Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel, Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman South Africa 2005–2006 STATE OF THE NATION Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published in South Africa by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published in the rest of the world by Michigan State University Press East Lansing, Michigan, 48823-5202, United States of America © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Copy editing by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Jenny Wheeldon Cover by Farm Cover photograph by Elsabe Gelderblom Print management by comPress Printed in the Republic of South Africa by Creda Communications Distributed in South Africa by Blue Weaver Marketing and Distribution PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 +21 701-4477 Fax: +27 +21 701-7302 email: orders@blueweaver.co.za In South Africa ISBN 0-7969-2115-6 In the rest of the world ISBN 0-87013-778-6 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Contents List of tables vi List of figures ix Foreword xi Mark Orkin Acronyms xiii Introduction: can South Africa be a developmental state? xvii Roger Southall Part I: Politics Introduction 3 1 Putting numbers to the scorecard: presidential targets and the state of delivery 11 David Hemson and Michael O’Donovan 2 Towards a Constitution-based definition of poverty in post-apartheid South Africa 46 Wiseman Magasela 3 Delivery and disarray: the multiple meanings of land restitution 67 Cherryl Walker 4 Assessing the constitutional protection of human rights in South Africa during the first decade of democracy 93 Karthy Govender 5 More than a law-making production line? Parliament and its oversight role 123 Judith February 6 The state of the national gender machinery: structural problems and personalised politics 143 Amanda Gouws Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Part II: Economy Introduction 169 7 Black empowerment and present limits to a more democratic capitalism in South Africa 175 Roger Southall 8 The state of labour market deracialisation 202 Percy Moleke 9 The state of the informal economy 223 Richard Devey, Caroline Skinner and Imraan Valodia 10 Work restructuring and the future of labour in South Africa 248 Sakhela Buhlungu and Eddie Webster 11 The state of research and experimental development: moving to a higher gear 270 Michael Kahn and William Blankley Part III: Society Introduction 299 12 The state of South Africa’s cities 303 Bill Freund 13 Guns and the social crisis 333 Jacklyn Cock 14 The Chinese communities in South Africa 350 Janet Wilhelm 15 Winning the Cup but losing the plot? The troubled state of South African soccer 369 Merryman Kunene 16 The state of mathematics and science education: schools are not equal 392 Vijay Reddy Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Part IV: South Africa in the world Introduction 419 17 South Africa’s evolving foreign trade strategy: coherence or confusion? 427 Jesmond Blumenfeld 18 South Africa’s relations with the People’s Republic of China: mutual opportunities or hidden threats? 457 Sanusha Naidu 19 South Africa in Africa: scrambling for energy 484 John Daniel and Jessica Lutchman Contributors 510 Index 513 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006 vi List of tables Table 1.1 Scorecard on the RDP 19 Table 1.2 Anticipated housing delivery and backlog 24 Table 1.3 Percentage of households with access to public electricity supply 29 Table 1.4 Household electrification 30 Table 1.5 Incidence of malaria reported 34 Table 1.6 Actual and targeted staffing levels of SAPS 35 Table 2.1 Comparison of selected poverty lines for South Africa, 1993 54 Table 3.1 Restitution budget, 1997/98–2005/06 (R’000s) 71 Table 3.2 National progress on settling claims, April 1995– March 2005 72 Table 3.3 Provincial breakdown for lodged claims 76 Table 3.4 Provincial breakdown of settled claims as of February 2005 77 Table 3.5 National settled claims by locality and settlement type, February 2005 78 Table 3.6 Claims requiring settlement, by regional office of the Commission, February 2005 78 Table 3.7 Categories and scale of land dispossession, 1960–1983 83 Table 7.1 Share ownership on the JSE by percentage of market capitalisation 182 Table 7.2 Financial Mail’s top 20 businesspeople in South Africa, 2003 192 Table 7.3 Selected BEE deals, 2004 193 Table 8.1 Distribution of workers within sectors, by percentage, race and skills level 206 Table 8.2 Distribution of workers in occupational groups, percentage by race, 2001–03 208 Table 8.3 Racial distribution of managers by age groups, 2004 210 Table 8.4 Distribution of workers, percentage by race and gender within skill levels, 2002–04 210 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii Table 8.5 Highest level of education among those aged 20 and older, percentage by race, 2001 216 Table 8.6 Degrees, diplomas, and certificates awarded by public universities, percentage by race and field of study, 2002 217 Table 8.7 Proportion of workers trained in relation to total employees by race group and occupational category 219 Table 9.1 Formal and informal employment – definitional differences 229 Table 9.2 Informal employment as a proportion of non-agricultural employment 229 Table 9.3 Labour market status of workers in South Africa, 1997–2003 231 Table 9.4 Formal employment, informal employment and domestic work, percentage by sex and race 234 Table 9.5 Labour market status of workers, February 2002 to March 2004 239 Table 9.6 Labour market status of informal economy workers, February 2002 to March 2004 239 Table 9.7 Shifts between informal work and other labour market status 240 Table 10.1 Security of job tenure of Cosatu members, 2004 254 Table 10.2 Occupational category of Cosatu members surveyed, as defined by the company 255 Table 10.3 Age profile of Cosatu members, 1994, 1998 and 2004 256 Table 10.4 Highest formal educational levels of Cosatu members 256 Table 10.5 Gender composition of Cosatu membership, 1994, 1998 and 2004 257 Table 10.6 Year in which Cosatu member joined the union 258 Table 11.1 South Africa’s percentage share of world exports in technology, 1992 and 2002 273 Table 11.2 Manufactured exports revenue ranked by South African Rands, 1992 and 2002 274 Table 11.3 R&D expenditure by sector, 2003/04 279 LIST OF TABLES Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006 viii Table 11.4 Patents of South African origin granted at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 1993–2003 280 Table 11.5 Researcher full-time equivalents, 1992 and 2004 282 Table 11.6 Mathematics higher-grade candidates and passes (thousands), 1997–2003 283 Table 11.7 R&D expenditure by socio-economic objective, 2001/02 288 Table 11.8 R&D expenditure by biotechnology-related research field 108, 2002 and 2004 (R millions) 289 Table 11.9 Patents registered under the PCT, 1999–2004 291 Table 16.1 Participation and performance in mathematics in 1990, percentage by racial groups 393 Table 16.2 Public schools in Gauteng offering mathematics in 2003, categorised by ex-racial Departments of Education and poverty rankings 402 Table 16.3 Trend of mathematics participation in public schools in Gauteng 404 Table 16.4 Higher-grade mathematics participation in Gauteng (no. and % of entrants) 404 Table 16.5 Trends of schools in Gauteng offering only standard-grade mathematics (no. and %) 405 Table 16.6 Trends of higher-grade mathematics performance in Gauteng schools, by ex-racial department 406 Table 16.7 Trend in correlation of school quality in Gauteng for ex-DET and ex-HoA schools 409 Table 16.8 Established and emergent schools in Gauteng 409 Table 19.1 South African exports, imports and trade balance by region, 2004 (R millions) 488 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za ix List of figures Figure 1.1 The line of delivery in basic water 26 Figure 1.2 The sanitation backlog, 1996–2016 28 Figure 6.1 Structure and components of the national gender machinery 148 Figure 8.1 Distribution of skill profiles within racial groups as at March 2004 212 Figure 9.1 Labour force by type of work in South Africa, 1997–2003 231 Figure 9.2 Workers in informal enterprises by sector, March 2004 232 Figure 9.3 Incomes in informal enterprises, March 2004 233 Figure 11.1 GERD:GDP, 1983–2003 278 Figure 11.2 Expenditure on R&D by major research fields, 2003 and 2004 279 Figure 11.3 Demographics of researchers (headcounts) in the NSI, 2001/02 284 Figure 16.1 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores of schools categorised by ex-racial departments 399 Figure 16.2 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores by provinces 400 Figure 16.3 Mathematics school quality in Gauteng public schools in 2003, by ex-racial department and independent schools 407 Figure 16.4 Change in school quality in Gauteng over time (1999, 2003), for ex-DET and ex-HoA schools 408 Figure 18.1 South Africa’s bilateral trade statistics with China 469 Figure 18.2 China–South Africa bilateral trade 469 Figure 18.3 Commodity imports from China to South Africa 470 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006 x Figure 19.1 South African exports by region, 2003 and 2004 488 Figure 19.2 South African imports by region, 2003 and 2004 489 Figure 19.3 South Africa’s trade balance by region, 2003 and 2004 489 Figure 19.4 South African business activity in Africa by sector, 2000–03 490 Figure 19.5 Organogram of the Central Energy Fund 496 Figure 19.6 South Africa’s involvement in the African oil and natural gas markets, by company 504 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za [...]... African Airways South African Communist Party Southern African Customs Union Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Coordination Conference South African Football Association South African Human Rights Commission South African Local Government Association South African National Civics Organisation South African National Defence Force South African Police Service South African... about the implication that at this stage of South Africa s history this could well slow extension of African/black/majority control over the machinery of state. ) The second fracture revolves around economic strategy and the resultant nature of South Africa s post-apartheid capitalism As already suggested, the state s own promotion of the idea of the development state may at one level be an attempt to... way into South African embassies across the world and foreign embassies in South Africa; and perhaps most importantly, many ordinary South Africans have purchased the books simply to find out more about the complex and fascinating country we live in The considerable success of the series rests in part upon its sure foundations: the precedent of the South African Review series of the 1980s; the now wellestablished... addressed the National Assembly on 25 May (Mbeki 2005b) On this occasion, he reflected upon the decline of the ‘Washington Consensus’, the ideas which had set the stage for the reduction of the role of the state in the ‘development thinking’ of global bodies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank since the 1980s Noting a new acceptance that development ‘requires an effective state, ... role’, he reiterated earlier statements he had made in 1999 that a minimalist state would be incapable of addressing the backlog of poverty in South Africa He therefore went on to assert the need for a ‘strong state To this end, he noted that Cabinet had charged the Forum of South African Directors-General to appraise both the ‘capacity of our democratic state and the challenges of ‘social cohesion’ (both... consensus on the need for a strong, developmental state (ThisDay 16.08.04) However, there would seem to be rather little consensus as to what this consensus is about! On the one hand, flowing out of the ANC’s theory of the national democratic revolution, there is strong overlap with the Jacobin position concerning the need for the state to promote a class of black capitalists On the other hand, there is... Without the backing of these supporters, State of the Nation would have been unable to achieve the success that it has enjoyed Finally, I would like to congratulate the editors, John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman, and Roger Southall, who this year have been joined in their task by Sakhela Buhlungu of the Department of Sociology of the University of the Witwatersrand Theirs has been a huge effort, although State. .. arranged in states where growth has been a top national priority for decades This approach urges a mixture of the scepticism of the economic liberals and the caution of the developmentalists towards the applicability of the developmental state idea to South Africa At one level, the liberals fear that, however well-intentioned, growing state regulation of the market is likely to xxxii INTRODUCTION Free... enabling State of the Nation to become a flagship project of the HSRC xi S TAT E O F T H E N AT I O N 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 6 We are grateful for the energy and thoroughness which the Press has brought to State of the Nation, as indeed to the impressive list of its other titles Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za It would be impossible to undertake such an ambitious annual publishing project as State of the Nation. .. different remedies for South Africa s travails Challenges to South Africa as a developmental state Let us now examine the way in which the different approaches can throw light on challenges facing South Africa if it is to aspire to becoming a developmental state, namely, the issues of historical specificity, state capacity, and the purported democracy/development trade-off THE DEVELOPMENT STATE: CAN HISTORY . the precedent of the South African Review series of the 1980s; the now well- established practice of the President in delivering annual State of the Nation . www.hsrcpress.ac.za STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006 xvi SAA South African Airways SACP South African Communist Party SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African