South Africa 2007 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K SoN 2007 Half Title 2.pdf 10/6/2006 1:06:05 PM Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za South Africa 2007 Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel, Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman C M Y CM MY CY CMY K SoN 2007 Title.pdf 10/6/2006 10:05:21 AM Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2007 ISBN 978-0-7969-2166-6 © 2007 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Vaun Cornell and Lee Smith Typeset by Christabel Hardacre Cover photograph by Mandla Mnyakama of Iliso Yabantu Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Te l: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Te l: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Contents List of tables viii List of figures x Foreword xiii Acronyms xv Introduction The ANC state, more dysfunctional than developmental? 1 Roger Southall Part 1: Politics Introduction 27 1The state of the African National Congress 35 Anthony Butler 2Taking to the streets: has developmental local government failed in South Africa? 53 Doreen Atkinson 3 ‘Things fall apart, can the centre hold?’ The state of coalition politics in the Cape Metropolitan Council 78 Zwelethu Jolobe 4Municipal elections 2006: protests, independent candidates and cross-border municipalities 95 Mcebisi Ndletyana 5A silent revolution: South African voters, 1994–2006 114 Collette Schulz-Herzenberg 6Local government budgets and development: a tale of two towns 146 Neva Seidman Makgetla Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Part II: Economy Introduction 171 7Disability and welfare in South Africa’s era of unemployment and AIDS 179 Nicoli Nattrass 8The ANC, black economic empowerment and state-owned enterprises: a recycling of history? 201 Roger Southall 9Technological choices in South Africa: ecology, democracy and development 226 David Fig 10 Old victories, new struggles: the state of the National Union of Mineworkers 245 Andries Bezuidenhout and Sakhela Buhlungu 11 Rainbow, renaissance, tribes and townships: tourism and heritage in South Africa since 1994 266 Heather Hughes 12 The promise and the practice of transformation in South Africa’s health system 289 Helen Schneider, Peter Barron and Sharon Fonn 13 Public hospitals in South Africa: stressed institutions, disempowered management 312 Karl von Holdt and Mike Murphy Part III: Society Introduction 345 14 ‘Some of us know nothing except military skills’: South Africa’s former guerrilla combatants 351 Lephophotho Mashike 15 The state of South Africa’s prisons 379 Julia Sloth-Nielsen 16 ‘Truck and trailer’: rugby and transformation in South Africa 402 Ashwin Desai and Zayn Nabbi Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 17 Violence against women in South Africa 425 Lisa Vetten 18 Kingdom deferred? The churches in South Africa, 1994–2006 448 Anthony Egan 19 Improving learner achievement in schools: applications of national assessments in South Africa 470 Anil Kanjee Part IV: South Africa in Africa Introduction 503 20 South Africa in Africa: trends and forecasts in a changing African political economy 508 John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman and Alex Comninos 21 South Africa in the DRC: renaissance or neo-imperialism? 533 Claude Kabemba 22 The Zimbabwean community in South Africa 552 Elinor Sisulu, Bhekinkosi Moyo and Nkosinathi Tshuma Contributors 575 Index 576 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za List of tables Ta ble 1 Racial composition of the civil service, 1993 and 2003 7 Ta ble 5.1 Aggregate electoral results, 1994–2004 116 Ta ble 5.2 Registration, turnout and percentage of voting age population (VAP) voting for governing party and opposition 117 Ta ble 5.3 ANC identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128 Ta ble 5.4 Opposition identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128 Ta ble 5.5 Independents in each social group, by percentage 129 Ta ble 5.6 Government performance evaluations: identifiers vs. non-identifiers among black Africans by percentage, 2000 131 Ta ble 5.7 Comparison of turnout as percentage of registered voters 136 Ta ble 5.8 Provincial turnout at local elections as percentage of registered voters 137 Ta ble 6.1 Average expenditure per person per year by quintile of municipalities, 2004 150 Ta ble 6.2 Racial composition of population by municipality income quintile, 2001 151 Ta ble 6.3 Municipal employment by groups of province, 2003 153 Ta ble 6.4 The cost of senior municipal management, 2004 155 Ta ble 6.5 Access to water and sanitation by percentage within quintiles of municipalities, 2001 156 Ta ble 6.6 Percentage of households with access to selected services by district-council quintile, 1996 and 2004 158 Ta ble 6.7 Incomes, employment and household expenditure by district-council quintile, 2004 159 Ta ble 6.8 Access to free basic services by district-council quintile, 2003 159 Ta ble 7.1 The negative impact on household income of the cancellation of a disability grant in rand, different scenarios 193 Ta ble 10.1 NUM membership data by region and sector, 2004 250 viii Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Ta ble 12.1 Public sector personnel in Mpumalanga and Western Cape per 100 000 population, 1994 293 Ta ble 12.2 Supply of health professionals working in provincial health services and percentage decline, 1996–2003 298 Ta ble 12.3 Training of professional nurses in nursing colleges and universities for a four-year comprehensive course, 1996–2004 299 Ta ble 12.4 Examples of programmatic interventions since 1994 303 Ta ble 13.1 Resource allocations at public hospitals in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and North West provinces 316 Ta ble 15.1 Number of prisons in South Africa, 2005 382 Ta ble 15.2 Offence profile of sentenced prisoners by number and percentage 387 Ta ble 18.1 Christian denominations in South Africa by size, Census results 451 Ta ble 19.1 Participation of South Africa in international/regional studies 474 Ta ble 19.2 Analysis of the literacy task at national level by different domains 477 Ta ble 19.3 Total number of days lost across sample schools during the school year, by percentage 478 Ta ble 19.4 Learner percentage scores by socio-economic status 486 Ta ble 20.1 Rand value of South African exports by region and percentage change, 2002–05 515 Ta ble 20.2 Rand value of South African imports by region and percentage change, 2003–05 516 Ta ble 20.3 South Africa’s top ten African trading partners 517 Ta ble 22.1 Experiences by Zimbabweans under various authorities 564 ix Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za List of figures Figure 2.1 National transfers to local government 59 Figure 5.1 Partisans vs. non-partisans among South African voters, 1994–2004 119 Figure 5.2 Direction of partisanship among South African voters, 1994–2004 120 Figure 5.3 Partisans by racial group 122 Figure 5.4 Partisanship by urban vs. rural voters 122 Figure 5.5 Partisanship among South African voters by age group 123 Figure 5.6 Partisanship among South African voters by class group 125 Figure 5.7 ANC partisans among South African voters across class groups 127 Figure 6.1 Access to basic water and sanitation by race, 1996 and 2004 148 Figure 6.2 Access to basic electricity for cooking and lighting by race, 1996 and 2004 148 Figure 6.3 Households with access to basic services in predominantly homeland and other areas, 1996 and 2004 149 Figure 6.4 Shares in total municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 151 Figure 6.5 Sources of municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 153 Figure 6.6 Municipal revenue from services by quintile, 2004 154 Figure 6.7 Municipal expenditure by quintile, 2004 154 Figure 6.8 Share of district-council quintiles in new infrastructure and expansion in social grants, 1996 to 2004 157 Figure 7.1 A comparative perspective on AIDS and unemployment 180 Figure 7.2 National strict unemployment rates 182 Figure 7.3 Labour market participation and the disabled adult 189 Figure 11.1 Foreign tourist arrivals to South Africa, 1965–2004 270 x Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za [...]... editors of State of the Nation – together with Adam Habib – speaks for itself Thank you all for a highly successful project Garry Rosenberg, Mary Ralphs, Karen Bruns, and all of the staff of the HSRC Press have also played their part in ensuring the success of the project and I convey the appreciation of their colleagues With an eye focused on both past and future editions of State of the Nation, I... with the challenge of providing a photograph which, in the view of an expert panel of judges, best depicts the state of the nation at the present time and which could hence be used on the cover of the volume The photographs submitted by the competition’s entrants were of a very high quality, and we will be proud to present the best ten to the general public when we conduct the volume’s ‘launch-workshops’... in the future Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za The success of State of the Nation is in large measure due to the commitment and effort of the current editorial team consisting of Sakhela Buhlungu (University of the Witwatersrand) and John Daniel, Roger Southall and Jessica Lutchman of the HSRC To all of them, I express my sincere gratitude The fact that John Daniel and Roger Southall are also the. .. various parts of the world In the South African context, the fourth edition of State of the Nation continues the tradition of being a regular contribution to such a dialogue, and a stimulus to informed and wide-ranging debate The original essays in this edition on South African politics, economy, society and international relations are a testament to the intensity of discussion that swirls around the major... October 2005, and thereafter the crisis saw, in broad terms, the ANC Youth League, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the National Student Council taking up cudgels on Zuma’s behalf, the thrust of their campaign being that the Mbeki camp was conspiring to use the machinery of state against him Such was the division that the NEC, fearing... the state of the nation In keeping with its commitment to ‘social science that makes a difference’ the HSRC is proud to present the selection of views contained in this edition of State of the Nation Neither the introductory editorials nor the perspectives presented in the individual chapters represent the views of the organisation and, as is the case with all publications from the HSRC, the editorial... Movement Pan Africanist Congress pebble bed modular reactor primary health care party identification Prevention of mother-to-child transmission Progressive Teachers’ Union of Zimbabwe Reconstruction and Development programme South African Airways Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference South African Council of Churches Southern African Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality South African Council... makes it an offence to receive benefits which have not been earned, in either the public or private sector), the improved professionalisation of the South African Revenue Service and of the Office of the Auditor-General, and the requirement that politicians and senior public servants disclose their private financial interests (Sole 2005) Even so, many would agree with the recent judgement of analyst... instalments that would have seen the debt repaid over four-and-a-half years A host of questions followed Not least of these was the extent to which senior members of the ANC might have known of the transaction These included the party’s Secretary-General Kgalema Motlanthe and party treasurer Mendi Msimang, to both of whom Imvume’s Chief Executive Officer, Sandi Majali, claimed a close professional and business... Rainbow Coalition National Co-operation Agreement National Council of Provinces national democratic revolution National Executive Committee (of the African National Congress) National Management Committee (of the Democratic Alliance) National Party New National Party Natal Rugby Board National Spatial Development Perspective National Strategy for Sustainable Development National Union of Mineworkers Operation . policy-makers and policy activists from various parts of the world. In the South African context, the fourth edition of State of the Nation continues the. present the selec- tion of views contained in this edition of State of the Nation. Neither the introduc- tory editorials nor the perspectives presented in the