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THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Children in an Urban World THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) February 2012 Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication Permission will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations Others will be requested to pay a small fee Please contact: Division of Communication, UNICEF United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1 (212) 326-7434 Email: nyhqdoc.permit@unicef.org This report and additional online content are available at Perspective and Focus On essays represent the personal views of the authors and not necessarily reflect the position of the United Nations Children’s Fund For corrigenda subsequent to printing, please see For latest data, please visit ISBN: 978-92-806-4597-2 eISBN: 978-92-806-4603-0 United Nations publication sales no.: E.12.XX.1 Photographs Cover Children dance in an informal settlement on a hillside in Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (2007) © Jonas Bendiksen/Magnum Photos Chapter 1, page x Children play in Tarlabasi, a neighbourhood that is home to many migrants in Istanbul, Turkey © UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1185/Roger LeMoyne Chapter 2, page 12 Queuing for water at Camp Luka, a slum on the outskirts of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo © UNICEF/NYHQ2008-1027/Christine Nesbitt Chapter 3, page 34 A girl in Kirkuk, Iraq, drags scrap metal that her family will use to reinforce their home – a small space with curtains for walls on the top floor of a former football stadium © UNICEF/NYHQ2007-2316/Michael Kamber Chapter 4, page 48 Boys play football in the courtyard of the Centre Sauvetage BICE, which offers residential and family services for vulnerable children in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire © UNICEF/NYHQ2011-0549/Olivier Asselin Chapter 5, page 66 Girls and boys work on a group project in a primary school in Tarawa, Kiribati © UNICEF/NYHQ2006-2457/Giacomo Pirozzi Acknowledgements This report is the fruit of collaboration among many individuals and institutions The editorial and research team thanks all who gave so generously of their expertise and energy, in particular: Sheridan Bartlett (City University of New York); Jean Christophe Fotso (APHRC); Nancy Guerra (University of California); Eva Jesperson (UNDP); Jacob Kumaresan (WHO Urban HEART); Gora Mboup (UN-Habitat); Sheela Patel (SDI); Mary Racelis (Ateneo de Manila University); Eliana Riggio; David Satterthwaite (IIED); Ita Sheehy (UNHCR); Nicola Shepherd (UNDESA); Mats Utas (Swedish Academy of Letters); and Malak Zaalouk (American University of Cairo), for serving on the External Advisory Board Sheridan Bartlett; Roger Hart and Pamela Wridt (City University of New York); Carolyn Stephens (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and National University of Tucuman, Argentina); and Laura Tedesco (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid), for authoring background papers Fred Arnold (ICF Macro); Ricky Burdett (London School of Economics and Political Science); Elise Caves and Cristina Diez (ATD Fourth World Movement); Michael Cohen (New School); Malgorzata Danilczuk-Danilewicz; Celine d’Cruz (SDI); Robert Downs (Columbia University); Sara Elder (ILO); Kimberly Gamble-Payne; Patrick Gerland (UNDESA); Friedrich Huebler (UNESCO); Richard Kollodge (UNFPA); Maristela Monteiro (PAHO); Anushay Said (World Bank Institute); Helen Shaw (South East Public Health Observatory); Mark Sommers (Tufts University); Tim Stonor (Space Syntax Ltd.); Emi Suzuki (World Bank); Laura Turquet (UN-Women); Henrik Urdal (Harvard Kennedy School); and Hania Zlotnik (UNDESA), for providing information and advice Special thanks to Sheridan Bartlett, Gora Mboup and Amit Prasad (WHO) for their generosity of intellect and spirit UNICEF country and regional offices and headquarters divisions contributed to this report by submitting findings and photographs, taking part in formal reviews or commenting on drafts Many field offices and UNICEF national committees arranged to translate or adapt the report for local use Programme, policy, communication and research advice and support were provided by Geeta Rao Gupta, Deputy Executive Director; Rima Salah, Deputy Executive Director; Gordon Alexander, Director, Office of Research; Nicholas Alipui, Director, Programme Division; Louis-Georges Arsenault, Director, Office of Emergency Programmes; Colin Kirk, Director, Evaluation Office; Khaled Mansour, Director, Division of Communication; Richard Morgan, Director, Division of Policy and Practice; Lisa Adelson-Bhalla; Christine De Agostini; Stephen Antonelli; Maritza Ascencios; Lakshmi Narasimhan Balaji; Gerrit Beger; Wivina Belmonte; Rosangela Berman-Bieler; Aparna Bhasin; Nancy Binkin; Susan Bissell; Clarissa Brocklehurst; Marissa Buckanoff; Sally Burnheim; Jingqing Chai; Kerry Constabile; Howard Dale; Tobias Dierks; Kathryn Donovan; Paul Edwards; Solrun Engilbertsdottir; Rina Gill; Bjorn Gillsater; Dora Giusti; Judy Grayson; Attila Hancioglu; Peter Harvey; Saad Houry; Priscillia Kounkou Hoveyda; Robert Jenkins; Malene Jensen; Theresa Kilbane; Jimmy Kolker; June Kunugi; Boris De Luca; Susanne Mikhail Eldhagen; Sam Mort; Isabel Ortiz; Shannon O’Shea; Kent Page; Nicholas Rees; Maria Rubi; Rhea Saab; Urmila Sarkar; Teghvir Singh Sethi; Fran Silverberg; Peter Smerdon; Antony Spalton; Manuela Stanculescu; David Stewart; Jordan Tamagni; Susu Thatun; Renee Van de Weerdt; and Natalia Elena Winder-Rossi Special thanks to Catherine Langevin-Falcon, Chief, Publications Section, who oversaw the editing and production of the statistical tables and provided essential expertise, guidance and continuity amid changes in personnel Finally, a particular debt of gratitude is owed to David Anthony, Chief, Policy Advocacy, and editor of this report for the past seven editions, for his vision, support and encouragement Report team EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH Abid Aslam, Julia Szczuka, Editors Nikola Balvin, Sue Le-Ba, Meedan Mekonnen, Research officers Chris Brazier, Writer Marc Chalamet, French editor Carlos Perellon, Spanish editor Hirut Gebre-Egziabher, Lead, Yasmine Hage, Lisa Kenney, Anne Ytreland, Jin Zhang, Research assistants Charlotte Maitre, Lead, Anna Grojec, Carol Holmes, Copy editors Celine Little, Dean Malabanan, Anne Santiago, Judith Yemane, Editorial and administrative support PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Jaclyn Tierney, Chief, Print and Translation Section; Germain Ake; Fanuel Endalew; Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez; Elias Salem; Nogel S Viyar; Edward Ying Jr STATISTICAL TABLES Tessa Wardlaw, Associate Director, Statistics and Monitoring Section, Division of Policy and Practice; Priscilla Akwara; David Brown; Danielle Burke; Xiaodong Cai; Claudia Cappa; Liliana Carvajal; Archana Dwivedi; Anne Genereux; Elizabeth Horn-Phatanothai; Claes Johansson; Rouslan Karimov; Mengjia Liang; Rolf Luyendijk; Nyein Nyein Lwin; Colleen Murray; Holly Newby; Khin Wityee Oo; Nicole Petrowski; Chiho Suzuki; Danzhen You ONLINE PRODUCTION AND IMAGES Stephen Cassidy, Chief, Internet, Broadcast and Image Section; Matthew Cortellesi; Susan Markisz; Keith Musselman; Ellen Tolmie; Tanya Turkovich Design by Green Communication Design inc Printed by Brodock Press, Inc Acknowledgements iii ACTION Putting children first in an urban world The experience of childhood is increasingly urban Over half the world’s people – including more than a billion children – now live in cities and towns Many children enjoy the advantages of urban life, including access to educational, medical and recreational facilities Too many, however, are denied such essentials as electricity, clean water and health care – even though they may live close to these services Too many are forced into dangerous and exploitative work instead of being able to attend school And too many face a constant threat of eviction, even though they live under the most challenging conditions – in ramshackle dwellings and overcrowded settlements that are acutely vulnerable to disease and disaster The hardships endured by children in poor communities are often concealed – and thus perpetuated – by the statistical averages on which decisions about resource allocation are based Because averages lump everyone together, the poverty of some is obscured by the wealth of others One consequence of this is that children already deprived remain excluded from essential services Increasing numbers of children are growing up in urban areas They must be afforded the amenities and opportunities they need to realize their rights and potential Urgent action must be taken to: • Better understand the scale and nature of poverty and exclusion affecting children in urban areas • Identify and remove the barriers to inclusion • Ensure that urban planning, infrastructure development, service delivery and broader efforts to reduce poverty and inequality meet the particular needs and priorities of children • Promote partnership between all levels of government and the urban poor – especially children and young people • Pool the resources and energies of international, national, municipal and community actors in support of efforts to ensure that marginalized and impoverished children enjoy their full rights These actions are not goals but means to an end: fairer, more nurturing cities and societies for all people – starting with children iv THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 FOREWORD When many of us think of the world’s poorest children, the image that comes readily to mind is that of a child going hungry in a remote rural community in sub-Saharan Africa – as so many are today But as The State of the World’s Children 2012 shows with clarity and urgency, millions of children in cities and towns all over the world are also at risk of being left behind In fact, hundreds of millions of children today live in urban slums, many without access to basic services They are vulnerable to dangers ranging from violence and exploitation to the injuries, illnesses and death that result from living in crowded settlements atop hazardous rubbish dumps or alongside railroad tracks And their situations – and needs – are often represented by aggregate figures that show urban children to be better off than their rural counterparts, obscuring the disparities that exist among the children of the cities This report adds to the growing body of evidence and analysis, from UNICEF and our partners, that scarcity and dispossession afflict the poorest and most marginalized children and families disproportionately It shows that this is so in urban centres just as in the remote rural places we commonly associate with deprivation and vulnerability The data are startling By 2050, 70 per cent of all people will live in urban areas Already, in urban dwellers lives in slum conditions; in Africa, the proportion is a staggering in 10 The impact on children living in such conditions is significant From Ghana and Kenya to Bangladesh and India, children living in slums are among the least likely to attend school And disparities in nutrition separating rich and poor children within the cities and towns of sub-Saharan Africa are often greater than those between urban and rural children Every disadvantaged child bears witness to a moral offense: the failure to secure her or his rights to survive, thrive and participate in society And every excluded child represents a missed opportunity – because when society fails to extend to urban children the services and protection that would enable them to develop as productive and creative individuals, it loses the social, cultural and economic contributions they could have made We must more to reach all children in need, wherever they live, wherever they are excluded and left behind Some might ask whether we can afford to this, especially at a time of austerity in national budgets and reduced aid allocations But if we overcome the barriers that have kept these children from the services that they need and that are theirs by right, then millions more will grow up healthy, attend school and live more productive lives Can we afford not to this? Anthony Lake Executive Director, UNICEF Foreword v An urban world This graphic depicts countries and territories with urban populations exceeding 100,000 Circles are scaled in proportion to urban population size Where space allows, numbers within circles show urban population (in millions) and urban percentage of the country’s population Sweden 7.9 Norway Finland Estonia Iceland Netherlands 13.8 83% United Kingdom 49.4 80% Ireland Canada 27.4 81% Latvia Denmark Belgium 10.4 97% Germany 60.8 74% Bosnia and Herzegovina The former Yugoslav Montenegro Republic of Macedonia Greece Malta Morocco 18.6 58% Bahamas Cuba 8.5 Guatemala Belize Haiti Dominican 7.1 Republic Honduras Jamaica El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Colombia 34.8 75% Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Brazil 168.7 87% Ecuador 9.7 Peru 22.4 77% Senegal Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Chad Burkina Faso Guinea Sierra Leone Côte Liberia d’Ivoire 10.0 51% Ghana 12.6 51% Togo Benin 78.9 50% Central African Republic Cameroon 11.4 58% Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Congo Chile 15.2 89% Uruguay Jordan Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab 22.5 Emirates 82% Sudan 17.5 40% Nigeria Eritrea Yemen Oman 7.6 Djibouti Ethiopia Somalia 13.8 17% Uganda Rwanda Kenya 9.0 Burundi United Republic of Tanzania Democratic 11.8 Republic 26% of the Congo 23.2 Malawi Comoros 35% Angola 11.2 59% Botswana Paraguay Iraq 21.0 66% Bahrain Qatar Mali Gambia Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 27.1 93% Israel Egypt 35.2 43% Libya Niger Mauritania Armenia Lebanon Occupied Palestinian Territory Tunisia 7.1 Algeria 23.6 66% Georgia Azerbaijan Syrian Arab Republic 11.4 56% Cyprus Mexico 78% Turkey 50.7 70% Albania Portugal 88.3 Ukraine 31.3 69% Czech Republic Slovakia 7.7 Austria Hungary Romania Republic of Switzerland Moldova 12.3 Slovenia 57% Serbia Croatia Bulgaria Italy 41.4 68% Spain 35.7 77% Belarus 7.2 Poland 23.3 61% Luxembourg France 53.5 85% United States of America 255.4 82% Lithuania Mauritius Mozambique Zambia 9.0 Madagascar Zimbabwe Namibia Swaziland South Africa 30.9 62% Lesotho Argentina 37.3 92% Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Population Division special updated estimates of urban population as of October 2011, consistent with World Population Prospects: The 2010 revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 revision Graphic presentation of data based on The Guardian, 27 July 2007 This map is stylized and based on an approximate scale It does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers vi THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Above 75% urban Between 50% and 75% urban Between 25% and 50% urban Russian Federation 104.6 Mongolia Below 25% urban 73% China 629.8 Kazakhstan 9.4 Turkmenistan 47% Republic of Korea 40.0 83% Percentage urban Afghanistan 7.1 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 52.3 71% Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 14.7 60% Urban population in millions Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan 10.0 36% Tajikistan Pakistan 62.3 36% Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh 41.7 28% India 367.5 30% Lao People’s Democratic Republic Myanmar 16.1 34% Thailand 23.5 34% Viet Nam 26.7 30% Cambodia Malaysia 20.5 72% Maldives Japan 84.6 Canton 67% 14.5 Sri Lanka Philippines 45.6 49% Brunei Darussalam Singapore Timor-Leste Indonesia 106.2 44% Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Fiji Australia 19.8 89% New Zealand Notes: Because of the cession in July 2011 of the Republic of South Sudan by the Republic of the Sudan, and its subsequent admission to the United Nations on 14 July 2011, data for the Sudan and South Sudan as separate States are not yet available Data presented are for the Sudan pre-cession Data for China not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions of China Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China as of July 1997; Macao became a SAR of China as of 20 December 1999 Data for France not include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Reunion Data for the Netherlands not include the Netherlands Antilles Data for the United States of America not include Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands An urban world vii CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii ACTION iv Foreword Anthony Lake, Executive Director, UNICEF v Chapter Towards cities fit for children 49 Policy and collaboration 49 Participatory urban planning and management 50 Child-Friendly Cities 55 Chapter Children in an increasingly urban world Non-discrimination 55 An urban future Poverty and exclusion Health 57 HIV and AIDS 57 Meeting the challenges of an urban future Water, sanitation and hygiene 58 Nutrition and hunger 55 Education 58 Chapter Children’s rights in urban settings 13 An environment for fulfilling children’s rights 14 Health 14 Child survival 14 Immunization 17 Maternal and newborn health 18 Breastfeeding 18 Nutrition 19 Respiratory illness 22 Road traffic injuries 22 HIV and AIDS 22 Mental health 24 Water, sanitation and hygiene 25 Education 28 Early childhood development 28 Primary education 29 Protection Child trafficking Child labour Children living and working on the streets 31 31 32 32 Chapter Urban challenges 35 Migrant children 35 Economic shocks 40 Violence and crime 42 Disaster risk 45 Child protection 60 Housing and infrastructure 60 Urban planning for children’s safety 61 Safe cities for girls 61 Safe spaces for play 62 Social capital 62 Cultural inclusion 62 Culture and arts 63 Technology 63 Chapter Uniting for children in an urban world 67 Understand urban poverty and exclusion 68 Remove the barriers to inclusion 70 Put children first 73 Promote partnership with the urban poor 74 Work together to achieve results for children 74 Towards fairer cities 75 Panels Social determinants of urban health Slums: The five deprivations Definitions 10 The Convention on the Rights of the Child 16 The Millennium Development Goals 33 Agents, not victims 38 Armed conflict and children in urban areas 42 viii THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 TABLE 11: ADOLESCENTS Countries and territories Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia 130 Adolescent population (aged 10–19) Adolescents as proportion of total population Total (%) (thousands) 2010 2010 Marital status Adolescents aged 15–19 who are currently married/in union (2000–2010*) (%) male female Age at Adolescent Justification of first birth birth rate wife-beating Women Number Adolescents aged 15–19 aged 20–24 of births who think a husband is who gave per 1,000 justified in hitting or beating birth before girls aged his wife under certain age 18 (%) 15–19 circumstances (2002–2010*) (%) 2000–2010* 2000–2010* male female 7,771 561 6,571 – 4,553 – 6,797 457 2,911 942 1,477 59 149 31,514 38 1,075 1,209 72 2,042 149 2,209 446 437 33,729 64 724 3,880 1,947 3,286 4,422 4,188 115 1,012 2,618 2,817 200,660 8,752 155 888 – 836 4,563 499 1,483 154 1,110 25 18 19 – 24 – 17 15 13 11 16 17 12 21 14 11 11 23 23 21 22 12 22 17 16 10 24 23 23 23 12 23 23 23 16 15 19 21 22 – 18 23 11 13 14 11 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 – – 46 – – – 22 15 13 – 25 – – 24 10 22 – 59 42 – – 14 – 19 – 10 20 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 40 – – – – 23 – 20 – – 16 x – – 27 – 33 – 22 38 x 48 – – 20 17 x 29 – – 29 – – – – 4,123 17 – – 15,877 701 201 – 1,964 2,829 15,926 1,462 151 1,144 138 20,535 24 13 23 – 20 20 20 24 22 22 10 25 – – – – – – – – – – 25 – – 19 16 13 21 – 29 – 22 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Use of mass media Secondary education HIV knowledge Adolescents aged Lower Upper Adolescents aged 15–19 who use at least secondary secondary 15–19 who have one type of information gross gross comprehensive media at least once a enrolment enrolment knowledge of HIV week (2000–2010*) (%) ratio ratio (2005–2010*) (%) male female 2007–2010* male female 151 20 165 67 65 27 17 10 41 39 13 133 51 22 11 91 114 46 89 15 51 77 17 44 128 30 52 141 14 92 133 193 53 84 95 132 47 67 111 14 50 12 – 37 – – – – – 31 – – 63 – – – – – – – 12 – – – – – – – – – – – – 24 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24 66 – – – – 22 – – 39 – – 41 – – – 14 41 70 17 – – – – 68 – 49 58 – 23 – – – – – – 76 – – 63 – – – – – 97 – – – – – 99 – – 97 – – – – – – – 83 – 100 – – – – – 70 – 88 77 – 88 – 55 – – – – 75 – – 86 – – – – – 99 – – – – – 99 – – 95 – – 63 y – – – – 64 – 97 – – – – – 59 – 87 61 – 88 – 24 – – – – 63 – – 75 – – – – – – – – – 23 – – – 25 – – – 25 – 28 135 27 47 98 100 50 68 128 85 24 109 – – – – 14 – – – – – – 53 72 – – – – 50 y – – 70 – 77 55 – – – 98 – – – – – – 34 43 – – – 98 – 97 y – – 85 – 27 62 93 135 84 25 126 105 98 115 102 93 97 101 56 – 96 111 87 – 74 94 106 91 107 116 83 27 29 56 50 97 101 18 29 101 92 103 – – – 113 – 104 92 102 99 24 53 51 74 21 87 67 83 166 99 113 89 92 31 – 78 106 52 – 38 74 77 67 92 85 91 10 11 23 29 105 – 17 85 66 77 – – – 71 – 87 87 95 92 – 21 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 31 – 24 – – – – – – – 41 – – 36 26 – – – – – 18 – – 30 – – – – – 36 12 – – – – 19 – – – – – 32 – 39 17 22 22 45 – – – – 18 30 50 32 – 37 16 10 – – 21 – – – 18 – 54 – – – – – 48 117 40 119 88 85 89 79 – 46 102 43 31 119 18 87 71 66 46 46 – 21 97 15 – – – – 33 – 16 – – – – 32 13 – 16 – 39 – – – – – 21 Countries and territories Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Adolescent population (aged 10–19) Adolescents as proportion of total population Total (%) (thousands) 2010 2010 Marital status Adolescents aged 15–19 who are currently married/in union (2000–2010*) (%) male female Age at Adolescent Justification of first birth birth rate wife-beating Women Number Adolescents aged 15–19 aged 20–24 of births who think a husband is who gave per 1,000 justified in hitting or beating birth before girls aged his wife under certain age 18 (%) 15–19 circumstances (2002–2010*) (%) 2000–2010* 2000–2010* male female Use of mass media Secondary education HIV knowledge Adolescents aged Lower Upper Adolescents aged 15–19 who use at least secondary secondary 15–19 who have one type of information gross gross comprehensive media at least once a enrolment enrolment knowledge of HIV week (2000–2010*) (%) ratio ratio (2005–2010*) (%) male female 2007–2010* male female 161 634 7,460 344 409 575 8,202 5,327 1,091 21 3,388 2,286 343 177 2,265 – 1,764 1,097 46 242,991 42,797 12,612 7,262 564 1,184 5,744 565 11,873 1,408 2,497 9,135 – 381 1,120 19 12 12 23 24 13 10 22 10 20 24 23 23 23 23 – 23 11 14 20 18 17 23 13 16 21 23 16 23 – 14 21 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18 25 11 – – – 18 36 19 14 17 – 20 – – 30 13 17 19 – – – – 12 – – – – – 35 – – – 16 – – 22 44 – 22 15 – 26 – – 22 10 – – – – – – – 6x 26 – – 4x 30 11 144 x 104 44 10 70 12 54 92 153 137 101 69 – 108 20 15 45 52 31 68 17 15 60 32 31 106 39 12 30 – – – – – – – 28 – – – – – – – – – – – 57 – – – – – – – – – – 54 – – – – – – – 71 – 41 – – – 79 39 19 29 – 18 – – 53 41 y – 57 – – – – 91 y 57 – – 28 – – – 89 – – – 90 – – – 66 – 94 88 – – – – 88 – – – – – – – – – – 91 – – – 1,516 229 779 531 891 1,105 – 412 61 4,920 3,583 5,455 69 3,612 52 – 776 213 21,669 24 10 18 24 22 17 – 12 12 24 24 19 22 23 12 – 22 16 19 – – – – – – – 11 – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 19 – – – – 34 33 – 40 – – 25 – 15 – – – 13 38 – – – – 36 34 – 46 – – 25 – – 110 15 18 92 177 4 20 147 177 12 15 190 20 88 88 34 90 – – – 54 37 – – – – 33 28 – – – – – – – – 79 – – 48 48 – – – – 35 32 – 41 83 – – – – – – – – 64 73 – – – – 61 84 – – 81 – – 55 – – 27 – 519 84 6,168 5,402 24 – 19 13 19 23 – – – – – – – – 11 40 – – – 42 51 – 20 17 18 185 – – – – – – – – 17 64 37 – – – – – 95 – – – 83 – – – 85 – – – 55 – 96 83 – 98 – – 72 79 y – – – – – – – 97 y – 81 – – – 94 102 110 – 65 95 102 78 104 115 62 45 – 122 – – 68 100 99 77 93 100 63 107 71 102 95 102 95 107 90 98 97 92 62 116 117 – 48 81 102 35 99 77 47 25 – 71 – – 60 98 115 47 66 73 39 134 108 99 85 101 74 71 43 71 80 65 – – – – – – – 30 – – 24 20 – 45 34 – – – – 35 2y – – – – – – – – – 52 – – – – – – – 40 12 – 28 – – 20 17 12 53 31 – 28 – – 19 6y – – – – 59 – 12 y 22 42 – – 19 – – – 69 63 – – – – 60 70 – 100 79 – – 44 – – 53 96 89 57 – – 104 98 108 43 36 94 122 50 99 93 26 96 117 34 90 75 27 – – 106 101 87 15 15 50 – 26 103 70 23 81 62 – – – 28 21 – – – – 26 42 – – – – 35 10 – – – – – 35 18 – – – – 23 42 – 22 y 14 – 27 – – – – – – 90 88 100 – 95 109 74 32 – – 87 88 38 10 – – – – – 31 – – 32 29 – 37 Statistical tables 131 TABLE 3: HEALTH 11: ADOLESCENTS Countries and territories Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan δ Spain Sri Lanka Sudanδ Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo 132 Adolescent population (aged 10–19) Adolescents as proportion of total population Total (%) (thousands) 2010 2010 Marital status Adolescents aged 15–19 who are currently married/in union (2000–2010*) (%) male female Age at Adolescent Justification of first birth birth rate wife-beating Women Number Adolescents aged 15–19 aged 20–24 of births who think a husband is who gave per 1,000 justified in hitting or beating birth before girls aged his wife under certain age 18 (%) 15–19 circumstances (2002–2010*) (%) 2000–2010* 2000–2010* male female Use of mass media Secondary education HIV knowledge Adolescents aged Lower Upper Adolescents aged 15–19 who use at least secondary secondary 15–19 who have one type of information gross gross comprehensive media at least once a enrolment enrolment knowledge of HIV week (2000–2010*) (%) ratio ratio (2005–2010*) (%) male female 2007–2010* male female 8,763 526 – 6,935 2,013 618 1,326 3,644 35,326 – 646 1,022 495 39,911 – 639 1,521 1,376 5,771 20,201 4,487 1,100 136 6,595 495 2,318 14,646 2,314 – 33 18 23 – 23 12 14 23 23 22 – 13 25 18 23 – 18 22 21 20 22 12 10 14 14 11 10 22 – 19 – – 10 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 32 – – 24 59 29 – – 13 – 16 – – 15 11 11 10 – – – – 10 – – – – – 17 22 23 – – 28 51 28 – – – – 10 – – – 16 x 15 – – – – – – – – 17 74 84 106 34 109 199 123 53 60 14 16 29 87 70 65 69 53 16 16 15 24 39 30 43 67 50 – 44 – 27 – – – – 35 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 25 – – – – – – 38 – 24 – – 19 68 40 – – – – – – – – – – 15 – – – – 24 – – 51 – – – 86 – 88 – – – 66 82 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 99 – – 79 – – – 88 – 80 – – 95 48 64 – – – – – – – – – 91 94 – – – – 98 – – 60 – – 61 83 – – 126 105 78 17 34 – 98 89 92 44 98 90 – 78 98 88 99 116 102 99 89 99 85 36 101 105 38 35 – – 116 153 53 26 – 123 80 91 25 94 55 – 56 75 65 99 98 71 95 87 89 84 17 89 83 – 59 45 – – – 14 28 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 49 – – 31 62 29 – – – 12 20 – – – – – – – – 17 19 – – – – – – – 45 – – 21 43 – 40 4,931 2,941 1,225 – 1,332 740 661 197 119 2,078 9,956 – 4,276 3,173 – 95 303 1,121 877 4,707 1,681 10,267 19 23 – 24 18 24 12 – 23 15 12 10 22 22 20 – 15 – 18 26 12 11 23 24 15 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20 – 29 – 30 – – – – 25 – – – 11 – – 10 15 – – 25 – 22 – – 40 – – – 15 – 15 – – – – 28 – – – – – 72 29 110 96 22 59 143 22 70 123 54 – 13 23 – 66 111 75 27 43 – 50 – 25 – – – – 57 – – – 73 – – – – – – – 59 – – – – – – 58 – 23 – 66 – 55 – – – 72 75 y – – – 54 y – 19 54 – – – 85 y – – 97 – 96 – 61 – – 66 – – – – – – – – – – – 94 – – – – – – 97 – 95 – 89 – – 51 – – – – – – – – – – – 89 – – – – – 121 96 95 69 102 39 99 110 – – 93 96 54 10 96 – 119 104 – 90 64 102 110 98 95 90 91 67 96 20 91 17 84 98 – – 91 97 19 92 – 125 – – 55 37 103 85 36 59 62 – – 39 – 21 – – 26 – – – 26 – – – – – – – 52 – – – – – – 39 – 18 43 – 16 – – – 29 – – – – – 41 56 – – 11 46 286 295 1,393 14 26 23 – – 12 – 19 x – 72 – 14 81 54 – 61 – – 62 – 91 60 51 76 41 27 – 15 – 23 11 15 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 20 54 89 x Countries and territories Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Adolescent population (aged 10–19) Adolescents as proportion of total population Total (%) (thousands) 2010 2010 Marital status Adolescents aged 15–19 who are currently married/in union (2000–2010*) (%) male female Age at Adolescent Justification of first birth birth rate wife-beating Women Number Adolescents aged 15–19 aged 20–24 of births who think a husband is who gave per 1,000 justified in hitting or beating birth before girls aged his wife under certain age 18 (%) 15–19 circumstances (2002–2010*) (%) 2000–2010* 2000–2010* male female Use of mass media Secondary education HIV knowledge Adolescents aged Lower Upper Adolescents aged 15–19 who use at least secondary secondary 15–19 who have one type of information gross gross comprehensive media at least once a enrolment enrolment knowledge of HIV week (2000–2010*) (%) ratio ratio (2005–2010*) (%) male female 2007–2010* male female 23 196 1,757 13,042 1,031 – 8,063 4,889 877 7,483 10,198 41,449 526 5,941 53 22 15 17 18 20 – 24 11 12 12 23 13 16 22 22 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 – 20 – – 18 – – 13 – – – 35 – – 28 – – – 16 33 51 21 23 159 30 22 26 116 40 60 26 92 x – – – – – 83 69 – – 39 – – 63 – – 10 – 30 37 y 69 70 – – 52 – – 63 – – – – – – – 87 99 – – 79 – – – – – – – – 96 – 78 99 – – 70 – – – – – 91 116 91 – – 33 96 101 103 38 99 108 97 48 – 86 73 72 – – 15 91 87 96 88 68 120 46 – – – – – 57 38 33 – – 41 – – – – – 49 – – 31 31 39 – – 46 – – 27 14 5,482 15,807 5,974 3,087 3,223 19 18 25 24 26 – – – – 16 19 18 21 – 25 x 34 21 101 35 80 151 101 – – – 55 – – 53 – 61 57 – 97 – 80 68 – 94 – 71 60 90 – – – – 70 – – – – – – – 38 – – 45 2y 36 51 9,804 23 – 25 17 x – – – – 53 28 – – 22 23 23 23 20 18 20 16 19 14 12 19 23 18 2 – ** – – – – – – – 22 24 19 28 15 25 ** 30 11 ** 18 – 22 ** 29 22 ** 25 28 27 29 – 19 ** 22 ** – – – 20 ** 32 20 ** 52 44 47 40 89 80 71 89 102 93 103 77 46 80 31 27 29 25 54 51 42 64 74 84 99 51 24 56 MEMORANDUM Sudan and South Sudanδ 72 x SUMMARY INDICATORS# Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern and Southern Africa West and Central Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean CEE/CIS Industrialized countries Developing countries Least developed countries World 228,066 196,540 92,302 94,232 82,264 655,548 332,513 323,035 108,361 55,069 114,933 1,061,866 190,445 1,202,710 108 123 116 130 38 36 53 19 81 34 22 56 123 52 – 43 50 – – 56 ** 56 – – – – – – – 57 57 60 55 – 48 ** 51 38 ** – 31 – 50 ** 56 49 ** 72 72 68 74 – 89 ** 88 – – – – 83 ** 67 – 65 61 61 61 – 74 ** 71 86 ** – – – 72 ** 59 72 ** 31 32 38 27 – 30 ** 35 – – – – 30 ** – – 23 25 33 18 17 ** 16 22 ** – – – 19 ** 21 19 ** # For a complete list of countries and territories in the regions, subregions and country categories, see page 124 δ Because of the cession in July 2011 of the Republic of South Sudan by the Republic of the Sudan, and its subsequent admission to the United Nations on 14 July 2011, disaggregated data for the Sudan and South Sudan as separate States are not yet available for most indicators Aggregated data presented are for the Sudan pre-cession (see Memorandum item) DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS Marital status – Percentage of boys and girls aged 15–19 who are currently married or in union This indicator is meant to provide a snapshot of the current marital status of boys and girls in this age group However, it is worth noting that those not married at the time of the survey are still exposed to the risk of marrying before they exit adolescence Age at first birth – Percentage of women aged 20–24 who gave birth before age 18 This standardized indicator from population-based surveys captures levels of fertility among adolescents up to the age of 18 Note that the data are based on the answers of women aged 20–24, whose risk of giving birth before the age of 18 is behind them Adolescent birth rate – Number of births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15–19 Justification of wife-beating – The percentage of boys and girls aged 15–19 who consider a husband to be justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of the specified reasons: if his wife burns the food, argues with him, goes out without telling him, neglects the children or refuses sexual relations Use of mass media – The percentage of boys and girls aged 15–19 who make use of at least one of the following types of information media at least once a week: newspaper, magazine, television or radio Lower secondary gross enrolment ratio – Number of children enrolled in lower secondary school, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official lower secondary school age Upper secondary gross enrolment ratio – Number of children enrolled in upper secondary school, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official upper secondary school age Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – Percentage of young men and women (aged 15–19) who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and who know that a healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive MAIN DATA SOURCES Adolescent population – United Nations Population Division Marital status – Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other national surveys Age at first birth – DHS Adolescent birth rate – United Nations Population Division Justification of wife-beating – DHS, MICS and other national surveys Use of mass media – AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS), DHS and other national surveys Gross enrolment ratio – UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – AIS, DHS, MICS, Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) and other national household surveys; HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database, NOTES – Data not available x Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading Such data are not included in the calculation of regional and global averages y Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country Such data are included in the calculation of regional and global averages * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading ** Excludes China Statistical tables 133 TABLE 12: EQUITY – RESIDENCE Countries and territories Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia 134 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* ratio of urban urban rural to rural Under-fives with Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight % of population knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in using improved Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) sanitation facilities at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2008 ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of urban urban urban urban rural urban urban rural to rural urban rural to urban urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural 12 2.7 99 98 1.0 99 99 1.0 – – – 34 19 1.7 – – – – – – 97 95 1.0 – – – – – – 96 92 1.0 – – – – – – 13 1.5 – – – – – – – – – 92 97 1.0 68 56 1.2 100 100 1.0 76 72 1.1 99 100 1.0 78 67 1.2 – – – – – – – – – 86 58 1.5 62 60 1.0 71 66 1.1 86 58 1.5 – – – – – – 72 36 2.0 36 11.9 – – – – – – 97 95 1.0 87 83 1.1 88 y 75 y 1.2 y – – – – – – 79 41 2.0 – – – 100 y 100 y 1.0 y – – – – – – 35 x 100 98 – 71 – – 100 – – 97 – – 41 – 100 x – 99 84 90 88 100 99 98 – – 66 88 95 86 – 91 x 82 60 100 x 100 99 79 x 96 x – 100 84 – – – – 7x 99 92 – 26 – – 99 – – 80 – – 22 – 100 x – 93 69 54 51 100 90 94 – – 51 58 67 46 – 64 x 26 12 99 x 99 94 57 x 73 x – 99 40 – – – – 5.0 x 1.0 1.1 – 2.8 – – 1.0 – – 1.2 – – 1.9 – 1.0 x – 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.0 – – 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.9 – 1.4 x 3.1 5.1 1.0 x 1.0 1.1 1.4 x 1.3 x – 1.0 2.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 33 – 1x – 15 11 2x – – – – 16 19 – – 22 22 – 3x – 8x – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – – 43 – 2x – 21 14 1x – – – – 28 30 22 – – 26 33 – 8x – 15 x – – 20 – – – – – 1.2 1.4 – – – – 2.6 – – 3.1 – – 1.3 – 1.7 x – 2.9 1.4 1.3 2.3 0.7 x – 0.8 – – – 1.7 1.6 2.4 – – 1.2 1.5 – 2.7 x 1.6 – 2.0 x – – 2.2 – – – – – 64 26 – – – – 62 x – – 21 – – 70 – 53 x – – 43 60 28 42 – – – – 52 27 x 45 x 29 – – 52 39 – – 55 48 x 40 x – – 48 – – – – – 63 23 – – – – 56 x – – 41 – – 68 – 56 x – – 41 62 30 58 – – – – 41 23 x 51 x 18 – – 43 19 – – 45 27 x 38 x – – 43 – – – – – 1.0 1.1 – – – – 1.1 x – – 0.5 – – 1.0 – 0.9 x – – 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 – – – – 1.3 1.2 x 0.9 x 1.6 – – 1.2 2.1 – – 1.2 1.8 x 1.1 x – – 1.1 – – – – 100 100 1.0 100 100 1.0 13 27 2.0 71 63 1.1 24 – 90 – 82 89 99 99 43 – – 29 29 – 82 – 70 92 99 99 24 – – 0.8 – 1.1 – 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 – – 5.9 17 – 18 – – – 4y – 23 x – 17 x 27 – 27 – – – 7y – 40 x – 35 x 1.6 – 1.5 – – – 1.0 2.0 y – 1.7 x – 2.0 x 36 – 32 – 58 – 17 – 34 x 67 x – 28 x 38 – 63 – 51 – 20 – 37 x 49 x – 14 x 0.9 – 0.5 – 1.1 – 0.8 – 0.9 x 1.4 x – 1.9 x 93 – 95 – 98 98 x 90 97 87 x 65 x – 45 x 66 1.4 – – 40 2.3 – – 97 1.0 99 x 1.0 x 72 1.2 94 1.0 49 x 1.8 x 10 x 6.2 x – – x 17.2 x THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 73 x 90 98 – 85 – – – – – 74 – – 86 – 92 – 97 74 96 98 98 89 – – – 79 91 – 90 – – 66 – – – 91 41 x – – 96 67 – – – – 47 x 91 95 – 67 – – – – – 72 – – 86 – 95 – 94 55 90 96 98 85 – – – 38 70 – 71 – – 42 – – – 91 29 x – – 96 48 – – – – 1.6 x 1.0 1.0 – 1.3 – – – – – 1.0 – – 1.0 – 1.0 – 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 – – – 2.1 1.3 – 1.3 – – 1.6 – – – 1.0 1.4 x – – 1.0 1.4 – – – – – 51 16 – – – – 26 – – – – – – 33 – 49 22 32 32 46 – – – – 35 53 62 42 – – 21 18 – – 26 – – – 19 – 55 – – – 26 10 – – – – 17 – – – – – – 34 – 29 11 15 42 – – – – 10 29 47 18 – – 13 – – 17 – – – 17 – 49 – – – 2.0 1.7 – – – – 1.5 – – 3.3 – – – – 1.0 – 1.7 1.9 2.1 3.5 1.1 – – – – 3.6 1.8 1.3 2.4 – – 1.6 2.6 – – 1.5 – 1.5 – – 1.1 – 1.1 – – 60 98 98 100 86 98 91 95 100 100 85 100 100 56 100 91 100 93 24 87 34 99 74 87 – 100 33 49 67 56 100 65 43 23 98 58 81 50 31 100 95 36 99 94 100 99 30 98 88 100 18 – 77 80 100 100 77 100 – 52 100 97 100 86 54 92 39 37 – 100 46 18 35 99 38 28 83 52 55 30 29 100 96 11 98 81 100 97 2.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 4.8 – 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 – 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 6.0 1.6 3.8 1.1 1.9 2.4 – 1.0 5.5 1.1 3.7 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.5 5.8 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.0 3.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 100 99 1.0 11 2.8 – – – 86 – 67 – 88 – 91 – – – – – 70 – 49 – 89 – 87 – – – – – 1.2 – 1.4 – 1.0 – 1.0 – – – – – 21 – 18 – 42 – – – – – 44 12 – – 37 – – – – – 14 1.7 – 2.0 – 1.2 – 2.3 – – – – 3.2 23 23 1.0 100 100 1.0 63 10 6.3 – – – 87 74 1.2 96 84 1.1 97 92 1.1 89 83 1.1 – – – 52 13.0 96 94 1.0 29 3.6 Countries and territories Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* ratio of urban urban rural to rural Fiji – Finland – France – Gabon 90 Gambia 57 Georgia 97 Germany – Ghana 82 Greece – Grenada – Guatemala – Guinea 78 Guinea-Bissau 30 Guyana 96 Haiti 87 Holy See – Honduras 95 Hungary – Iceland – India 59 Indonesia 71 Iran (Islamic Republic of) – Iraq 95 Ireland – Israel – Italy – Jamaica 89 Japan – Jordan – Kazakhstan 99 Kenya 76 Kiribati 100 Kuwait – Kyrgyzstan 96 Lao People's 84 Democratic Republic Latvia – Lebanon – Lesotho 43 Liberia 5y Libya – Liechtenstein – Lithuania – Luxembourg – Madagascar 92 Malawi – Malaysia – Maldives 93 Mali 92 Malta – Marshall Islands 96 Mauritania 75 Mauritius – Mexico – Micronesia (Federated States of) – Monaco – Mongolia 98 Montenegro 98 Morocco 92 y Mozambique 39 Under-fives with Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight % of population knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in using improved Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) sanitation facilities at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2008 ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of urban urban urban urban rural urban urban rural to rural urban rural to urban urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural – – – 87 54 87 – 65 – – – 33 21 92 78 – 93 – – 35 41 – 96 – – – 88 – – 99 57 80 – 93 – – – 1.0 1.1 1.1 – 1.3 – – – 2.4 1.4 1.0 1.1 – 1.0 – – 1.7 1.7 – 1.0 – – – 1.0 – – 1.0 1.3 1.3 – 1.0 – – – – – – 92 x 67 x 83 43 99 x 98 x – – 84 41 – – – – 77 37 84 31 69 27 98 90 47 15 – – 90 50 – – – – 76 44 84 76 – – 86 71 – – – – – – 99 x 94 x – – 99 99 100 100 75 37 – – – – 100 96 – – – 1.4 x 1.9 1.0 x – 2.0 – – 2.1 2.7 2.6 1.1 3.0 – 1.8 – – 1.7 1.1 – 1.2 – – – 1.0 x – 1.0 1.0 2.0 – – 1.0 – – – – 12 – 11 – – 15 13 12 – – – 33 – – – – – – – 10 – – – – – – 22 – 16 – – 16 23 21 12 20 – 11 – – 46 – – – – – – – 17 – – – – – – 1.9 1.6 – 1.5 – – 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 – 2.4 – – 1.4 – – 1.1 – – – – – 1.3 1.7 1.7 – – 0.9 – – – 46 x 32 41 x – 53 – – – 40 x 55 – – – 51 – – 38 52 – 62 – – – – – 31 – 44 – – 26 – – – 37 x 40 32 x – 40 – – – 37 x 52 – – – 49 – – 31 56 – 67 – – – – – 36 – 42 – – 21 – – – 1.3 x 0.8 1.3 x – 1.3 – – – 1.1 x 1.0 – – – 1.0 – – 1.2 0.9 – 0.9 – – – – – 0.9 – 1.1 – – 1.3 – – – – 53 96 – 82 – – – – 83 93 – – 92 – – – 99 – 92 – – – 97 – – 98 81 – – 93 – – – – 35 93 – 70 – – – – 57 92 – – 86 – – – 97 – 78 – – – 98 – – 98 72 – – 92 – – – – 1.5 1.0 – 1.2 – – – – 1.5 1.0 – – 1.1 – – – 1.0 – 1.2 – – – 1.0 – – 1.0 1.1 – – 1.0 – – – – 42 17 – 34 – – 32 24 22 72 38 – 37 – – 33 16 y – – – – 61 – – 24 57 – – 23 – – – – 37 12 – 22 – – 14 13 47 26 – 21 – – 14 6y – – – – 58 – – 21 45 – – 18 – – – – 1.2 1.5 – 1.5 – – 2.2 1.9 2.8 1.5 1.4 – 1.8 – – 2.4 2.5 y – 4.4 – – – 1.0 – – 1.1 1.3 – – 1.3 – 100 100 33 68 96 100 18 99 96 89 34 49 85 24 – 80 100 100 54 67 – 76 100 100 – 82 100 98 97 27 – 100 94 – 100 100 30 65 93 100 97 97 73 11 80 10 – 62 100 100 21 36 – 66 98 100 – 84 100 97 98 32 – 100 93 – 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 3.1 5.4 1.1 2.4 – 1.3 1.0 1.0 2.6 1.9 – 1.2 1.0 1.0 – 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 – 1.0 1.0 68 – – 46 3y – – – – 78 – – 92 77 – 96 42 – – – – 99 99 80 y 28 1.2 – – 1.0 1.9 y – – – – 1.2 – – 1.0 1.2 – 1.0 1.8 – – – – 1.0 1.0 1.1 y 1.4 68 – – 88 79 – – – – 82 78 – 99 80 – 97 90 – 98 – – 100 100 85 x 78 6.2 – – 1.6 2.4 – – – – 2.1 1.6 – 1.1 2.1 – 1.4 2.3 – 1.1 20 – – 12 17 – – – – 31 x 10 – 11 20 – – – – – – – 5x 2x 6x 14 34 – – 13 20 – – – – 37 x 13 – 20 29 – – – – – – – 6x 1x 12 x 20 1.7 – – 1.1 1.2 – – – – 1.2 x 1.3 – 1.8 1.5 – – – – – – – 1.2 x 0.7 x 2.1 x 1.5 – – – 49 50 – – – – 62 36 – – 43 – – 39 – – – – 42 x – 51 x 51 – – – 47 46 – – – – 47 25 – – 37 – – 28 – – – – 49 x – 41 x 45 – – – 1.0 1.1 – – – – 1.3 1.4 – – 1.2 – – 1.4 – – – – 0.9 x – 1.2 x 1.1 93 – – 93 46 – – – – 93 88 – 83 79 – – 72 – – – – 96 97 96 89 75 – – 88 21 – – – – 77 88 – 83 52 – – 49 – – – – 94 98 83 78 1.2 – – 1.0 2.2 – – – – 1.2 1.0 – 1.0 1.5 – – 1.5 – – – – 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 – – – 44 26 – – – – 40 56 – 43 y 19 – 33 – – – – 38 31 – 43 – – – 36 15 – – – – 19 39 – 32 y 12 – 12 – – – – 21 29 – 32 – – – 1.2 1.8 – – – – 2.1 1.5 – 1.4 y 1.5 – 2.7 4.7 – – – – 1.8 1.1 – 1.4 86 38 82 71 100 – 40 25 25 97 96 – – – – 100 100 15 10 51 57 96 95 100 96 45 32 100 100 83 53 50 93 90 90 68 – – 100 – 64 32 96 86 83 52 38 2.3 1.2 – 1.6 6.3 1.0 – – 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.6 5.6 1.0 1.3 – – 2.0 1.1 1.6 9.5 11 – – 54 32 – – – – 39 50 – 93 38 – 68 39 – 87 – – 99 98 40 x 46 – – 1.0 1.0 2.2 x 1.7 Statistical tables 135 TABLE 3: HEALTH – RESIDENCE 12: EQUITY Countries and territories Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudanδ Spain Sri Lanka Sudanδ Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo 136 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* ratio of urban urban rural to rural Under-fives with Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight % of population knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in using improved Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) sanitation facilities at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2008 ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of urban urban urban urban rural urban urban rural to rural urban rural to urban urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural 94 83 – 42 – – 90 71 y 49 – – 97 y – 32 – – – – – 87 – – – – 98 – – 79 – – – 62 – 76 – 75 99 – 59 – – – 70 – – – 97 – 98 38 – – 96 85 100 64 59 – 34 – – 73 25 y 22 – – 96 y – 24 – – – – – 78 – – – – 98 – – 83 – – – 44 – 74 – 44 99 – 48 – – – 81 – – – 98 – 95 28 – – 95 90 99 1.5 1.4 – 1.2 – – 1.2 2.9 y 2.2 – – 1.0 y – 1.3 – – – – – 1.1 – – – – 1.0 – – 0.9 – – – 1.4 – 1.0 – 1.7 1.0 – 1.2 – – – 0.9 3.7 – – – 1.0 – 1.0 1.4 – – 1.0 0.9 1.0 82 58 94 73 – – 51 14 – – – – 92 56 78 25 65 28 – – – – 99 97 – – 60 30 – – 99 84 88 47 – – 95 64 78 48 – – – – – – – – 100 x 99 x 100 x 98 x – – 82 67 – – – – – – 94 78 – – 89 75 – – 85 x 33 x 99 99 – – 67 33 – – – – – – 90 67 65 15 94 x 85 x – – – – 99 99 – – 95 82 89 80 – – – – 99 93 95 86 100 100 95 50 93 93 57 71 1.0 0.9 1.3 98 x 59 93 98 x 20 40 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 1.4 1.3 – 3.5 – – 1.7 3.1 2.4 – – 1.0 – 2.0 – 1.2 1.9 – 1.5 1.6 – – – – 1.0 x 1.0 x – 1.2 – – – 1.2 – 1.2 – 2.5 x 1.0 – 2.0 – – – 1.3 4.5 1.1 x – – 1.0 – 1.2 1.1 – – 1.1 1.1 1.0 19 12 – 23 – – – 16 – – – – 29 x – – 12 x – – – – – – 2x 3x – – – – – – 12 – 7x 1x – 16 – – – 20 10 x – – – – – – 12 24 19 – 41 – – – 27 – – – – 33 x – – 20 x – – – – – – 4x 4x – 12 – – – – – 14 – 17 x 1x – 23 – – – 12 38 9x – – – – – – 16 1.3 1.7 – 1.8 – – 1.7 – 1.7 – – – – 1.1 x – – 1.6 x – 3.8 – – – – – 2.0 x 1.3 x – 1.9 – – – – – 1.1 – 2.4 x 1.1 x – 1.5 – – – 1.5 1.9 0.9 x – – – – 1.1 1.5 – – 1.0 1.3 1.7 – 52 – 39 – – 51 x 47 34 – – – – 38 – – – – 66 64 – – – – 43 x – – 30 x – – – – – 64 – 44 x 76 x – 59 – – – – – – – – – 26 19 – – 33 28 x 42 – 45 – 37 – – 47 x 32 22 – – – – 36 – – – – 53 56 – – – – 56 x – – 23 x – – – – – 62 – 42 x 64 x – 56 – – – – – – – – – 29 23 – – 35 20 x 48 – 1.1 – 1.1 – – 1.1 x 1.5 1.6 – – – – 1.0 – – – – 1.2 1.1 – – – – 0.8 x – – 1.3 x – – – – – 1.0 – 1.1 x 1.2 x – 1.1 – – – – 1.5 – – – – – 0.9 0.8 – – 0.9 1.4 x 0.9 93 94 – 90 – – – 71 78 – – – – 78 – – – 89 97 – – – – – – – – – – – – 89 y – 86 – – 98 – 78 – – – 72 y 30 – – – – – 96 87 – – 89 97 y 98 89 91 – 83 – – – 32 56 – – – – 62 – – – 87 94 – – – – – – – – – – – – 88 y – 85 – – 99 – 56 – – – 65 y – – – – – 91 84 – – 85 97 y 98 1.0 1.0 – 1.1 – – – 2.2 1.4 – – – – 1.3 – – – 1.0 1.0 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.0 y – 1.0 – – 1.0 – 1.4 – – – 1.1 y 3.3 – – – – – 1.1 1.0 – – 1.0 1.0 y 1.0 – 65 – 43 – – – 31 30 – – – – – – – – – – 23 – – – – – – – 63 – – – – 47 – 27 47 – 28 – – – 34 – – – – – 45 70 – – – 43 – 65 – 25 – – – 18 – – – – – – – – – – 17 – – – – – – – 48 – – – – 38 – 12 37 – – – – 28 – – – – – 32 55 – – – 47 – 1.0 – 1.7 – – – 3.8 1.7 – – – – – – – – – – 1.4 – – – – – – – 1.3 – – – 2.4 – 1.3 – 2.4 1.3 – 3.1 – – – 1.2 4.1 – – – – – 1.4 1.3 – – 1.0 – 0.9 86 60 50 51 100 – 63 34 36 100 100 91 97 72 96 75 71 90 81 80 96 100 100 100 85 88 93 50 96 – – 100 – 30 100 69 96 97 24 100 100 100 98 52 84 – 100 88 – 90 61 100 100 96 95 95 79 17 – 27 100 – 37 28 100 100 84 – 29 – 51 41 40 36 69 80 100 100 100 74 54 70 55 96 – 96 100 – 19 – 38 88 – – 99 100 – 65 – 100 92 – 66 53 100 100 95 94 96 1.1 3.5 – 1.9 1.0 – 1.7 8.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 – 2.5 – 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 – – 1.0 – 1.6 – 1.8 1.1 – 4.0 – 1.0 1.0 – 8.7 1.3 – 1.0 1.0 – 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 x 2.9 2.3 35 10 47 20 1.0 1.4 1.9 61 x 59 23 23 x 64 24 2.7 x 0.9 0.9 93 79 94 97 70 86 1.0 1.1 1.1 33 14 17 18 12 13 1.8 1.2 1.4 92 76 24 82 40 1.1 1.9 8.0 Countries and territories Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* ratio of urban urban rural to rural Under-fives with Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight % of population knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in using improved Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) sanitation facilities at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2008 ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of urban urban urban urban rural urban urban rural to rural urban rural to urban urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural urban rural to rural Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe – – – 95 96 60 24 100 – – 44 – – 100 39 – 94 38 28 57 – – – 92 95 38 21 100 – – 10 – – 100 23 – 86 16 30 – – – 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.0 – – 4.6 – – 1.0 1.7 – 1.1 2.3 3.2 1.9 – – 98 96 100 – 80 99 – – 83 – – 100 87 – 98 62 83 86 – – 89 80 99 – 37 98 – – 40 – – 100 72 – 85 26 31 58 – – 1.1 1.2 1.0 – 2.2 1.0 – – 2.0 – – 1.0 1.2 – 1.2 2.3 2.7 1.5 – – – 7x – 11 – – – 11 – – – – – – 13 – – – 9x – 17 – – – 17 – – – – – – 15 10 – – – 2.1 1.2 x – 1.6 – – – 1.5 – – 0.9 – – – – 1.2 1.3 – – 61 22 31 – 48 – – – 55 – – – 45 – – 50 59 46 – – 63 22 22 – 39 – – – 49 – – – 43 – – 47 55 31 – – 1.0 1.0 1.4 – 1.2 – – – 1.1 – – – 1.1 – – 1.1 1.1 1.5 – – – 94 y – – 88 71 – – 91 – – 97 85 – 95 83 91 94 y – – – 91 y – – 81 76 – – 77 – – 95 80 – 96 64 77 90 y – – – 1.0 y – – 1.1 0.9 – – 1.2 – – 1.0 1.1 – 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 y – – – – 38 48 48 – – 55 – – 33 23 – 59 4y – – – – – – 41 28 37 – – 45 – – 30 13 – 39 1y – – – – – – 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.3 – – 1.2 – – 1.1 1.8 – 1.5 6.7 y – – 53 22 2.4 – – – 21 30 1.4 – – – – – – – – – 79 76 78 75 89 83 71 95 96 98 – 84 74 85 43 40 41 40 65 58 40 87 74 92 – 55 39 55 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.1 – 1.5 1.9 1.5 13 15 12 15 31 ** 33 – – – 17 ** 19 17 ** 21 22 17 25 13 43 ** 45 – – – 32 ** 27 32 ** 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.4 ** 1.4 – 2.7 – – 1.9 ** 1.4 1.9 ** 98 96 92 92 96 64 97 75 99 97 88 81 38 49 97 90 98 95 100 100 32 21 100 99 100 99 100 100 66 48 – – 94 67 94 33 59 43 56 37 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 – 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.5 MEMORANDUM Sudan and South Sudanδ 55 18 3.1 1.4 55 1.5 44 1.6 55 1.9 35 – 90 1.9 ** 63 2.3 57 1.2 ** 66 – 86 – 93 – 100 1.7 ** 68 1.6 50 – 76 32 24 28 21 66 40 26 55 55 82 98 40 31 45 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.6 2.2 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 SUMMARY INDICATORS# Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern and Southern Africa West and Central Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean CEE/CIS Industrialized countries Developing countries Least developed countries World 60 53 45 57 86 60 ** 50 82 ** – 97 – 64 ** 44 65 ** 36 30 27 34 66 38 ** 31 66 ** – 96 – 40 ** 26 40 ** 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.6 ** 1.6 1.3 ** – 1.0 – 1.6 ** 1.7 1.6 ** 38 41 49 38 37 44 ** 40 56 ** – – – 42 ** 49 42 ** 34 35 41 31 36 38 ** 35 55 ** – – – 37 ** 45 37 ** 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 ** 1.2 1.0 ** – – – 1.1 ** 1.1 1.1 ** 83 81 85 79 92 – – 98 ** – 91 – – 84 – 68 66 76 57 81 – – 96 ** – 91 – – 73 – 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.1 – – 1.0 ** – 1.0 – – 1.2 – 29 33 47 28 – 31 ** 33 26 ** – – – 29 ** 33 – 20 22 29 14 – 16 ** 14 22 ** – – – 17 ** 21 – # For a complete list of countries and territories in the regions, subregions and country categories, see page 124 δ Because of the cession in July 2011 of the Republic of South Sudan by the Republic of the Sudan, and its subsequent admission to the United Nations on 14 July 2011, disaggregated data for the Sudan and South Sudan as separate States are not yet available for most indicators Aggregated data presented are for the Sudan pre-cession (see Memorandum item) DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORs Birth registration – Percentage of children less than years old who were registered at the moment of the survey This includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered Skilled attendant at birth – Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives) Underweight – Percentage of children aged 0–59 months who are below minus two standard deviations from median weight-for-age of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards Under-fives with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding – Percentage of children (aged 0–4) with diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey who received oral rehydration therapy (a packet of oral rehydration salts, recommended home-made fluids or increased fluids) and continued feeding Primary school net attendance ratio – Number of children attending primary or secondary school who are of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age Because of the inclusion of primary-school-aged children attending secondary school, this indicator can also be referred to as a primary adjusted net attendance ratio Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – Percentage of young women (aged 15–24) who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and who know that a healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive % of population using improved sanitation facilities – Percentage of the population using any of the following sanitation facilities, not shared with other households: flush or pour-flush latrine connected to a piped sewerage system, septic tank or pit latrine; ventilated improved pit latrine; pit latrine with a slab; covered pit; composting toilet MAIN DATA SOURCES Birth registration – Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), other national surveys and vital registration systems Skilled attendant at birth – DHS, MICS and other nationally representative sources Underweight – DHS, MICS, other national household surveys, WHO and UNICEF Diarrhoea treatment – DHS, MICS and other national household surveys Primary school attendance – DHS, MICS and other national household surveys Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS), DHS, MICS and other national household surveys; HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database, Use of improved sanitation facilities – UNICEF and WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation NOTES – Data not available x Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading Such data are not included in the calculation of regional and global averages y Data differ from the standard definition and are included in the calculation of regional and global averages * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading ** Excludes China Italicized data are from different sources than the data presented for the same indicators in other tables of the report: Table (Nutrition – Underweight prevalence), Table (Health – Diarrhoea treatment) and Table (Women – Skilled attendant at birth) Statistical tables 137 TABLE 13: EQUITY – HOUSEHOLD WEALTH Under-fives with Comprehensive Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight knowledge of HIV (%) knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 males 15–24 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest poorest poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to 20% 20% to richest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% poorest Countries and territories 20% Afghanistan – – – – – Albania 98 99 1.0 98 100 Algeria – – – 88 98 Andorra – – – – – Angola 17 48 2.8 23 x 67 x Antigua and Barbuda – – – – – Argentina – – – – – Armenia 93 99 1.1 93 x 100 x Australia – – – – – Austria – – – – – Azerbaijan 92 97 1.1 76 100 Bahamas – – – – – Bahrain – – – – – Bangladesh 19 3.0 57 Barbados – – – – – Belarus – – – 100 x 100 x Belgium – – – – – Belize 93 98 1.1 – – Benin 46 75 1.6 52 96 Bhutan 100 100 1.0 34 95 Bolivia – – – 38 99 (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina 99 100 1.0 99 100 Botswana – – – 84 x 100 x Brazil – – – – – Brunei Darussalam – – – – – Bulgaria – – – – – Burkina Faso 52 90 1.7 56 65 Burundi 58 64 1.1 25 x 55 x Cambodia 59 77 1.3 21 x 90 x Cameroon 51 91 1.8 23 98 Canada – – – – – Cape Verde – – – – – Central African Republic 23 83 3.7 27 89 Chad 37 121.7 61 Chile – – – – – China – – – – – Colombia – – – 93 100 Comoros 72 93 1.3 49 x 77 x Congo 69 y 91 y 1.3 y 40 x 95 x Cook Islands – – – – – Costa Rica – – – – – Côte d'Ivoire 28 89 3.2 29 95 Croatia – – – – – Cuba – – – – – Cyprus – – – – – Czech Republic – – – – – Democratic People's – – – – – Republic of Korea Democratic Republic 27 1.1 59 96 25 of the Congo – – Denmark – – – Djibouti – – – – – Dominica – – – – – Dominican Republic 59 97 1.6 95 99 Ecuador – – – 99 x 98 x Egypt 99 100 1.0 55 97 El Salvador 98 99 1.0 91 98 Equatorial Guinea – – – 47 x 85 x Eritrea – – – x 81 x Estonia – – – – – Ethiopia 18 7.0 x 27 x 138 – 1.0 1.1 – 3.0 x – – 1.1 x – – 1.3 – – 6.2 – 1.0 x – – 1.9 2.8 – – – – – – – – 15 – – 51 – 2x – – 25 16 – – – – – – – – – – 26 – 0x – – 10 – 2.2 2.4 – – – – – – – 7.0 – – 1.9 – 6.7 x – – 2.4 2.2 – – 19 – – – – 53 x – – 27 – – 57 – – – – 40 61 – – 23 – – – – 78 x – – 28 – – 70 – – – – 47 60 – – 1.2 – – – – 1.5 x – – 1.0 – – 1.2 – – – – 1.2 1.0 – 89 93 – 63 – – – – – 72 – – – – 96 – – 39 85 – 91 98 – 78 – – – – – 78 – – – – 94 – – 63 94 – 1.0 1.1 – 1.2 – – – – – 1.1 – – – – 1.0 – – 1.6 1.1 – 20 – – – – 12 – – – – – – 31 – 28 – 60 20 – – – – 29 – – 12 – – – – 35 – 55 26 32 – 3.0 3.7 – – – – 2.5 – – 10.3 – – – – 1.1 – 2.0 3.1 4.4 – 10 – – – – – 16 – – – – – – – – – 17 – – 38 – – – – – 20 – – 14 – – – – – – – 52 – – 3.8 – – – – – 1.2 – – 6.3 – – – – – – – 3.0 – 2.6 1.0 1.2 x – – – 1.2 2.2 x 4.3 x 4.4 – – 3.3 7.6 – – 1.1 1.6 x 2.4 x – – 3.3 – – – – 2x 16 – – – 38 – – 30 – – 25 33 – – – 16 x – – 21 – – – – 3x – – – 18 – – – – 17 21 – – – 5x – – – – – – 3.8 0.5 x 4.0 – – – 2.1 – – 6.2 – – 1.5 1.6 – – 3.1 – 3.1 x – – 3.4 – – – – 28 58 – – – – 38 22 x 56 x 16 – – 39 14 – – 46 31 x 36 x – – 44 – – – – 27 47 – – – – 53 27 x 37 x 45 – – 55 41 – – 64 34 x 45 x – – 60 – – – – 0.9 0.8 – – – – 1.4 1.2 x 0.7 x 2.8 – – 1.4 2.9 – – 1.4 1.1 x 1.3 x – – 1.4 – – – – 95 99 – – – – 33 59 – 50 – – 31 – – – 90 25 x – – – 35 – – – – 97 98 – – – – 39 69 – 87 – – 48 – – – 93 39 x – – – 55 – – – – 1.0 1.0 – – – – 1.2 1.2 – 1.7 – – 1.5 – – – 1.0 1.6 x – – – 1.6 – – – – 46 – – – – 26 26 12 – – 14 – – 15 – – – 10 – – – – 40 49 – – – – 37 35 68 50 – – 23 18 – – 32 – 12 – – 24 – – – – 8.4 1.1 – – – – 4.4 1.3 2.6 4.0 – – 1.6 2.9 – – 2.2 – 2.4 – – 2.5 – – – – 11 – – – – – – – 26 – – – 19 – – – – – 12 – – 15 – – – – 45 – – – – – – – 64 – – – 33 – – – – – 27 – – 42 – – – – 4.3 – – – – – – – 2.5 – – – 1.7 – – – – – 2.3 – – 2.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.6 – – – 1.0 1.0 x 1.8 1.1 1.8 x 12.1 x – 38.0 x 29 – – – – – 12 y – – – 36 x 12 – – – – – 1y – – – 25 x 2.3 – – – – – 1.4 12.9 y – – – 1.5 x 39 – – – 54 – 21 – 33 x – – 10 x 38 – – – 57 – 14 – 28 x – – 30 x 1.0 – – – 1.0 – 0.7 – 0.9 x – – 3.1 x 65 – – – 82 – 81 – – – – – 73 – – – 91 – 93 – – – – – 1.1 – – – 1.1 – 1.1 – – – – – – – – 31 – – – – – 24 – – – 46 – – – – – 39 2.8 – – – 1.5 – 4.9 – – – – 4.7 – – – – 21 – – – – – 20 – – – – 41 – 28 – – – – 50 – – – – 2.0 – 3.1 – – – – 2.5 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Under-fives with Comprehensive Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight knowledge of HIV (%) knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 males 15–24 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest poorest poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to 20% 20% to richest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% poorest Countries and territories 20% Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique – – – 88 52 89 – 60 – – – 21 17 87 72 – 92 – – 24 23 – – – – – – – – 99 48 – – 94 – – – 92 64 98 – 88 – – – 83 35 98 92 – 96 – – 72 84 – – – – – – – – 100 80 – – 95 – – – 1.0 1.2 1.1 – 1.5 – – – 4.0 2.0 1.1 1.3 – 1.0 – – 3.1 3.7 – – – – – – – – 1.0 1.7 – – 1.0 – – – – – – – – 28 89 95 x 99 x – – 22 94 – – – – – – 26 57 19 79 64 93 68 – – 33 99 – – – – 19 89 65 86 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 98 100 100 100 20 81 – – – – 93 100 62 – – 42 1y – – – – 61 – – 92 65 – 92 28 – – 85 – – 49 7y – – – – 93 – – 94 96 – 98 83 – – 1.4 – – 1.2 6.1 y – – – – 1.5 – – 1.0 1.5 – 1.1 2.9 – – – – 35 26 – – – – 22 43 – 89 35 – 68 21 – – – – 99 94 – 20 – – 98 99 – 48 – – 1.0 1.0 – 2.4 – – – – 98 x 100 x 98 100 30 x 95 x 37 89 81 – – 90 81 – – – – 90 77 – 99 86 – 99 95 – – – – – – 3.1 1.0 x – 4.2 – – – 2.2 4.0 1.5 10.5 – 2.9 – – 4.6 1.3 – – – – – – – 1.0 1.0 4.0 – – 1.1 – – – – 24 – – 19 – – 21 y 24 22 16 22 – 16 – – 57 – – – – – – – – 25 – – – – – – – – – – 3y 19 11 – – – 20 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.6 – – 2.2 – – 6.5 y 1.3 2.1 3.8 3.6 – 8.1 – – 2.9 – – – – – – – – 26.0 2.8 2.8 – – 0.8 – – – 37 x 34 – – 34 – – – 32 x 62 – – – 45 – – 29 55 – – – – – – – 32 – 49 – – 49 – – – 45 x 33 – – 57 – – – 45 x 62 – – – 52 – – 45 48 – – – – – – – 35 – 41 – – 20 – – – 1.2 x 1.0 – – 1.7 – – – 1.4 x 1.0 – – – 1.1 – – 1.5 0.9 – – – – – – – 1.1 – 0.8 – – 0.4 – – – – 28 90 – 60 – – – – 52 89 – – 80 – – – – – – – – – – – – 99 58 – – 94 – – – – 42 96 – 88 – – – – 65 92 – – 90 – – – – – – – – – – – – 98 78 – – 91 – – – – 1.5 1.1 – 1.5 – – – – 1.2 1.0 – – 1.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.0 1.3 – – 1.0 – – – – 32 – 17 – – 10 37 18 – 13 – – 3y – – – – – – – – 18 29 – – 17 – – – – 45 19 – 34 – – 41 27 25 72 41 – 44 – – 45 23 y – – – – – – – – 28 61 – – 29 – – – – 1.4 2.8 – 2.1 – – 7.8 2.8 4.3 2.0 2.2 – 3.4 – – 11.7 7.5 y – – – – – – – – 1.6 2.1 – – 1.7 – – – – – – – 23 – – – – 25 28 – – – – 15 2y – – – – – – – – – 42 – – – – – – – – – – 50 – – – 28 – 65 52 – – – – 55 27 y – – – – – – – – – 68 – – – – – – – – – – 2.1 – – – 3.3 – 2.6 1.9 – – – – 3.8 12.2 y – – – – – – – – – 1.6 – – – 27.1 – – 2.6 3.2 – – – – 4.1 1.8 – 1.1 2.5 – 1.5 4.6 – – 38 – – 18 21 – – – – 40 x – – 24 31 – – – – – 14 – – 13 – – – – 24 x – – 11 17 – – – – – 2.7 – – 1.9 1.6 – – – – 1.7 x – – 2.3 1.8 – – – – – – – – 49 40 – – – – 46 24 – – 32 – – 25 – – – – – 52 56 – – – – 65 34 – – 51 – – 37 – – – – – 1.1 1.4 – – – – 1.4 1.4 – – 1.6 – – 1.5 – – 59 – – 83 15 – – – – 59 71 – 82 37 – – 41 – – 84 – – 94 56 – – – – 96 90 – 82 56 – – 59 – – 1.4 – – 1.1 3.7 – – – – 1.6 1.3 – 1.0 1.5 – – 1.5 – – – – – 26 14 – – – – 10 33 – 23 y – 12 – – – – – 48 29 – – – – 42 52 – 48 y 19 – 39 12 – – – – – 1.8 2.1 – – – – 4.3 1.6 – 2.0 y 2.0 – 3.3 29.5 – – – – – 14 17 – – – – 34 – – – – 37 – – – – – 45 37 – – – – 49 45 – – – – 58 27 – – – – – 3.3 2.2 – – – – 6.5 1.3 – – – – 1.6 6.2 – – – – 7x 4x 15 x 24 – – 3x 1x 3x – – 2.8 x 4.1 x 4.5 x 3.1 – – 47 x – 37 x 41 – – – – 50 x 55 – – – – 1.3 x 1.3 – – 91 92 77 72 – – 96 100 95 80 – – 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 – – 18 23 – 41 – – 44 36 – 43 – – 2.4 1.6 – 1.1 – – – – – 16 – – – – – 45 – – – – – 2.7 – – 1.0 x 1.0 3.2 x 2.4 Statistical tables 139 TABLE 3: HEALTH – HOUSEHOLD WEALTH TABLE 13: EQUITY Under-fives with Comprehensive Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight knowledge of HIV (%) knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 males 15–24 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest poorest poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to 20% 20% to richest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% poorest Countries and territories 20% Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudanδ Spain Sri Lanka Sudanδ Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo 140 50 46 71 22 – – 63 20 y – – 96 92 88 47 – – 93 67 y 62 – – 1.9 2.0 1.2 2.2 – – 1.5 3.3 y 7.0 – – – 60 97 – – 42 21 – – – 98 98 58 – – 99 71 86 – – – 1.6 1.0 12.0 – – 2.4 3.3 10.3 – – – – 18 – – – – – – – – – – 97 – – 82 – – – – 38 – – – – – – – – – – 98 – – 81 – – – – 2.1 – – – – – – – – – – 1.0 – – 1.0 – – 98 100 – – 16 77 – – – – – – – – 56 100 26 94 – – – – – – – – 99 x 100 x – – – – 43 71 – – – – 1.0 – 4.8 – – – – 1.8 3.7 – – – – 1.0 x – – 1.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5x – – – – – – 31 – 74 – 31 98 – 43 – – – 80 – – – 97 – 94 18 – – 92 89 99 – 63 – 86 – 81 99 – 62 – – – 78 – – – 98 – 98 50 – – 99 86 100 – 2.1 – 1.1 – 2.6 1.0 – 1.4 – – – 1.0 6.6 – – – 1.0 – 1.0 2.8 – – 1.1 1.0 1.0 – – 66 95 – – 74 93 – – 20 x 89 x 98 100 – – 28 71 – – – – – – 56 88 11 77 – – – – – – 97 99 – – 81 96 65 94 – – – – 78 99 90 90 93 100 – 1.4 – 1.3 – 4.4 x 1.0 – 2.5 – – – 1.6 7.2 – – – 1.0 – 1.2 1.4 – – 1.3 1.0 1.1 89 50 63 99 56 96 1.1 1.1 1.5 95 x 100 x 10 69 30 97 1.0 x 6.9 3.3 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 33 22 47 – – – 35 – – 14 19 – – – 10 – – 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.5 – – 6.6 – 3.5 – – – 32 – 25 – – 44 x 31 17 – – – 47 – 57 – – 63 x 46 41 – – – 1.5 – 2.2 – – 1.4 x 1.5 2.5 – – 81 88 – 76 – – – 26 31 – – 94 97 – 84 – – – 32 72 – – 1.2 1.1 – 1.1 – – – 1.2 2.4 – – – 61 13 y 12 – – – – – – 69 10 y 49 – – – 30 34 – – – 1.1 0.8 y 4.3 – – – 6.5 3.6 – – – 55 – 30 – – – 18 – – – 67 25 y 59 – – – 34 41 – – – 1.2 – 2.0 – – – 5.8 2.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1x – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.7 – – – – – 8.2 x – – – – – – – 32 – – – – 52 59 – – – – 43 x – – 21 x – – – – 45 – – – – 75 65 – – – – 51 x – – 31 x – – – – 1.4 – – – – 1.5 1.1 – – – – 1.2 x – – 1.5 x – – – – 42 – – – – 92 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 74 – – – – 97 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.8 – – – – 1.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 – – – – – – – 42 – – – – – – – – – – 26 – – – – – – – 59 – – – – – – – – – – 1.8 – – – – – – – 1.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 50 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 55 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.1 – – – – – 18 – 21 x 4x – 22 – – – 14 42 – – – 29 – – – 10 17 11 – – – – 5x 1x – 12 – – – 10 14 – – – 11 – – – 13 – – – 2.6 – 4.2 x 3.5 x – 1.8 – – – 1.4 3.0 – – – 2.6 – 1.8 2.3 – – 1.5 1.3 3.3 – – – 66 – 40 x 63 x – 47 – – – – – – – – – 23 21 – – 37 20 x 43 – – – 64 – 44 x – – 60 – – – – 11 – – – – – 31 15 – – 38 26 x 45 – – – 1.0 – 1.1 x – – 1.3 – – – – 2.2 – – – – – 1.4 0.7 – – 1.0 1.3 x 1.1 – – 85 y 91 y – – 75 95 – – – – 96 100 – – 44 83 – – – – – – 58 y 61 y 40 – – – – – – – – – – 88 97 77 91 – – – – – – 96 y 96 y 97 98 – 1.1 y – 1.3 – – 1.0 – 1.9 – – – 1.1 y 12.5 – – – – – 1.1 1.2 – – – 1.0 y 1.0 – – 27 – 25 – – – – 17 – – – – – 23 49 – – – 47 – – 56 – 32 48 – 31 – – – 37 – – – – – 54 72 – – 10 – 43 – 1.0 – 2.0 – 3.6 1.9 – 5.3 – – – 2.1 13.5 – – – – – 2.4 1.5 – – 2.9 – 0.9 – – 39 – – – 10 – – – 35 – – – – – – – 44 – – – – – – – 55 – 36 – – 42 – – – 50 – – – – – – – 64 – – – – – – 2.7 – 1.4 – 5.1 – – 4.2 – – – 1.5 – – – – – – – 1.5 – – – – – 49 21 35 5.3 1.4 2.5 20 x 66 19 – 62 27 – 0.9 1.4 86 60 80 1.2 1.4 1.2 9 11 45 16 17 5.0 1.8 1.6 – 11 – – 35 – – 3.0 – 100 83 92 Under-fives with Comprehensive Comprehensive diarrhoea receiving Underweight knowledge of HIV (%) knowledge of HIV (%) oral rehydration and prevalence in Skilled attendant Primary school net children under five (%) continued feeding (%) at birth (%) attendance ratio females 15–24 males 15–24 Birth registration (%) 2000–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2006–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* 2005–2010* ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest poorest poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to 20% 20% to richest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% poorest Countries and territories 20% Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe – 94 – 89 94 39 17 100 – – – 98 – 99 97 71 26 100 – – – 1.0 – 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.0 – – – 98 – 73 99 99 28 97 – – – 100 – 100 100 98 76 99 – – – 1.0 – 1.4 1.0 1.0 2.7 1.0 – – – – – 8x 21 – – – – – – 2x – – – – – – 8.4 3.2 x – 2.5 – – – – – – 20 27 – 39 – – – – – – 33 36 – 44 – – – – – – 1.7 1.3 – 1.1 – – – – 95 – 87 y – – 72 78 – – – 99 – 95 y – – 82 75 – – – 1.0 – 1.1 y – – 1.1 1.0 – – – 48 – – 34 y 20 33 – – – 62 – – 39 47 45 – – – 1.3 – – 2.8 1.2 y 2.3 1.4 – – – – – – – – 28 28 – – – – – – – 67 y 47 42 – – – – – – – – 1.6 1.5 – – – – 100 13 56 – – 100 41 12.7 – – 1.0 3.1 31 – – 100 55 90 – – 100 90 2.9 – – 1.0 1.6 22 – – – – – – 2.3 – – 1.5 – 45 – – – 38 59 – – – 53 1.3 – – – 1.4 68 – – 94 74 93 – – 96 76 1.4 – – 1.0 1.0 39 – – 25 55 – – 33 23 1.4 – – 1.3 2.7 34 – – – – 56 – – – – 1.7 – – – – 87 72 5 23 95 97 50 31 68 1.1 1.3 9.3 5.8 2.9 95 x 53 17 27 39 92 x 99 74 91 92 1.0 x 1.9 4.3 3.4 2.4 – – – 16 – – – – 11 – – – – 1.5 – – – 41 53 27 – – 54 65 48 – – 1.3 1.2 1.8 86 x 94 44 73 85 y 99 x 96 73 96 97 y 1.2 x 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 y – 29 0y – – – 61 4y – – – 2.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 86 14.0 15 90 5.8 31 17 1.9 53 59 1.1 19 y 56 y 2.9 y – – – – – – MEMORANDUM Sudan and South Sudanδ SUMMARY INDICATORS# Africa Sub-Saharan Africa astern and E Southern Africa West and Central Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean CEE/CIS Industrialized countries Developing countries Least developed countries World 28 23 61 58 2.2 2.5 30 27 87 85 2.9 3.2 26 28 10 11 2.5 2.6 32 33 44 47 1.4 1.4 54 50 77 74 1.4 1.5 14 15 34 37 2.5 2.4 20 22 44 47 2.2 2.1 21 25 47 64 2.2 2.5 29 26 84 86 2.8 3.3 – 31 – 11 – 2.7 41 27 49 44 1.2 1.6 65 42 84 69 1.3 1.7 23 10 47 30 2.0 3.2 28 16 53 40 1.9 2.4 – – 27 ** 68 ** 22 63 46 ** 89 ** – 2.5 ** 2.8 1.9 ** 47 26 ** 19 54 ** 92 86 ** 84 92 ** 1.9 – – 3.3 ** 53 ** 20 ** 4.5 55 20 1.7 ** – – – 33 35 2.7 ** 36 ** 48 ** 2.7 32 47 54 ** 53 ** 1.1 61 1.3 ** – 1.5 – 1.0 ** – 81 – – – 1.3 – – – – – – – – ** 42 ** 5.6 ** 13 ** 51 ** 45 11.1 15 55 16 ** 34 ** 2.2 ** – – – 3.9 ** 3.7 – – 98 – 67 ** 49 67 ** – 1.0 – 2.2 ** 2.3 2.1 ** – 88 – 31 ** 29 32 ** – 99 – 87 ** 79 87 ** – – – 1.1 – – – – – 2.8 ** 39 ** 14 ** 2.7 32 15 2.7 ** 39 ** 14 ** – – – – – – – – – 2.7 ** 35 ** 47 ** 2.1 42 53 2.7 ** 35 ** 47 ** – – – 88 – – 1.3 ** – 1.3 57 1.3 ** – – 93 – – 75 – – 1.1 – – 1.3 – – – – – – – 10 ** 38 ** 15 36 10 ** 38 ** – – – 3.2 ** – – – 94 – 31 ** 22 32 ** – – – – – – – – – 3.9 ** 15 ** 49 ** 2.4 – – 3.8 ** – – # For a complete list of countries and territories in the regions, subregions and country categories, see page 124 δ Because of the cession in July 2011 of the Republic of South Sudan by the Republic of the Sudan, and its subsequent admission to the United Nations on 14 July 2011, disaggregated data for the Sudan and South Sudan as separate States are not yet available for most indicators Aggregated data presented are for the Sudan pre-cession (see Memorandum item) DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS Birth registration – Percentage of children less than years old who were registered at the moment of the survey The numerator of this indicator includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered Skilled attendant at birth – Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives) Underweight – Percentage of children aged 0–59 months who are below minus two standard deviations from median weight-for-age of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards Under-fives with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding – Percentage of children (aged 0–4) with diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey who received oral rehydration therapy (a packet of oral rehydration salts, recommended home-made fluids or increased fluids) and continued feeding Primary school net attendance ratio – Number of children attending primary or secondary school who are of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age Because of the inclusion of primary-school-aged children attending secondary school, this indicator can also be referred to as a primary adjusted net attendance ratio Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – Percentage of young men and women (aged 15–24) who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and who know that a healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive MAIN DATA SOURCES Birth registration – Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), other national surveys and vital registration systems Skilled attendant at birth – DHS, MICS and other nationally representative sources Underweight – DHS, MICS, other national household surveys, WHO and UNICEF Diarrhoea treatment – DHS, MICS and other national household surveys Primary school attendance – DHS, MICS and other national household surveys Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS), DHS, MICS and other national household surveys; HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database, NOTES – Data not available x Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading Such data are not included in the calculation of regional and global averages y Data differ from the standard definition and are included in the calculation of regional and global averages * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading ** Excludes China Italicized data are from different sources than the data presented for the same indicators in other tables of the report: Table (Nutrition – Underweight prevalence), Table (Health – Diarrhoea treatment) and Table 8 (Women – Skilled attendant at birth) Statistical tables 141 Abbreviations AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome APHRC African Population and Health Research Center BCG anti-tuberculosis vaccine (bacilli Calmette-Guérin) CBO community-based organization CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CFC Child-Friendly Cities CFCI Child-Friendly Cities Initiative CSO civil society organization DHS Demographic and Health Surveys DPT diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine GDP gross domestic product GIS geographic information system GNI gross national income HIV human immunodeficiency virus ICDDR,B International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh ICT information and communications technology IGME Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ILO International Labour Organization JMP WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation MDG Millennium Development Goal MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys NFHS National Family Health Survey NGO non-governmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAHO Pan American Health Organization PPP purchasing power parity SDI Shack/Slum Dwellers International U5MR under-five mortality rate UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDESA United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNW-DPAC UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women Urban HEART Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool WHO World Health Organization 142 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 UNICEF Headquarters UNICEF House United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA UNICEF Regional Office for Europe Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland UNICEF Central and Eastern Europe/ Commonwealth of Independent States Regional Office Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office P Box 44145 O Nairobi 00100, Kenya UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office P Box 29720 Yoff O Dakar, Senegal UNICEF The Americas and Caribbean Regional Office Clayton Edificio 102 Avenida Morse Ciudad del Saber Apartado Postal 0843-03045 Panama City, Panama UNICEF East Asia and the Pacific Regional Office P Box 2-154 O 19 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office P Box 1551 O Amman 11821, Jordan UNICEF South Asia Regional Office P Box 5815 O Lekhnath Marg Kathmandu, Nepal United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA pubdoc@unicef.org www.unicef.org US$25.00 ISBN: 978-92-806-4597-2 eISBN: 978-92-806-4603-0 United Nations publication sales no.: E.12.XX.1 For the online edition, scan this QR code or go to www.unicef.org/sowc2012 © Jonas Bendiksen/Magnum Photos © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) February 2012 ... fulfilment of their rights Following an overview of the world? ??s urban landscape, Chapter looks at the status of children in urban settings through the lens of international human rights instruments and... UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1185/Roger LeMoyne Children in an increasingly urban world The day is coming when the majority of the world? ??s children will grow up in cities and towns Already, half of all people live in urban areas By... Population Division Children in an increasingly urban world containing the city proper, suburbs and continuously The definition of ? ?urban? ?? varies from country to country, and, DEFINITIONS Urban (area)