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Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .Nghiên cứu văn bia tỉnh Nam Định .
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION TRAN DAI AN THE STONE STELES STUDY IN NAM DINH PROVINCE Major: SINO-NOM Code: 9.22.01.04 SUMMARY OF LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI - 2022 WORK IS COMPLETED AT HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Science instructor Assoc.Prof.Dr Trinh Khac Manh Reviewer 1: Prof.Dr Tran Nho Thin VNU Hanoi University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Tuan Cuong Institute of Sino-Nom studies Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof.Dr Duong Tuan Anh Hanoi National University of Education The thesis will be defended before the Doctoral Thesis Judging Committee meeting at: Hanoi National University of Education On day month year 2022 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Information Center - Library, Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Tran Dai An (2020), “Introducing the stone steles of My Loc district, Nam Dinh province”, Sino- Nom Journal, No Tran Dai An (2020), “Introduction of the stone steles with the content of of dyke crossing and sea encroachment in Nam Dinh province”, Sino- Nom Journal, No Tran Dai An (2021), “Introduction of epitaphs with content about Mother Goddess worship in Nam Dinh”, Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference “Literature and Language in the Contemporary World - Identity and Integration”, Faculty of Literature, Hanoi National University of Education Vietnam Education Publishing House INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study In the written heritage, the stone steles is an important part of the SinoNom heritage in particular and the written culture in general The stone stele is also an object for research on historical, economic, educational, cultural, religious and belief issues, etc; through the development stages of the nation The stone steles in Nam Dinh province have been introduced by several researchers and research agencies, but the works just stop at introducing and translating some stone steless and are only individual articles about a few stone steless published in scientific journals and newspapers Writing separately about a few stone steless published in newspapers and scientific journals, and there has not been a work that has made statistics and exploited the content of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province fully and systematically With the existing rich source of stone steles material, we have counted 2,155 Sino- Nom stone steless in Nam Dinh province, spanning thousands of years, diverse in types and rich in content, most clearly reflects the local history of formation and development, economic situation, culture, education, religious beliefs, customs and habits in social life In particular, this place records the vestiges of the glorious periods of the feudal dynasties, and it is the birthplace of the kings of the Tran Dynasty (a most famous dynasty in the feudal period) with glorious victories, three times winning the Nguyen Mong invaders The stone steless are quite accurate data to learn about the movement process and local cultural characteristics and contribute significantly to the addition of historical data As a native of Nam Dinh province, majoring in Sino- Nom and loving the stone steles of Nam Dinh province, the PhD student chose the topic Research on stone steless of Nam Dinh province as the topic of the doctoral thesis in Chinese Literature specializing in Sino- Nom Theoretical basis and study methods 2.1 Theoretical basis First of all, the thesis is based on the views and guidelines of the Party and State on culture and art, especially in the collection, conservation, research, exploitation and promotion of Sino- Nom heritage Next, applying the theory of Ephigraphy, a theory towards statistics, explanations, interpretation and highlighting the system of the formation and development of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province over time and space; thereby exploiting the value of textual information in studying the fields of traditional socio-cultural life of Nam Dinh province and in the value system of the Vietnamese Sino-Nom heritage in the national culture 2.2 Study methods In the process of studying the thesis, we will apply some basic study methods as follows: - Textology method: survey and clarify the current situation of the stone steles fragment of Nam Dinh province to identify reliable stone steles texts (the good ones) as a basis for the study - Quantitative method: statistics and classification and highlighting the characteristics of the stone steles fragment of Nam Dinh province to select suitable stone steles units to the study object - Method of interpreting: is used to compile, interpret, and explain indepth texts and is the basis of documents for the process of analysis and study - Interdisciplinary study: exploiting the value of content in terms of economy, culture, education, religious beliefs, customs and habits, etc; in local social life in the Middle Ages through the stone steles of Nam Dinh province - Fieldwork survey: The PhD student will conduct a fieldwork survey to compare between the fragment and the artifact stone steles Study object and scope - The study object of the thesis is 2,155 stone steless (of which 2,151 fragment of Sino-Nom stone steles in Nam Dinh province are currently stored at the Institute of Sino- Nom Studies (IOSNS) and 04 stone steless collected by the PhD student on field trips in the locality) - Study scope: Systematizing stone steles documents in Nam Dinh province with 2,155 stone steless and making a list of stone steless stating the distribution of stone steless by time, space and type of vestiges; thereby stating the characteristics and value of Nam Dinh province’s stone steles content - The scope of the document is 2,151 stone steless printed fragment of Nam Dinh province currently kept in IOSNS, and artifact stone steless in Nam Dinh province, along with other references related to the thesis's content Study purpose Systematize and point out the formal features and content values of the Sino- Nom stone steless in Nam Dinh province From there, providing understanding about the land, people and cultural traditions of Nam Dinh province, contributing to traditional education and planning policies for economic, social, cultural and educational development in Nam Dinh province Contribution of the thesis - With the number of 2,155 stone steless, for the first time, the SinoNom stone steles documents in Nam Dinh province have been collected, statistically and fully quantified Providing a rich and useful source of information and documents for relevant sectors to make projects and plans to preserve and promote the value of Nam Dinh's stone steles heritage in the coming time - The stone steles of Nam Dinh province is analyzed, evaluated, and classified according to scientific criteria specialized in Epigraphy chuyên ngành Bi ký học on two aspects: time (dynasty), space (district, city and type of vestiges), highlighting the distribution characteristics of the stone steles in Nam Dinh province - Introducing the form of the stone steles text, learning the textual characteristics of the stone steles, analyzing the team that created the stone steles; from there, the basic characteristics of the stone steles text of Nam Dinh province compared with other localities - Researching the values of the stone steles content of Nam Dinh province in the fields of: history, geography, economy, culture, education, religious beliefs, customs and habits, etc Clarifying traditional values in the history of construction and development the land of Nam Dinh - Recruiting, translating and introducing the full text of 10 stone steless of Nam Dinh province Scientific significance of the thesis The thesis has systematized the stone steles of Nam Dinh province from the 12th century to the 20th century, giving people an overview of the characteristics of formation and development of the system in Nam Dinh province today Through the study, analysis and evaluation of the content of Nam Dinh province’s stone steles, the thesis states the value system of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province and contributes to the study of history, geography, socio-economic, culture, religious beliefs in the past of Nam Dinh province Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is a cultural heritage document that needs to be preserved and promoted its historical value in the current cultural life, in the period of international integration and sustainable development From there, proposing effective measures to collect, preserve and promote the value of Nam Dinh province’s SinoNom heritage Structure of the thesis: In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis will be divided into chapters with the main identified contents to be studied as follows: Chapter 1: Overview of the study situation related to the thesis topic Chapter 2: Survey of the stone steles in Nam Dinh province Chapter 3: The value of stone steles documents in Nam Dinh province in history, geographical and economic study Chapter 4: The values of epitaph materials of Nam Dinh province in study of culture, education and religious belief CONTENT CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY SITUATION RELATED TO THESIS TOPIC In this chapter, we present an overview of the study situation related to the thesis topic with the following contents: the first is to learn the concepts of the origin of stone steles formation and related theories; the second is to learn about the situation of Vietnamese stone steles study; the third is to find out the situation, research and preserve the stone steles of Nam Dinh province; the fourth is to determine the study direction of the topic 1.1 Concepts and theories 1.1.1 Concept Bi ( 碑 ) are stone slabs erected in the palace to mark the sun, or stone slabs erected in the middle of the temple courtyard to tie animal sacrifices or stone slabs used to bury the dead or on the stone plate with the merits of the king or his parents From the Han Dynasty onwards, people carved words on the stone surface and the content written on the stone is called an stone steles The stone steles fragment is a copy printed from stone steles artifacts in the locality When fragment is entered into the repository and onto the library sign, each symbol of the stone steles fragment is one side of the stone stele printed Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is an stone steles written in Han and Nom characters, limited by the place name of Nam Dinh province, it means that the Sino- Nom stone steless were formed on the land of Nam Dinh, regardless of space and time as well as the subject created the stone steles 1.1.2 Theory about the geographical boundaries of Nam Dinh province The thesis takes the current administrative unit of Nam Dinh province (2020) as a research space, including: 01 city and 09 districts and they are: Nam Dinh city; districts of Giao Thuy, Hai Hau, My Loc, Nam Truc, Nghia Hung, Truc Ninh, Vu Ban, Xuan Truong and Y Yen 1.2 The situation of Vietnamese stone steles study 1.2.1 Sino- Nom documents on Vietnamese stone steless The document records the earliest information on Vietnamese stone steless, the thesis introduces the works of Thien uyen tap anh 碑碑碑碑; Dai Viet su ky toan thu 碑碑碑碑碑碑 (Book VII, Tran Dynasty); Hoàng Việt văn tuyển 碑碑碑碑; Le trieu lich khoa Tien si de danh bi ky 碑碑碑碑碑碑碑碑碑碑 1.2.2 Vietnamese stone steles bibliographic books Introduction of tool books dedicated to stone steles documents 1.2.3 Anthologies of Vietnamese stone steles translation Introduction of anthologies of Vietnamese stone steles translation 1.2.4 Study works on Vietnamese stone steles We divide the study works on Vietnamese stone steles in recent times into large arrays: Theoretical study works Study works on the content value of stone steless by topic Study works on stone steles by locality Study works on stone steles by era Study works on stone steles about texts 1.3 The situation of collecting, studying and preserving stone steless in Nam Dinh province 1.3.1 The situation of collecting stone steless in Nam Dinh province In the early years of the 20th century to the end of the 20th century, two printing collections were organized and the collection time was quite far apart 1st phase: ẫcole franỗaise d'Extrờme-Orient (EFEO) organized a collection of Sino- Nom fragment in 36 provinces nationwide with 11,651 units of inscriptions with 20,980 facets of fragment, in which stone steles fragmen of Nam Dinh province is 561 units We conducted a comparison with 07 copies printed twice 2nd phase: the Institute of Sino- Nom Studies (IOSNS) organized the reprinting in many localities across the country As a result, there are more than 70,000 facets of fragment, of which 1,785 fragment units of in Nam Dinh province Based on the data of two printings, we have conducted a survey, compared and found that there are many symbols of the same stone steles fragment as follows: the EFEO fragment coincides with the one collected by the IOSNS is 195 units Thus, from the statistical table of the number of the above stone steles fragment, it is the basis for determining the data through two printing batches, of which EFFO is 561 stone steless (excluding duplicates printed twice) IOSNS is 1,785 stone steless, the PhD student went to the field to discover more stone steless without IOSNS's symbols totaling 2,350 stone steless, subtracting the number of duplicate fragment is 195 stone steles units, the total number of actual stone steless is 2,155 units 1.3.2 The situation of introduction and study on stone steles in Nam Dinh province The stone steless of Nam Dinh province were soon interested by researchers from different angles, through scientific approaches such as translation of some stone steless for the ranking of local vestiges, statistical data to serve researchers as a source of study documents such as: “Tho van Ly – Tran/Ly - Tran Poetry”, Publishing House Social Science, Hanoi, (Volume 1, 1977; Volume 3, 1978; Volume 2, Q.Thuong, 1988), Nam Dinh province has stone steless; “Tuyen tap van bia Le so/Anthology of stone steles Le So”, published in 2014, Nam Dinh province has stone steles; “Van bia thoi Tran/Stone steles of Tran Dynasty”, published in 2016, Nam Dinh province has stone steless; “Cho truyen thong Viet Nam qua tu lieu van bia/Traditional Vietnamese market through stone steles documents”, published in 2021, Nam Dinh province has stone steless In addition, there are also articles published in Sino- Nom journals and notices such as: “Buoc dau tim hieu van bia o mot huyen thuoc dong bang Bac Bo/The first step to learn about stone steless in a district in the Northern Delta” by Nguyen Huy Thuc (1987); “Bia lap trai Si Lam tai xa Nghia Lam, huyen Nghia Hung, tinh Nam Dinh/The stone steles establishing the Si Lam camp in Nghia Lam commune, Nghia Hung district, Nam Dinh province” composed by Tam Dang Hoang and Pham Van Nghi by Nguyen Thi Binh (2003); “Gioi thieu van bia huyen My Loc tinh Nam Dinh/Introduction of the stone steles in My Loc district, Nam Dinh province” by Tran Dai An (2020); “Gioi thieu van bia co noi dung quai de lan bien o tinh Nam Dinh/Introduction of the stone steles with the content of encroaching dykes in Nam Dinh province” by Tran Dai An (2020) 10 11 Chinese chronology Total 2.155 0.05% 100% 2.1.2 Distribution over space Through the survey, 2,155 stone steless are distributed in 10 administrative units (01 city and districts) of Nam Dinh province Below is a statistical table on the number of stone steless in Nam Dinh province distributed by administrative unit space as follows: Table 2.2: Statistical table of the number of stone steless in Nam Dinh province No District/City Quantity Percentage 10 Nam Dinh city Giao Thuy District Hai Hau District My Loc District Nam Truc District Nghia Hung District Truc Ninh District Vu Ban District Xuan Truong District Y Yen District Total 321 36 232 130 158 60 434 222 275 287 2.155 14.90% 1.67% 10.77% 6.03% 7.33% 2.78% 20.14% 10.30% 12.76% 13.32% 100% Based on the above statistics table, it can be seen that the stone steles is evenly distributed across the districts and city of Nam Dinh province The number of stone steless appearing the most is in Truc Ninh district with 434 stone steless, accounting for 20.14% However, among the 434 stone steless of Nam Truc district, there are 272/434 stone steless in Co Le pagoda, accounting for 62.7% of the whole district; Nam Dinh city has 321 stone steless, accounting for 14.9%; Y Yen district has 287 stone steless, accounting for 13.32%, Xuan Truong district has 275 stone steless, accounting for 12.76%; Hai Hau district has 232 stone steless, accounting for 10.77%; Vu Ban district with 222 stone steless, accounting for 10.3%; Nam Truc district has 158 stone steless, accounting for 7.33%; My Loc district has 130 stone steless, accounting for 6.03%; Nghia Hung district has 60 stone steless, accounting for 2.78% and the least number of stone steles distributions is in Giao Thuy district with 36 stone steless, accounting for 1.67% 11 2.1.3 Distribution by type of monument In which, pagodas have 1317 stone steless, accounting for 61.11%; communal houses have 203 stone steless, accounting for 9.42%; the temples, shrines and palaces have 251 stone steless, accounting for 11.65%; mausoleums have 21 stone steless, accounting for 0.97%; worship halls (ancestral temples) have 223 stone steless, accounting for 10.35%; catholic churchs have 13 stone steless, accounting for 0.6%; the words and texts have only 50 stone steless, accounting for 2.44%; the bridges, culverts and dikes have 71 stone steless, accounting for 3.29%; markets have stone steless, accounting for 0.28% Thus, the pagoda is the place with the largest number of stone steless among the types of vestiges 2.2 Some textual features of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province 2.2.1 Author, creator of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province 2.2.1.1 The author compiled the stone steles of Nam Dinh province Through the survey of 2,155 stone steless in Nam Dinh province, we found 270/2,155 stone steless with the composer's name on it, accounting for 12.53%, with the number of authors being 224 who are all highly educated in the society or held certain positions Among the 224 authors, who composed the content of the stone steless, there were 18 PhDs participated in composing the stone steless with 43/270 stone steless, accounting for 15,93% 2.2.1.2 The writer and the person who engraved the stone steles of Nam Dinh province Through the survey of stone steless in Nam Dinh province, there are stone steless with full record of composer, writer and engraver, but there are also stone steless with only writer or engraver The number of stone steles writer in Nam Dinh province has 210/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 9.7%; and the number of stone steles engraver has 98/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 4.5% 2.2.2 About the symbology 2.2.2.1 Taboo name Through surveying the symbology of 2,155 stone steless in Nam Dinh province, we found that there are 31 stone steless appearing with the Taboo name, including: (Tran/ ), (Cuu/ / ), (De/ ), (Thanh/ ), (Tan/ ), (Long/ ), (Hoa/ / ), (Thi/ ) 12 2.2.2.2 Nom script Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is mainly written in Han script and Nom script only appears to indicate places and names but very few The stone steles written entirely in Nom script has only stone steless In addition, the Nom script is used to record people's names, the land of the fields in the localities, the location of the fields or the sacrifices such as: betel and areca 碑碑 ; sticky rice 碑 / � � ; Truncated-cone-shaped cake 碑, cake 碑, acre 碑, pole 碑, parcel 碑, etc 2.2.2.3 The stone steles has been chiseled and erased Through the survey of 2,155 Nam Dinh stone steless, we found the stone steles with following phenomenon: The phenomenon of chisel and erasure mostly belongs to the Tay Son dynasty (1788-1802) The phenomenon of chiseling people's names, deleting the location of the field has stone steless The phenomenon of re-engraving or adding information has an stone steles The phenomenon of chisels and engravings has Nam Dinh province’s stone steless 2.2.3 Shape and decorative art of the stone steles 2.2.3.1 About the shape of the stone steles of Nam Dinh province Through the survey of stone steless in Nam Dinh province, we have made statistics on the number of stone steles faces and compared the number of printed stone steles fragment collected by EFEO and IOSNS, the results are shown in the following statistics table: Table 2.3 : Statistical table of classification of the number of stone steles faces in Nam Dinh province No Type of stone steless One-sided stone steles Two-sided stone steles Three-sided stone steles Four-sided stone steles Six-sided EFEO IOSNS + Colletion EFEO stone steles duplicated with IOSNS Total Ratio 456 1417 150 1723 79.95% 87 317 34 370 17.17% 13 14 0.65% 13 41 47 2.18% 1 1 0.05% 13 stone steles Total 561 1789 195 2.155 100% Based on the data of the Statistical table of classification of the number of stone steles faces in Nam Dinh province shows that one-sided stone steles has 1,723 stone steless, accounting for 79,95%, is the largest number of stone steles in Nam Dinh province; two-sided stone steles is 372 stone steles, accounting for 17.17%, three-sided stone steles has 14 stone steles, accounting for 0.65%, four-sided stone steles has 47 stone steles, accounting for 2,18%, six-sided stone steles has only stone steles, accounting for 0.05% 2.2.3.2 About the decorative art of the stone steles in Nam Dinh province About the characteristics of decorative art of stone steles in Nam Dinh province is very rich and diverse In general, the stone steles has decorative patterns on the surface The stone steles’s forehead is usually decorated with two dragons adoring the moon or the sun, two phoenixes adoring the moon or a stylized dragon head The stone steles’s frills are often decorated with stylized floral motifs or scrolled dragons Through statistical survey, there are stone steless engraved with Hau statue 2.2.4 Characteristics of the epitaph content of Nam Dinh province With the number of 2,155 stone stele stretching from the 12th to the 20th century, the Nam Dinh epitaphs have very rich content They reflect the history, geography, economy, culture, education, religion and belief of the people of Nam Dinh province in the feudal period at that time In this thesis, we clasify epitaph content into main topics to study the value of content 1st Value of Nam Dinh province epitaph in historical, geographical and economic research 2nd The value of Nam Dinh province epitaph documents in the study of education, culture, religion and belief This classification serves as the basic for the implementation of chapters and when assessing the value of the epitaph content of Nam Dinh province Sub-conclusion With a total of 2,155 stone steles, for the first time, Nam Dinh province’s is the most complete statistical collection ever According to the chronological line, most of the stone steles were created during the 14 Nguyen Dynasty, very few other dynasties According to space, Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is distributed in almost all districts and city, with high density concentrated in Truc Ninh district and Nam Dinh City; most of them are temple stone steles and communal house stone steles; other types of vestiges such as: temples, shrines, palaces and worship hall of the van chi family, tu chi family, tu vu family, bridge, market… are less in number The stone steless of Hau god, Hau Buddha and death anniversary are dominant The writers who composed the stone steles are all highly educated people in society or held certain positions Among the 224 writers who composed the stone steles content, there were 18 PhDs participating in composing 43/270 stone steles, accounting for 15.93%, in which there were professors in Nam Dinh province Nam Dinh province’s similar to other provinces, also has a situation of abstinence in posthumous script, chiseling on the stone steles or the matter of profane engraving, etc Nam Dinh province’s stone steles Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is mainly written in Han script and Nom script only appears to indicate places and names but very few The stone steles written entirely in Nom script has only stone steless The decorative art on stone steles is rich and diverse In addition, there are stone steless engraved with Hau statue and these are the characteristics of the Nam Dinh province’s stone steles CHAPTER THE VALUE OF STONE STELES DOCUMENTS IN NAM DINH PROVINCE IN HISTORY, GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY 3.1 Reflect the historical and geographical value of Nam Dinh province 3.1.1 The history of administrative geography The records of historical places reflected in Nam Dinh province’s stone steles are very rich, the place names of all levels from commune, district, citadel, town, ect in the history of Nam Dinh land, recorded in the stone steles, are reliable documents when studying this issue The content of the stone steles reflected hierarchical administrative units of Nam Dinh province has changed over time in history In the Hau Le Dynasty, Nam Dinh was named Son Nam town Nghia Hung citadel is called Xuan Truong 15 citadel, Nam Chan district is called Tay Chan district; under the Le Trung Hung Dynasty due to the abstinence of posthumous script of Tay Vuong Trinh Tac, Tay Chan was changed to Nam Chan, Gia Hoa commune of the Le dynasty was called Ngan Gia commune, etc The historical places of Nam Dinh land recorded in the stone steles are quite meticulous and thorough and are accurate documents Today, we are compiling the national and local magisterium, and the stone steless are useful documents in compiling the provincial, district, and commune geographies 3.1.2 The appearance of Thien Truong citadel through the stone steles The content of the stone steles showed the change in the land of Tuc Mac under the Tran dynasty in 1262, after the Supreme Emperor Tran Thai Tong personally came to this town to examine the special standards for Thien Truong citadel, to build two palaces Trung Quang and Trung Hoa and other palaces let the Empress Dowager stay in a series of other palaces scattered in the courtyard of Thien Truong This place had become the second capital, one of the political, cultural, economic and beliefs centers of the country after Thang Long capital During the three resistance wars against the Nguyen Mong invaders, Thien Truong Palace was the place where the Tran kings ran the country Thien Truong palace is also the residence of the Supreme Emperor after ceding the throne to the Crown Prince Thien Truong citadel is considered the second capital under the Tran dynasty and is also the hometown of the Tran family 3.1.3 Some issues about the Tran family through stone steles Nam Dinh province’s stone steles also reflects issues related to the Tran family in Nam Dinh such as the stone steles [Untitled] (N028235), Thanh Thai chronology in the year of the Pig (1899), at temple number 33, Hang Tien street, Nam Dinh City has a copy of the Tran dynasty's pedigree with a total of 17 people, starting with An Sinh Vuong Tran Lieu, the father of Hien Thanh Dai Vuong Quoc cong Thiet che Hung Dao Dai Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan The stone steles of Nam Mac mieu trach bi ky 碑 碑 碑 碑 碑 碑 (N015983/19584/19585/ 15986) recorded the great merits of kings and heroes who have become Buddhas and saints in the hearts of people are worshiped in all parts of the country, especially specially in the land of Nam Dinh province The stone steles of Quan Anh thuy to khao Tran cong mo 碑碑碑碑碑碑碑 (N042259), recorded of the background of Tran Vu's ancestor, whose name is Phuc Duc, the pedigree is the 12th grandson of 16 Hung Dao Dai Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan Former hometown is in Luong Noi village, Tuong Dong commune, Tay Chan district, Thien Truong citadel After being ordained by King Le to serve as deputy head of the department, Mr Tran Vu and village elders, Vu Chi, Hoang Gia, Pham Cap and their descendants went down to reclaim the alluvial area and established Phu Cuong hamlet, then Quan Cuong hamlet, the first piece of land Hai Hau district today 3.2 Reflect the economic development of Nam Dinh province 3.2.1 Reflect the work of dyke crossing and sea encroachment for economic development 3.2.1.1 Reflecting the reclamation and establishment of hamlets Nam Dinh province’s stone steles has reflected the work of dyke crossing, sea encroachment, salt washing, turning mangroves into arable land for generations of Nam Dinh residents and the clear policy of the monarchy since the 15th century to the 19th century Through Nam Dinh province’s stone steles, we have 23 stone steless with content about dyke crossing, preventing salinity, reclamation and establishment of hamlets in Nam Dinh province The stone steles has the earliest chronology in the 3rd year of Hong Duc (1472), the latest chronology in the 16th year Bao Dai (1941) In which there are stone steless belonging to the Le dynasty: (N020161), the 3rd Hong Duc chronology (1472); (N042349), the 22nd Tan Ti Canh Hung year chronology (1761) and (N05401/5402), the 27th Canh Hung chronology (1766); there are 17 stone steless belonging to the Nguyen Dynasty (from Thieu Tri to Bao Dai); 01 stone steles, chronology only in the year of can chi (Giap Than) and 02 stone steless without chronology 3.2.2 Reflect the construction of transport infrastructure Nam Dinh province’s stone steles reflects the construction of bridges, culverts, roads, wharfs, etc., which are works of trade and connection between localities in order to help develop the economy and improve the quality of life for the indigenous people These works also took place in most localities in Nam Dinh province Through the Nam Dinh province’s stone steles, we found that there are 71 stone steless recording the construction and repair of bridges and culverts Nam Dinh province’s stone steles reflects the new construction, restoration and repair of 58 bridges such as: Vong bridge at Trinh Xuyen Pagoda, Vinh Khang bridge, Ha Mieu bridge, Nguu Tri 17 bridge, Do Quan Oi Loi commune bridge, Tien Chuong bridge, Huu Bi bridge, Trung Nghiem bridge, Tra Hai bridge, Di Cao bridge, Pham Xa bridge, Cu Tru bridge, Rong bridge in Tien village, bridges in Hung Thinh village, etc 3.2.3 Reflect the establishment of markets to develop trade Besides building bridges to facilitate travel, opening a market is an indispensable need of people's lives related to the development of residential communities and the trade and commerce of an entire region, so they must all follow the rules of the royal court Through surveying the Nam Dinh province’s stone steles, we discovered that there were stone steles fragment with the content of the opening of the market currently kept in the Institute of Sino- Nom Studies (IOSNS) Besides the economic development and the movement of trade in craft villages in the country, the foreign trade economy was also very developed during this period Through the content of the stone steles, it can be seen that foreign trade was performed under the Nguyen Dynasty from the 15 th Minh Menh year (1834) to the 18 th Tu Duc year (1865) with the permission of the royal court of Nam Dinh city This is the place to attract more waves of Chinese immigrants to our country, participating in the opening of shops, thriving trading companies have contributed significantly to the formation of trading streets in where they lived Sub-conclusion Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is an important source of valuable documents contributing to the study of the Nam Dinh region and the appearance of Thien Truong citadel, along with issues related to the Tran family in Nam Dinh province Nam Dinh province’s stone steles has reflected the work of dyke crossing, sea encroachment, salt washing, turning mangroves into arable land of many generations of Nam Dinh residents and the clear policy of the monarchy since the 15th century to the 19th century Nam Dinh province’s stone steles reflects the construction of traffic infrastructure such as bridges and culverts for people to travel conveniently with rich and diverse content Besides, Nam Dinh province’s stone steles reflects the establishment of markets, organization of craft villages to develope trade; and Nam Dinh land around the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, it became one of the busiest urban areas in the Red River Delta in particular and whole country in general 18 The stone steles documents reflect the historical and socio-economic issues of the ancient Nam Dinh region, which are are valuable documents contributing to the study of the history of Vietnam in the Middle Ages and the coastal economy in Vietnam today CHAPTER THE VALUES OF STONE STELES DOCUMENTS IN NAM DINH PROVINCE IN STUDY OF CULTURE, EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF 4.1 Reflect confucian education in Nam Dinh province 4.1.1 Praise Confucianism and Confucian institutions The cultural, educational and religious traditions of Nam Dinh region are deeply reflected in the stone steles and have scientific documentary value The content of the stone steless praising Confucian ideology and Confucian institutions (schools, Shrine, Temple of Confucius, etc.) Through surveying and studying Nam Dinh province’s stone steles, we initially discovered that there are 50 stone steles fragment with the content of recording Confucian vestiges in Nam Dinh province, distributed evenly throughout Nam Dinh province 4.1.2 Register the successful people Nam Dinh province’s stone steles reflected the life and career of academics in the Thien Truong, Nam Dinh region through feudal dynasties Currently, we have not found the Nam Dinh stone steles with the names of PhDs and academics but through searching for the contents written in the stone steless at the PhDs's temples or in the worship hall of the clan, we initially discovered stone steless that recorded the career status of the successful people in Nam Dinh province 4.2 Reflect history of cultural relics Nam Dinh province’s stone steles has the content reflecting the history of founding and going through periods of restoration, repair, and expansion of dignitaries, village elders, people and good believers generate merit mind These are quite accurate data to learn about the process of building local cultural relics, contributing significantly to the addition of historical data In this section, we would like to introduce typical examples of historical and cultural relics: the first is the complex of relics of Tran Temple and Pho Minh Pagoda; the second is Co Le pagoda; 19 the third is Dai Bi Pagoda; The fourth is Than Quang Pagoda - Keo Pagoda (Hanh Thien) 4.3 Reflect religious belief in Nam Dinh provinc 4.3.1 Hau stone steles and the custom of electing Hau in Nam Dinh Through the process of studying stone steless in Nam Dinh province, we have counted the number of Hau stone steless as 240/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 11.15% The Hau stone steles with the earliest chronology in Nam Dinh is the stone steles of Hau phat hue dien tu su 碑碑 碑 碑 碑 碑 (N013503), the 8th Canh Tri chronology (1670), at Hien Thanh restaurant in An Hoa commune, An Cu canton (belongs to Hien Khanh commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh province today); the stone steles with the latest chronology is the stone steles of Pham cong hau than bi ky 碑碑碑碑 碑 碑 (N038252) built in the year of Tan Mao solar calendar 1951, at the Temple of Poinsettia, Co Da village, Nam Hung commune, Nam Truc district, Nam Dinh province Through the stone steles of electing Hau in Nam Dinh province, we see that the main content is to praise the merits and acknowledge the merits of the electing Hau to the village; through the donation of money, donation of land to repair religious relics and perform public works in the village The stone steles of electing Hau honoring good deeds is a document of profound human value for the study of village activities, culture and beliefs in Nam Dinh province in the middle age 4.3.2 Belief in Mother Goddess worship in Nam Dinh through stone steles At the vestiges in Nam Dinh province, 43 stone steless are still kept with the content recording the background and conduct behavior of the Mother Goddess Lieu Hanh or the construction and restoration process of the relics, etc., has been printed into fragment and is currently kept in IOSNS The stone steles with the content of the Mother Goddess in Nam Dinh province, which has the earliest chronology is the stele of Than linh [] [] 碑 碑 [][] (N013502), the 4th Vinh Tri chronology (1679), at the temple of Tien Huong commune, Dong Doi canton (belongs to Kim Thai commune, Vu Ban district, Nam Dinh province today); the stone steles with the latest chronology is the stone steles of Khai Thanh tu bi ki 碑碑碑碑碑 (N039809), Bao Dai reigning year of the Canh Thin year (1940), built at Khai Thanh Temple in Tien Huong village Through learning the content of the stone steless, we state some basic content values of the stone steles when 20 studying the culture and beliefs of Mother Goddess worship in Nam Dinh, which is also a unique feature of Nam Dinh province’s stone steles 4.3.3 Catholicism in Nam Dinh province through the stone steles There are 13 stone steless with contents reflecting the Catholicism in Nam Dinh province The earliest stone steles was in the 12 nd Thanh Thai year (1900), the Nguyen Dynasty; the latest stone steles was in 1946, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 01 stone steles without chronology Although the number of stone steless is not much, they are valuable study documents about the Catholic people in Nam Dinh province and Catholicism in Vietnam in general 4.3.4 Charity Association in Nam Dinh province through the stone steles The content of Nam Dinh province’s stone steles also reflects the establishment of Charity Associations in village community life The Charity Association was established with the purpose of caring, supporting and sharing with each other when they are in trouble, sickness, old age and weak health Through studying the content of the stone steles, there were Charity Associations born in Nam Dinh province such as: Lac Thien Association, Tin Lao Association, Hoa Nghiem Association, Dien Long Association, Vi Thien Association, Vinh Thanh Association, Duc Long Association, etc Each association has its own principles and purposes, making life peaceful and happy in difficult times Sub-conclusion The cultural, educational and religious belief traditions of Nam Dinh land are deeply reflected in the stone steles and have scientific documentary value The content of the stone steless praising the Confucian ideology and Confucian institutions (schools, Temple of Literature, Shrine, Temple of Confucius, etc.) along with the local people's studiousness, has been molded into national heroes, great personalities of the Tran family and prominent Confucianists The content of the stone steles reflects local village activities, in which the main content reflects the construction and restoration of works serving beliefs such as: repairing communal houses, pagodas, shrines and temples, painting statue, etc The content of the stone steles clarifies the content related to socio-cultural activities in the spiritual life of the village such as the custom of electing Hau, worshiping beliefs, Catholicism, and the birth 21 of some Charity Associations This is a feature of the local culture of ancient Nam Dinh land- Nam Dinh province today CONCLUSION Nam Dinh province is a land with a long history and rich traditional cultural identity The province also preserves many historical and cultural relics and a very rich and diverse stone steles system Clarifying the documentary values of the stone steles will make great contributions to the conservation and promotion of Nam Dinh province's local traditional culture and contributing to building an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity Nam Dinh province’s stone steles has a large number with a total of 2,155 stone steless (including 2,151 units of stone steles fragment archived in IOSNS and 04 artifact stone steless collected by the PhD student), and this is the first time that Nam Dinh stone steles has been compiled with the most complete statistics ever It proves that the awareness of preserving stone steles heritage in Nam Dinh province is relatively good By space, Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is distributed in almost all districts and towns, with high density concentrated in Truc Ninh district and Nam Dinh city ; most are pagoda stone steles, communal house stone steles, temple stone steles, palace stone steles and worship hall of the family line; other types of relics such as: Shrine, Temple of Confucius, Tu Chi, Tu Vu bridge, market, temple, shrine, etc., are less in number Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is rich in quantity, diverse in type and has common characteristics in genre but there are also stone steless with specific features of sophisticated and delicately decorated and carved stone steles with unique pattern projects that have become typical art stone sculptures Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is mainly written in Han script and Nom script only appears to indicate places and names, but very little The stone steles written entirely in Nom script has only stone steless There are stone steless engraved with Hau statue Among the 224 writers who composed the content of the stone steles, there were 18 PhDs who participated in composing the stone steles with 43/270 stone steless, accounting for 15,93%, in which there were PhDs in Nam Dinh province 22 Nam Dinh province’s stone steles is an honest and valuable source of documents that contribute to the study of the Nam Dinh region and the appearance of Thien Truong citadel, along with the issues of the Tran family in Nam Dinh province Through stone steles documents, the ancient Thien Truong land - Nam Dinh province today, is clearly reflected the process of formation and development through historical periods of the country Nam Dinh province’s stone steles has reflected the work of dyke crossing, sea encroachment, salt washing, turning mangroves into arable land for generations of Nam Dinh residents and the clear policy of the monarchy since the 15th century to the 19th century Under the Nguyen Dynasty, the state set up Farm operation official position, organized the recruitment of settlers to establish new hamlets such as Pham Van Nghi organized the reclamation of Nghia Hung sea area, and established Si Lam canton, Businessmen Deputy Ambassador Do Phat established Que Hai canton In addition, the stone steles also reflects the construction of traffic infrastructure such as bridges and culverts for people to travel conveniently, setting up markets to trade goods to serve the people Like many other localities of the Northern Delta, Nam Dinh province’s stone steles focuses on praising Confucianism and Buddhism and especially reflects the Confucian institution The school system in Nam Dinh province is quite developed, many schools in districts and communes, etc., especially the first-degree examination (Huong exam) school in Nam Dinh has trained many talents for the country Along with that is a system of Confucian relics such as Temple of Literature, Shrine, Temple of Confucius with 30 relics reflected in stone steles documents Nam Dinh is a land of studious and Nam Dinh people consider learning as a profession, second only to farming Therefore, this place has many stone steless reflecting the life and career of academics in the Thien Truong land, Nam Dinh province in the middle age Currently, we have not found the Nam Dinh province’s stone steles with the name of PhDs But through searching for the content written in the stone steless at the PhD's temples or in worship hall of the family line, we initially discovered stone steless that recorded the career background of the successful people in Nam Dinh province The content of the stone steles reflects the activities of the local village and commune, in which the main content reflects the construction 23 and restoration of works serving beliefs such as: repairing communal houses, pagodas, shines, temples and painting statue, etc The thesis focuses on introducing historical and cultural relics in Nam Dinh province They are the complex of relics of Tran Temple and Pho Minh pagoda, Co Le pagoda, Dai Bi pagoda, Than Quang pagoda - Keo pagoda (Hanh Thien) The issue of religion and belief is also recorded by the Nam Dinh province’s stone steles with rich content, related to the socio-cultural activities and the spiritual life of the Nam Dinh people Hau stone steles has 240/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 11.15%; in which Hau Buddha stone steles has 152 units, Hau God stone steles has nearly 88 units, in addition, there are Hau Hien stone steless, death anniversary, etc The custom of electing Hau, establishing Hau is a belief with a good meaning to recognize and remember people people who have made contributions to the village The content of the stone steles mainly reflects that someone who wants to leave a benediction to his parents or has no descendants who wants to good deeds has voluntarily paid his or her own money and land to send death anniversary at the gate of god, door of Buddha, the villagers took credit and was elected as the Hau There are 43 stone steless recording the background, conduct behavior of Mother Godness Lieu Hanh or the process of building and restoring religious relics of Mother Goddesses The content of the stone steles reflects the place where Mother Godness Lieu Hanh descended to the earth, was respected and worshiped by the people and was bestowed by the court Untill this day, Mother Goddess worship has entered the hearts of people, is respected and worshiped by the people, blended with Vietnamese cultural beliefs, creating a unique indigenous cultural belief in Vietnam The content of the stone steles also reflects the Catholicism introduced to Nam Dinh province starting from the year of the Giap Ngo, Nguyen Hoa reigning year (1534) The content of the stone steles also reflects the founding of the parish to build the cathedral as well as the activities of the parishioners With 13 stone steless with contents reflecting on Catholicism in Nam Dinh, these are valuable documents for study about Nam Dinh Catholic people in particular and Catholicism in Vietnam in general 24 In addition, Nam Dinh province’s stone steles also has a number of stone steless recording the birth of a number of charity associations, such as Nhan Tho Association, Hoa Nghiem Association, Dien Long Association, Vinh Thanh Association, Duc Long Association, Vi Thien Association, etc This is a feature of the local culture Sino- Nom stone steles has an important meaning in the study work of Vietnamese traditional culture and has been an object of study interest for many generations Since the 14th century, the stone steless have been interested in study and in contemporary society, Sino- Nom stone steless have attracted the attention of scientific researchers, focusing mainly on two fields of collecting and study on exploiting the value of content The achievements in collecting, studying and exploiting stone steles documents achieved from the second half of the 20 th century are remarkable In the field of mining research, many scientists have devoted many works to in-depth research into the content of Sino- Nom stone steless, which are also interested in many different forms by domestic and foreign researchers Currently, Europe's Vietnamica program is sponsoring researchers to have in-depth study of Hau stone steles in Vietnam, a direction of scientific research to enrich Vietnamese cultural identity in contemporary society 10 The results collected through the statistics of 2,155 stone steles units have reflected the general situation of the stone steles in Nam Dinh province On that basis, we have an overview to delve into the study in each valuable chapter of this thesis and also an important source of documents for colleagues as a database to exploit the values of the stone steles in Nam Dinh province in different aspects The number of stone steless that we introduce, compared with reality, are certainly not enough compared to the existing artifact stone steless in Nam Dinh province and we will continue to update when we have the opportunity to collect in the near future .. . Can-Chi Stone steless quantity 12 Ratio 0.0 5% 0.0 9% 0.0 5% 0.5 6% 135 6.2 6% 1.3 05 24 571 97 0.2 8% 6 0.5 6% 1.1 1% 2 6.5 0% 4.5 0% The period of 1533 - 1592 in Vietnamese history is also known as the Southern .. . District Y Yen District Total 321 36 232 130 158 60 434 222 275 287 2.1 55 1 4.9 0% 1.6 7% 1 0.7 7% 6.0 3% 7.3 3% 2.7 8% 2 0.1 4% 1 0.3 0% 1 2.7 6% 1 3.3 2% 100% Based on the above statistics table, it can be seen that .. . in Nam Dinh province has 210/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 9.7 %; and the number of stone steles engraver has 98/2,155 stone steless, accounting for 4.5 % 2.2 .2 About the symbology 2.2 . 2.1