoc cua nude 39 2.4 Tmh chat hoa hoc cua nude [1,26,33, 37] .40 2.4.1 Tinh cha't dung moi cua nude 41 2.4.2 Can bang hoa hoc cua nude 45 2.4.3 Phan irng oxi hoa - khir cua nude 50 2.5 Tinh chat sinh hoc cua nude [9,13,32] 51 2.5.1 Nude va sir trao doi chat .51 2.5.2 Nude, moi trudng song cua vi sinh vat 54 2.5.3 Cac chat dinh duong nude 55 2.5.4 Vi sinh vat cha'txuc tac cua cac phan ling hoa hoc nude 57 2.5.5 Tam quan cua nude doi vdi he sinh thai 58 Chtwng PHAN LOAI Nl/OC TRONG TIT NHIEN 3.1 Nude m ua[l, 10, 30,31] 65 3.2 Nude bien [4, 5] 67 3.2.1 Dae diem phan hoa hoc 67 3.2.2 Do muoi, clo va moi tuefng quan cua cac ion chrnh 70 3.2.3 Gia tri pH cua nude bien 73 3.2.4 Cac tinh chat vat ly khac 74 3.3 Nude b6 mat [3,4, 26,27, 28,36] 75 3.3.1 Nude tii .76 3.3.2 Nude ddng 80 3.3.3 Nude cira song 87 3.4 Nude ngam [ 26,27] 88 3.4.1 Nguon nude ngam 88 3.4.2 Dae tinh chung 89 3.4.3 Tinh chat cua nude ng^m 92 3.5 Mot so' dac trung chinh cua nude tir nhien 93 3.5.1 Nhiet nude 93 3.5.2 Ion hidro 94 3.5.3 Cac hop chat tan nude 94 3.5.4 Cac 95 3.5.5 Cac cha't lo lung 96 3.5.6 Quan xa sinh vat 96 3.5.7 Trang thai vat ly cua nude tu nhien 97 3.5.8 Su tao phiic nude tu nhien va nude thai [26,27,37] 98 Chtwng NIIlfiM, QUA TRINH TIT LAM SACII VA XLTLY NUOC TV NHIEN 4.1 Mot so van de chung v6 nhidm nude 101 4.1.1 Khai niem o nhidm nude 101 4.1.2 Cac loai nhidm ciia nude .102 4.1.3 Cac thong so' chinh dac trung cho chat luqng moi trudng nude 105 4.2 Qua trinh tu lam sach ngudn nude 111 4.2.1 Mot so' va'n de chung v6 qua trinh tu lam sach I l l 4.2.2 Qua trinh tu lam sach nguon nude mat 112 4.2.3 Qua trinh tu lam sach nude ngfim 124 4.3 Mot so phuong phap xir ly nude ngam 125 4.3.1 Phuong phap lam mem nude 125 4.3.2 Phuong phap xir ly sat 127 4.3.3 Khir Mangan nucrcng^m 130 4.3.4 Phuong phap xir ly Asen 131 4.3.5 Cong nghe xir ly amoni nude ngfim 134 4.3.6 Phuong phap khir triing 136 4.3.7 Loai muoi nude 139 4.3.8 Cac phuong phap khac xir ly nguon nude cap 141 Chirong QUAN LY VA KIEM SOAT CHAT Ll/ONG NUCfC 5.1 Quan ly va sir dung hop ly tai nguyen nude 143 5.1.1 Mot so van ban phap ly chi'nh lien quan den quan ly tai nguyen nude [17, 18, 22, 23] 143 5.1.2 Thuc hien mo hinh DPSIR danh gia moi truong nude 147 5.2 Mot so phuong phap danh gia chat lupng nude [4,13, 28] 163 5.2.1 Danh gia chat lupng nude dua theo tieu chuain moi truong 163 5.2.2 Danh gia theo thang diem .166 5.2.3 Danh gia dua tren chi tieu tong hop 168 5.2.4 Danh gia tdng hop chat lupng ngudn nude 171 5.2.5 Danh gia thong qua md hinh 172 5.2.6 Danh gia dua theo chi thi sinh vat 179 5.2.7 Danh gia qua ude tfnh thiet hai kinh te 182 5.3 He thong quan trdc chat lupng nude 183 Phu lu c 188 Chi/cfng O A• I C tfG N G VE N U d C TU• N H IEN 1.1 SU HINH THANH, VAI TRO VA SLf PHAN B6 CUA NUCJC TRONG TU NHIEN 1 Sif hinh nifcfc tren Trai D at [29, 31] Hoc thuyet khoa hoc ve qua trinh xuat hien cua nude va hinh sir song tren hanh tinh Trai Dat duqc nhieu nha khoa hoc cong nhan nhat la thuyet ve su song blit dau tu nhung dang vat the vo ciing co dong, co ty cue Ion ton tai khoang thdi gian each xa hien nhu vo tan Hoc thuyet ay cho rang, khoang 15 —20 ty nam trude day da xay vu no ldn Big Bang) Vu no tao nen nhung dam may khl co nhiet cao vo cung, hoi nong va hat nguyen tit lan truyen khap noi Cung vdi thdi gian, dam may nguoi dan roi co dong cac thien the Hon 10 ty nam sau vu Big Bang, tinh van Ngan Ha duqc hinh thanh, co Mat Trdi va Trai Dat cua ta Khoang 4,4 - 4,5 ty nam trude day da co Trai Dat vdi ldp vo cung nam each xa Mat Trdi khoang 150.000.000km Tu thdi gian do, nhung thay ddi chinh da xuat hien theo mot ty le tang dan vdi thdi gian Khl quyen Trai Dat dan hinh thanh1va nude xuat hien bang gia tan chay tren mat dat2 Nhu vay, cung vdi qua trinh hinh Trai Dat, Khl quyen, thi nude va ' u song cung hinh va dan dan xuat hien tren cac yeu to ca'u nen moi trudng song cua chung ta Khi nghien cCru cac 16p ngoai cua Mat Trcti, cac hanh tinh va cac ng6i sao, m6i Tvomg giua cac vi sao, Tinh van, Sao chdi va cac ddi tuong khac vu tru, ngudi ta da ?nat hien rang: cac ddi tuong co mat hdu het moi nguyen td hoa hoc ma khoa - da biet Nhung nguyen to' phd bien nha't vu tru la hidro va heli Tdng so cac raven tir cua chung nhidu vi sao, Tinh van va moi trucmg giua cac ngoi ldn rip tram ngan lan so vdi so nguyen tu cua cac nguyen td lai Cac nguyen td C, N, O, v>e Na Ca, Ti, Si Fe, la nhung nguyen td phd bien Trong vii tru, cac nguyen td a : udi dang nguyen tir va phan tir hop chat cua chung chu yeu d trang thai ion hoa " Nude co mat lam cho su song dan hinh thanh, each day ty nam su song dau tien da -it hien d bidn co dang nhu vi khuan va tao Xl( ly nhiem moi tncdng xung quanh: O Viet Nam, hoat dong BVMT cac thuy vuc la mot nhfing van de duqc quan tarn va da dat duqc nhiing hieu qua n h lt dinh Tuy nhien, day la van de phiic tap, can kinh phi rat Ion Nhung kinh nghiem BVMT thuy vuc cua cac nude ban la ccf so tot de’ Viet Nam tham khao, hoc tap va thuc hien Vi du, kinh nghiem bao ve cac dong sdng cua Han Quoc cho thay, Chinh phu, Trung uong va dia phuong da dlu tu khoang ty USD de quan ly nude thai luu vuc bang each dau tu xay dung 188 nha may xir ly nude thai thi, 12 nha may xu ly nude thai cong nghiep, chan nuoi va 3.341km dudng ong thoat nude thai Kdt qua xu ly n£u trftn du kicn dat 81,6% Con doi vdi luu vuc Nakdong, kinh phi khoang 3 ty USD diu tu xay dung 266 nha may xir ly nude thai thi, nha may x£r ly nude thai edng nghiep va 16 nha may xir ly nude thai chan nudi Hieu qua xur ly nude thai tang tu 49,8% (nam 1977) den 84,4% vao nam 2005 Vdi hidu qua xu ly du nong gidi han cho phep cua BOD, SS cua ddng thai moi trudng se giam xuong lan, tir 20mg/l xuo'ng 10mg/l Nhiing ngudi dan cac vung dd thi \&y nude tir cac nguon nude cap song Han ddu phai chi tra tien sir dung nude va cong them tien sur dung thudng xuyen nude may Tat ca dan cu sinh song luu vuc Nakdong deu phai chi tra tifen sir dung nude (Young Dae Lee, 2001) 5.3 HE TH6NG QUAN TRAC CHAT LUONG NUdC - Tram giam sat ca sd: Tram dat tai vung phia trude nguon gay nhifim Cac tram dung de xay dvmg sd' lieu nen chat luqng nude tu nhien chi bi anh hudng cac ydu to tu nhien va yeu to d nhidm tir khf quyen Cac tram luon d vi tri co dinh - Tram danh gia tac dong: Tram duqc dat tai vung nude bi tac ddng cac hoat dong sinh hoat va san xua't cua ngudi Cac bude thiet kemang lay mau: - Quyet dinh muc tieu quan trie va cac van de quan khac co lien quan - Nhan manh cac muc tieu theo thu tu - Xac dinh kha nang ngan sach va von can phan bo cho titng muc tieu - Xac dinh dac tinh timg vung duqc quan trie - Quyet dinh cac bidn sd chit luqng nude c ln quan trie - Quyet dinh vi tri tram lly m lu 183 - Quyet dinh t£n su&'t lay m&u - Sap xep cac ket qua cua cac muc tieu thiet ke theo chu de quan tfim - Xay dung ke hoach hoat d6ng va quy trinh trien khai thiet k£ mang - Thiet ke dang bao cao, thu tuc bao cao s6 lieu - Xac dinh c a che chinh mang dua tren nhung thong tin phan h6i - Chuan bi va lap ke hoach v6 thiet k€ mang Quy trinh kiem soat nhiim mdi trudng nude nhu b bang 5.10 Bang 5.10 Quy trinh kiem soat d nhiem moi trudng nude Cac bude Budc Xac dinh doi tuong, pham vi N 6i d u n g c h in h C ach tid p can - Dac diem co sd san xuat - Nghidn cUu edng nghd san xuat, vong ddi san - Dac diem nguon phat thai kiem -D a c soat diem nguon tidp pham , quy md, cong suat va hudng phat trien - Xac dinh danh m uc cac chat co the gdy d nhiem , taH uong cua chung theo vong ddi san p h im nhan - Xac dinh cac ddi tugng co the bj d nhiem , muc - Kd hoach thuc hidn dich s ir dung cac nguon tie p nhan B ifdc trac, Quan danh gia - Chat luong nguon phat thai - Tieu chuan nude thai edng nghidp - Chat lupng nguon tiep nhan - Tidu chuan ngudn tidp nhan -X a c - Nong dd, tai lupng chat d nhiem cua tUng nguon xa CLMT nude dinh m dc va pham vi tac dong - C hat lupng nude tai trude va sau m6i diem xa, khoang each - Phuc hoi chat lupng nude (co the tlnh toan bang md hinh toan) Budc Kiem toan mdi trudng - Kiem toan chat thai - Dua vao qua trin h can bang vat chat, nang lupng - Kd toan tai nguyen qua trinh san xuat - E)anh gia vong doi san pham - l/d c lupng tai nguydn vung trude va sau nha m ay hoat ddng - Xac dinh cac khau, nguyen nhdn gay d nhidm Budc D ua cac bien gi^m nhi§m trudng phap thieu - Giam thieu tai nguon - Thay doi edng nghe, nguydn vat lieu dau vao - X ir ly cuoi dudng dng - Tuan hoan, tai s ir dung nude - mdi A p dung cac edng cu - Lua chon cac bidn phap sinh, ly, hoa x ir ly nude phap ly, kinh te, giao due thai V iec lua chon thude dac tlnh nude thai, nham nguon tiep nhan ngan thieu nhiem 184 ngUa, giam - Long ghep cac edng cu kinh td, phap luat Cac bi/crc Budc Banh gia hi§u qua cua viSc kiem soat, cac k it luan va k iin nghj Noi dung chfnh Cach tie p can - Banh g ii h iiu qua giam - So sanh nong d6, tai chat ban cua nguon thieu nhiem p h it thai, nguon tiip nhan trude va sau kiem - Banh gia h iiu qua kinh soat v d cac tieu chuan chat luang nude te, Id fch xa hoi sau - B ieu tra, danh gia loi ich xa h ii th in g qua s ic kiem soat khoe c in g dong, tai san ngudi dan va h i sinh thai - K it luan, k iin nghj cac giai phap, c h i chinh - Xem xet c h i d i, chinh sach h iin thdi, nhOng van d i bat cap rut tir qua trinh kiem soat sach phu hop Tan so quan trac va thu mail de giam sat, kiem soat tai nguyen mtac mat: Bang 5.11 Tan so quan trac va thu m iu cho giam sat, kiem soat tai nguyen nude mat (Ian/n5m) V| t r i tram quan trac So n g B ie n , eda so ng va muc tie u stir dung ven bd Ho, hochd a Vung n in g th in -8 4 -8 Vung th i, khu c in g n g h iip 8-12 8-12 Vung n u ii th u j san 4 Vung cap nude sinh hoat 12 12 Lay mau: Co loai m iu khac nhau: m lu rdi rac va m iu h6n hop M au r d i r a c (con goi la m iu don): M iu duqc thu thap mot each ngiu nhien (khong co thu tu) va phin tfch rieng biet Day la loai m iu don gian nhat, cho biet gin dung cac didu kien thuc te o thefi diem lay m iu Trong cung mot thdi gian hoac mot dong chay nguoi ta lay mot loat cac m iu rcxi rac, rieng biet va lien tuc Cach liy m iu co hieu qua doi v6i viec phat hien su thay doi phan ch it thai M au h o n hqrp Co each lay m iu h6n hop - M iu h6n hop khoang thefi gian: D iy la dang m iu dcm cua m iu h6n hop, duqc lay m iu bing each thu cac m iu co citng the tfch nhung khoang thbi gian d iu rdi lien ket m iu hdn hop - M iu hdn hop ty le vdi dong duqc liy theo each: 185 + Lay m lu d cac khoang thoi gian khong doi nhung thay doi ve the tfch m lu ty le vdi dong chay + Cac m lu co the tfch giong va dupe lay cac khoang then gian khac - M lu h6n hop lien tuc: MPi m lu hPn hop duoc gift mot binh rieng biet vPi chu trinh ngln Vi du, cac m lu rieng biet duoc lay each deu 10 phut, chu ky gib thi thu dupe mot lo m lu h6n hop Ky thuat lay m lu co uu diem biet dupe dac trung cua dong chay, dua dupe he thong quan ly g in dung voi thuc te va dac biet co hieu qua cac dieu kien thay dpi nhanh M lu dua tren ky thuat tu dpng, mot loat m lu dupe lay lien tuc tit mot dong chay chinh Luu lupng dong chay co the khong doi, hoac thay doi ty le thuan v6i khoi nguon de tao mpt h6n hop ty le dong U u die’m cua ky thuat la biet dupe mpt dong chay hoan toan va do g in vPi mpt he thong quan ly thuc te mac du khong co dieu kien phan tfch Nhung noi dong chay va phln thay doi dang ke thl cac tin sP thu thap phai cP glng bao gom tit ca cac thay doi Noi chung, tin sP cang cao thi m lu cang dac trung, mac du ngubi ta biet ring su lly m lu deu dan se d in tPi cac gia tri tong chfnh xac hon su lly m lu khln truong o nhung khoang each b it ky Cac so lieu phln tfch chi co gia tri neu m lu nuPc dupe bao quan cac dieu kien quy dinh Cac dieu kien bao quan m lu nuPc dupe trinh bay bang 5.12 Bang 5.12 Cac dieu kien bao quan m lu nude TT T ho n g so C hai dun g D ieu kien bao quan T h d i g ian bao quan to i da pH PE Khong g id Chat ran lo ICrng PE 4°C g id D6 dan dien PE 4°C 24 gid D6 kiem PE 4°C 24 gid BOD PE 4°C gid COD PE 4°C 24 gid DO TT Co dinh tai cho dung dich W inker gid N - Am onia PE 4°C, 2m l H2SO , 40% /l mau 24 gid N - Kendan PE 4°C 24 gid 10 N itrat, N itrit PE 4°C 24 gid 186 TT T ho n g so Chai dong D ieu kien bao quan T h d i gian bao qu^in to i da 24 gid 11 P - Hoa tan TT Loc tat ch6 12 P -T o n g so TT 4°C - 13 P -V o c d TT 4°C - 14 Cacbon vo co PE 4°C 24 gid 15 Cacbon hum co PE 4°C 24 gid 16 Natri PE 4°C, 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau Kali PE 4°C, 2m l H N 03 dac/l mau Canxi PE 4°C Mangan PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang M agie PE 4°C 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thdng 17 18 19 20 Asen PE 22 Cadim i PE 2m l H N 03 dac/l mau thang 23 Kern PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang 24 Nhom PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang 25 Niken PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang 26 Thuy ngan TT 1mg H2S dac + 1ml K2Cr20 thang 27 Chi PE 2m l H N 03 dac/l mau thang 28 Crom PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang Coban PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang Bo PE 2ml H N 03 dac/l mau thang Clorua PE 4°c C lorit PE Khong yeu cau 4°C 21 29 30 31 32 33 Flo PE 34 Sunphat PE 4°C 35 Xyanua PE 1ml NaOH 10% /100ml mau thang 36 Phenol TT H N 03 den pH < , 1g C uS 04,4°C 24 gid 37 TBVTV TT H2S pH < , 10g Na2S 4/l mau Mau chidt 38 Vi khuan TT V6 trim g trade, sau lay mau; 4°C 12 gid 187 PHU LUC PHU LUC 1A TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM (TCVN 5945 - 2005) NUdC THAI CONG NGHIEP - TIEU CHu X n THAI (TCVN 5945:2005 thay thdcho TCVN 5945:1995; TCVN 6980:2001; TCVN 6981:2001; TCVN 6982:2001; TCVN 6983:2001; TCVN 6984:2001; TCVN 6985:2001; TCVN 6986:2001; TCVN 6987:2001) Pham vi ap dung Tidu chuln quy dinh gia tri gidri han cac th6ng s6 va n6ng cac chat d nhidm nude thai cua cac co s d san xudt, chd' bid'n, kinh doanh, dich vu, (goi chung la “nude thai edng nghidp”) Tidu chuln dung dd kidm soat cha't luong nude thai edng nghidp trude d6 vao cac thuy vuc co muc dich sir dung nude cho sinh hoat, thuy vuc co muc dich sir dung nude vdi y6u c£u chat luong nude thap hon, hoac vao cac noi tiep nhan nude thai khac Gia tri gidi han Gia tri gidi han cac thdng sd va ndng dd cac chat d nhidm cua nude thai edng nghidp dd vao cac vuc nude khdng vuqt qua cac gia tri tuong ung quy dinh bang 1.1 Nude thai edng nghidp co gia tri cac thdng sd va ndng dd cac chat d nhidm bang hoac nho hon gia tri quy dinh cdt A co the dd vao cac vuc nude thucmg duoc lam ngudn nude cho muc dich sinh hoat Nude thai edng nghiep co gia tri cac thdng sd va ndng dd cac chat d nhidm Idn hon gia tri quy dinh cdt A nhung nho hon hoac bang gia tri quy dinh cdt B thi dd vao cac vuc nude nhan thai khac trir cac thuy vuc quy dinh d cdt A Nude thai edng nghidp co gia tri cac thdng sd va ndng cac cha't d nhidm ldn hon gia tri quy dinh cdt B nhung khdng vuqt qua gia tri quy dinh cdt C chi duqc phep thai vao cac noi duoc quy dinh (nhu hd chira nude thai duoc xay rieng, cong din den nha may xir ly nude thai tap trung, ) Thanh phln nude thai co tinh dac thu theo llnh vuc/nganh cong nghiep cua mdt sd hoat ddng san xult, kinh doanh dich vu cu thd duqc quy dinh cac tidu chuln ridng Phuong phap lly mlu, phan tfch, tmh toan, xac dinh tumg thdng sd va ndng dd cu thd cua cac chit d nhidm duqc quy dinh cac TCVN hidn hanh hoac co quan co thlm quydn chi dinh 188 Bang 1.1 Gia trj gidi han cac thong so va nong cac chat nhiim nude thai cong nghiep G ia tr j g id i han TT T hd n g so D on v j A B C N hidt °C 40 40 45 pH - -9 ,5 - -9 Mui - Khdng kho chju Khdng kh6 chiu - 20 50 - 30 50 100 Mdu sac, Co - R crpH = BOD5(20°C) mg/l COD m g/l 50 80 400 Chcit ran lo llin g mg/l 50 100 200 Asen mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5 ThOy ngdn mg/l 0,005 0,01 0,01 10 Chi m g/l 0,1 0,5 11 Cadim i mg/l 0,005 0,01 0,5 12 Crom (VI) m g/l 0,05 0,1 0,5 13 Cram (III) m g/l 0,2 14 Dong mg/l 2 15 Kern mg/l 3 16 Niken mg/l 0,2 0,5 17 Mangan mg/l 0,5 18 Sat mg/l 10 19 Thiec mg/l 0,2 20 Xianua m g/l 0,07 0,1 0,2 21 Phenol mg/l 0,1 0,5 22 Dau m d khoang mg/l 5 10 23 Dau dong, thuc vat mg/l 10 20 30 24 Cl m g/l - 189 G ia tr i giO i han TT D on v j T ho n g so 25 PCBs 26 Hoa chat bao ve th ife vat: Lan hOu co Hoa chat bao ve thuc vat: 27 clo htfu co A B c mg/l 0,003 0,01 0,05 mg/l 0,3 mg/l 0,1 0,1 28 Sunfua mg/l 0,2 0,5 29 Florua mg/l 10 15 30 Clorua mg/l 500 600 1.000 31 Am oni (tinh theo nito) mg/l 10 15 32 Tong nito mg/l 15 30 60 33 Tong photpho mg/l 34 C oliform MPN/100ml 3.000 5.000 - 35 Xet nghiem sinh hoc 90% ca song sot sau 96 gid 100% nude thai (Bioassay) - 36 Tong hoat phong xa a Bq/I 0,1 0,1 - 37 Tong hoat phong xa (3 Bq/I 1,0 1,0 - PHU LUC IB QUY DINH HE SO LlAJ Ll/pNG NGUON THAI (KF), HE SO Ll/U LUONG/DUNG TICH NGUON TIEP NHAN (Kq) VA PHl/ONG PHAP TINH NONG DO TOI OA CHO PHEP COA CAC CHAT NHl£M TRONG Nl/CJC THAI CONG NGHIEP (Ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh so 22/2006/QD - BTN&MT 18 thang 12 nam 2006 ciia Bo trucmg Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg) Cong thurc tfnh nong toi da cho phep cac chat nhi^m nude thai cong nghiep a) N6ng d6 t6'i da cho phep cac chat nhiSm nude thai cua cac co so san xua't, che bien, kinh doanh, dich vu thai cac vuc nude ducrc tfnh nhu sau: Cmax= C.Kq.Kf Trong do: 190 Cmax la nong tdi da cho phep cua chat nhidm nude thai cua co so san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, dich vu thai cac vuc nude, tmh bang miligam tren lit nude thai (mg/1); C la gia tri nong toi da cho phep cua chat nhiem quy dinh Tieu chuain Viet Nam TCVN 5945:2005; Kq la he so theo luu lupng/dung tich ngudn tiep nhan nude thai Krla he so' theo luu lupng ngudn thai b) Khong ap dung edng thiic tmh nong dd toi da cho phep nude thai cong nghiep cho cot C va cac thdng sd co sd thu tu tir ddn 4, tfit 34 ddn 37 quy dinh Bang 1.1 cua TCVN 5945:2005 Gia tri he sd Kq a) Gia tri he sd Kqdoi vdi ngudn tiep nhan nude thai la sdng dupe quy dinh tai bang 1.2 dudi day Bang 1.2 Gia trj he sd Kqvdi lu ll lupng dong chay cua song tiep nhan ngudn nude thai LUu lupng dong ch a y cua song tie p nhan nguon nUPc thai Gia trj he so Kq (Don vi tm h : m et khoi/ngay dem (m 3/24h)) Q < 50 0,9 50 < Q < 200 Q > 200 1,1 Q la luu lupng dong chay cua sdng tie'p nhan ngudn nude thai Gia tri Q dupe tmh theo gia tri trung binh 03 thang kho kiet nhat 03 nam lien tiep (sd lieu cua Trung tam Khi tupng Thuy van qude gia) Trudng hop cac kenh, rach, sudi nho khong co so lieu ve luu lupng thi gia tri Kq= 0,9 Gia tri he sd Kq doi vdi ngudn tie'p nhan nude thai la hd dupe quy djnh tai bang 1.3 dudi day b) Bang 1.3 Gia trj he sd Kq urng vdi dung tich hd tie'p nhan ngudn nude thai Dung tic h ho tie p nhan nguon nude thai Gia tr i he s d Kq (Dcfn vj tin h : T rieu m et khoi (106m 3)) V < 10 0,6 10 < V < 100 0,8 V>100 1,0 191 V la dung tich h6 tie'p nhan ngu6n nude thai Gia tri V ducfc tfnh theo gia tri trung binh 03 thang khd kiet nha't 03 nam li6n tie'p (s6 lieu cua Trung tarn Kiri tuemg Thuy van qude gia) c) Dd'i vdi ngu6n tie'p nhan nude thai edng nghiep la viing nude bien ven bd thi gia tri he s6 = 1,2 Dd'i vdi ngudn tie'p nhan nude thai edng nghiep la viing nude bien ven bd dung cho muc di'ch bao ve thuy sinh; the thao va giai tri dudi nude thi gia tri he sd' = Gia tr| he so Kr Gia tri he sd' Krduoc quy dinh tai bang 1.4 dudi day Bang 1.4 Gia tri he so K, dng vdi luu li/dng nguon ni/dc thai LUU lU dng ng u d n nUcrc th a i G ia tr i he so K, (D on v | tin h : m et k h o i/n g a y dem (m 3/24h)) F < 50 1,2 50 < F < 500 1,1 500 < F < 5.000 1,0 F > 5000 0,9 Quy d{nh viec ap dung cac thong sd nhidm moi, cac thong s o khdt khe horn dd'i vdi cac co so san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djeh vu dang boat dong Ap dung cac thdng sd' quy dinh mdi so vdi TCVN 5945:1995 co sd thu tu 3; 4; 25; 30; 35 tai bang 1.1 TCVN 5945:2005 cham nha't ke tit 01 thang 01 nam 2008 Cac thdng sd didu chinh khat khe hern: COD cdt B; Cadimi, Niken cdt B; Tong niter, Coliform tarn thdi ap dung gia tri quy djnh tai Bang 1.1 TCVN 5945:1995 Cham nha't ke tur 01 thang 01 nam 2008, ta't ca cac co sd san xua't, che' bien, kinh doanh, dich vu phai ap dung TCVN 5945:2005, he sd lim luemg/dung tfch ngudn tie'p nhan (Kq) va he sd luu luemg ngudn thai (Kf) 192 TAl LlfeU THAM KHAO Doan BO Giao trinh hod hoc nude tu nhien, BO Giao due va Dao tao, Truemg Dai hoc Tdng hop Ha NOi, 1990 NguySn Dinh Chi, Pham Thuc C6n Co sdly thuyet hod hoc, Nxb Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, 1979 Nguyen TrSn Duong va nnk (biftn dich t£r A A Jukhovitxki, L A Svartxman) Hod ly, Nxb Khoa hoc v i Ky thuat, H i NOi, 1977 Pham Ngoc HO Thuy ddng luc hoc, BO Gido due v& Dao tao, Tnibng Dai hoc Tdng hop Ha NOi, 1979 Pham Ngoc H6 Co so khoa hoc va phuong phap luan xay dung ban mdi tru&ng Tuy&i tap cac Bao d o khoa hoc HOi nghi MOi trubng toan quOc 2005, tr 1107-1114 Pham Van Hua'n Co so hai duong hoc, Nxb Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha NOi, 1991 NguySn Thi Phuong Loan Giao trinh Tai nguyen nude, Nxb Dai hoc QuOc gia Ha NOi, 2004 Nguy6n Tai Thuy luc Tap I, Nxb Xay dung, 1995 Lam Ngoc Thiem Cau tao chat dai cuong, Nxb Dai hoc QuO'c gia Ha N6i, 1996 10 Nguyftn TiO'n Thang, Nguyen Dinh IiuyOn Giao trinh sinh hod hien dai, Nxb Giao due, 1998 11 NguySn Van Tu