WRITING 1 WRITING 3 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ BỘ MÔN ANH VĂN KHÔNG CHUYÊN GIÁO TRÌNH VIẾT 3 WRITING Level 3 ĐàNẵng, năm 2013 LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of contents Chapter 1 WRITING SENTENCES 2 Lesson 1 Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which as the Subject) 3 Lesson 2 Adjective Clauses 2 (Who, What, Which as the Object) 9 Lesson 3 Adjective Clauses 3 (Whose + Quantity Quality) 14 Lesson 4 Noun Clauses 19 Lesson 5 Passive Voice 25 Lesson 6 Reviews 31 Chapter 2 RESPO.
WRITING TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ BỘ MƠN: ANH VĂN KHƠNG CHUN GIÁO TRÌNH VIẾT WRITING - Level ĐàNẵng, năm 2013 LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of contents Chapter 1: WRITING SENTENCES Lesson 1: Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which- as the Subject) Lesson 2: Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which- as the Object) Lesson 3: Adjective Clauses (Whose + Quantity & Quality) 14 Lesson 4: Noun Clauses 19 Lesson 5: Passive Voice 25 Lesson 6: Reviews 31 Chapter 2: RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST LETTER 34 Lesson 7: Giving “How to” instructions (1) 35 Lesson 8: Giving “How to” instructions (2) 39 Lesson 9: Writing directions 43 Lesson 10: Inquiries 46 Lesson 11: Responding to inquiries 50 Chapter 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY 54 Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences 55 Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph 58 Lesson 14: Giving reasons and examples 60 Lesson 15: Developing key ideas by giving reasons and examples 63 CHAPTER WRITING SENTENCES Lesson 1: Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which- as the Subject) Lesson 2: Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which- as the Object) Lesson 3: Adjective Clauses (Whose + Quantity & Quality) Lesson 4: Noun Clauses Lesson 5: Passive Voice Lesson 6: Review Lesson 6: Expanding Mixed Patterns LESSON 1: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (WHO, WHAT, WHICH- AS THE SUBJECT) A-LANGUAGE FOCUS A relative pronoun can be the subject of its own clause Subject Relative Pronouns: who, which, that American football, which is the most popular sport In the UnitedStates, began at HarvardUniversity In this pattern, who, which, and that can be either singular or plural Make the verb agree with the antecedent I have not read the magazine that is lying on the coffee table (The verb is lying is singular to agree with the singular antecedent magazine.) I have not read the magazines that are lying on the coffee table {The verb are lying is plural to agree with the plural antecedent magazines.) Adjective clauses are either restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive (unnecessary) Restrictive (necessary): no commas The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago Nonrestrictive (unnecessary): commas Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago The following examples show you how to combine two sentences to make a new sentence containing a subject pattern adjective clauses For People Restrictive who, that People save time and energy They use microwave ovens People who use microwave ovens save time and energy People that use microwave ovens save time and energy Nonrestrictive Who Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs Professional chefs say that fast cooking does not allow flavors to blend Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs, who say that fast cooking does not allow flavors to blend For Animals and Things Restrictive That Ovens are capable of cooking food quickly They use microwave energy Ovens that use microwave energy are capable of cooking foods quickly Nonrestrictive Which An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves Microwaves cook by agitating the water molecules in food An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves, which cook by agitating the water molecules in food - You may delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when: they are followed by a prepositional phrase Ex1: The man who is in the house is my father The man in the house is my father Ex2: The books that are on the desk are mine The books on the desk are mine the main verb in the relative clause is progressive Ex1: The man who is swimming in the lake is my father The man swimming in the lake is my father Ex2: The books that are lying on the floor are mine The books lying on the floor are mine the main verb in tenses Ex1: People who buy lottery tickets are often found at bingo People buying lottery tickets are often found at bingo Ex2: The bus which leaves at 6:03 was late today, so I caught the 6:08 one for downtown The bus leaving at 6:03 was late today B-LANGUAGE PRACTICE Combine the two sentences Add commas if necessary 1) She loves books (the books have happy endings) …………………………………………………………………… 2) They live in a city (the city is in the north of England) …………………………………………………………………… 3) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper) …………………………………………………………………… 4) Anyone must have a logical mind He or she wants to be a computer programmer …………………………………………………………………………… 5) Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling English spelling is not always consistent with its pronunciation …………………………………………………………………… 6) The fruit is on the table The fruit isn’t fresh …………………………………………………………………… 7) While he lectured, he showed us a slide The slide diagrammed the double helix structure of DNA …………………………………………………………………… 8) Words in English are often difficult for foreigners to pronounce They begin with the consonants …………………………………………………………………… Reduce the relative clauses The man who is standing there is a clown …………………………………………………………………… The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it …………………………………………………………………… Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives …………………………………………………………………… My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house …………………………………………………………………… The student don’t know how to exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday …………………………………………………………………… Joggers who will run in the marathon should get to the stadium early to warm up …………………………………………………………………… A person who does at least 30 minutes of exercise a day will feel better …………………………………………………………………… C- PRACTICE IN TOEIC I Language building a-Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-3 Compare with your friends b-Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words Picture 1 The man who is holding a suitcase is ………………………… The man who stands behind the counter is …………………… Picture The women sitting at the table are …… …………… The women who are …………… try to reach an agreement Picture 5 There are buildings on the side of the river which …………… the city People are walking along the path which……………the river II Tactic Practice Put the words in the correct order Picture 1 The/ searching/ guard/ is/ the/ apart/ his/ arms/ man/ who/ has ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… … The /raising/ man/ who/ arms/ is/ his/ is/ the guard/ searched/ by ………………………………………… … …………………………………………… Picture Some/ listening to/ people/ a pen/ man/ are/ the/ holding/ who is ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… … The/ the left/ a presentation/ man/ on/ is/ making ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… … Picture The/ reading/ man/ sits/ a / the shelf/ book/ next to ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… … The/ book/behind /shelf/ reading/ man/ is/ the/ who/ is/ a ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… … Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words stand/ wall/ conversation building/ locate/ river …………………………………………… …………………………………………… wait/ want/ line …………………………………………… …………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… III.Test Practice In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture With each picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence You can change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order water/ boat 1…………………………………………… map/ look 2……………………………………… map/ look 3…………………………………… ……………………………………… stand/ across 4…………………………………… ……………………………………… woman/ hold teacher/ explain 5…………………………………… ……………………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………………… - LESSON 2: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (WHO, WHAT, WHICH- AS THE OBJECT) A-LANGUAGE FOCUS A relative pronoun can be an object in its own clause Object Relative Pronouns whom, OSV which, that, The address that he gave me was (no incorrect pronoun) Note: You can omit that in object pattern clauses only Ex: The address (that) he gave me was incorrect LESSON 9:GIVING DIRECTIONS In this lesson, you will learn how to give directions to a certain place Using the right vocabulary for giving directions will improve the vocabulary portion of your score FOCUS The following phrases / sentences are useful in giving directions - Go out the door and take a left - Follow this street until you get to Sunrise Avenue - Follow the signs for Hastings Boulevard - Turn right / Take a right - Turn left / Take a left - Look for the orange sign - Go blocks - At the fourth light - You’ll see a corner store on the right - My house is the second one on the left - If you pass Truong Dinh Street, you’ve gone too far - Take the Main Street exit Here are the sample instructions: Go out the door and make a left Go down one block to 22nd Street Make a left Follow 22nd Street about blocks until you reach South Van ness Make a right The grocery store is halfway down the block on the right If you reach 21st Street, you’ve gone too fast Now, practice giving directions with a classmate Give instructions from your school to your house and from your classmate’s house to your own As you answer the following emails, use the phrases / sentences above to help you PRACTICEm Practice 1m From: Dan Jack To: Michael Kose Subject: Plans Sent: September 10, 11:18 a.m Hi, Michael I wanted to let you know that my flight arrives on Friday at 2:30 I have a rental car all lined up So all I need is how to get to your house I’ll be coming in on Route headed North, so I just need to know how to get to your place from here Thanks a bunch, and I can’t wait to see you Thank you so much! Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Michael Kose In your email, tell Dan how to get to your house from the highway You intructions should include at least THREE steps To : Dan Jack Subject: Re:Plans 42 Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? Yes No Practice 2m From: Thomas Hardy To: Chesson Shaw Subject: Sent: September 10, 11:18 a.m Hi, Michael I am ready to send the mailing out I have everything in envelopes and ready to go The only thing is, the post office told me they won’t pick up a mass mailing, so I’ll need to take them to the post office myself Could you tell me where the nearest post office is? I would really appreciate it Thank you! Directions: Respond to the email as if you areThomas Hardy In your email, tell Chesson how to get to the post office You intructions should include at least THREE steps To : Chesson Shaw Subject: Re:Post office Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? 43 Yes No LESSON 10: INQUIRIES In this lesson, you will learn how to give directions to a certain place Using the right vocabulary for giving directions will improve the vocabulary portion of your score FOCUS The following phrases / sentences are useful in asking for information I would like to ask you a few questions about your product / offer and services I would like to inquire about your product / offer I wonder if I can get another discount on it I’m not sure if I can get another discount on it I have two questions I’d like to ask you I would like to ask you a few questions about the heath and safety seminar Actually, I have some questions about the product Could you tell me where And some words of sequence: Firstly, Secondly, To stat with, In addition, First of all, Also, Finally, / And finally, For one thing, For another, Lastly, Sample From: Henry Thomson To: Eaton Hann Subject: Post of Marketing Sup Sent: September 16, 14:18 a.m Dear Mr Hann, I’m very interested in the marketing supervisor’s role However, before accepting the offer, I need to first ask a couple of questions about the position Firstly, I was wondering which branch the vacancy is in I would much prefer to stay in New York Secondly, can you please tell me what hours I would have work? I would rather not work weekends Please get back to me as soon as you can Sincerely, Henry Thomson BRAINSTORMING Before writing the reply email, work in pairs to brainstorm your possible questions 44 PRACTICEm Practice 1m From: Sarah Bush, General Affairs To: All employees Subject: Company policy on lateness Sent: July 22, 11:30 a.m Hi, everyone! Employee punctuality is important for our company productivity However, management has noticed that many employees are frequently late to work To address this issue, employees must check in with their managers by 8:30 a.m If you have any questions with this policy, please contact me directly Sarah Bush, General Affairs Directions: Respond to the email as if you are an employee of the organization In your email, ask Sarah TWO questions (about flexible working hours, cases of out-of-office meeting, .) To : Sarah Bush, General Affairs Subject:Company policy on lateness Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? Practice 2m From: Link Travel Yes No To: Rowanna Robinson Subject: Link Travel special offer Sent: June 6, 9:38 p.m We’re offering all our loyal customers a fantastic opportunity to travel this summer For a limited time only, we’re offering discounts on trips to selected destinations Email us or visit your local Link Travel branch for more details Directions: Respond to the email as if you are R Robinson In your email, ask TWO questions (about the expiry of the offer, what the selected destinations are, , .) To : Jane Moore Subject:Opening for overseas tour guide sent: June 8, 10:10 p.m dear Jane Moore I am writing to ask you two question about Link travel special offer First of all, i wonder what the selected destinations are? 45the expiry of the offer? secondLY, would you please tell me about I am looking forward to hearing from you Sincerely, R Robinson Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? Yes No Practice 3m From: Matthew Eaton, Love Valley Travel To: Jane Moore – Southeast Asian Adventure Tours Subject: Opening for overseas tour guide Sent: August 26, 2:40 p.m Thank you for your interest in the position of tour guide I am attaching an application form for the position Please let me know if you have any questions about the application or the job itself Matthew Eaton Directions: Respond to the email as if you are J Moore In your email, ask TWO questions (about the working place and hours, , , ) To : Jane Moore Subject:Opening for overseas tour guide Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? 46 Yes No LESSON 11:RESPONDING TO INQUIRIES In this lesson, you will learn how to reply to inquiries Writing effective replies to business emails is one of the most important skills you should acquire as a good business owner, sales person or marketing personnel.Using the right vocabulary for responding to inquiries will improve the vocabulary portion of your score FOCUSm Acknowledging receipt of an enquiry/request - Thank you for your letter of … regarding / concerning / in connection with … - I refer to your enquiry about / relating to … - I have received your letter of … requesting information about Explaining action taken as a consequence of the enquiry - I have (reviewed our available stock) … - We held a meeting on 21 January to discuss possible solutions - I have checked/looked into/investigated (the possible approaches) … Making suggestions / justifying recommendations / pointing out pros and cons / hedging - The best choice would be … since … - I highly recommend … as / due to the fact that … - I recommend this item since … - In view of the fact that …, I would strongly recommend … as … Apologising and rejecting proposals - Your proposal is of interest to us, and we have had consultations about it - However, we feel that it will not be in our interests to … for reasons of (privacy) - We are concerned that … Stipulating action requested or to be taken - We shall arrange for … by …at the latest - I shall see to it that … - Our company will arrange for … Establishing goodwill and suggesting contact - I hope that this information will help you to make decisions on your order - I look forward to hearing from you - I look forward to doing business with your company in the future … - Please feel free to contact me again if you have any further queries on … - Do contact me on 27615432 if you need further information - Please not hesitate to contact me on 27615432 if I can be of further assistance Sample From:Silvia Choi - Merchandising Manager - NOVELTY SAFETY EQUIPMENT LTD To:Mr Tim Lee – Manager - Sun Lee Consultancy Ltd Subject:Fire extinguishers Sent: August 16, 2:12 p.m Dear Mr Lee Thank you for your enquiry regarding our newly released range of fire extinguishers You will see from the enclosed catalogue that the range has been extended to include some highly efficient portable extinguishers for use on construction sites We are offering to our existing customers a 15% discount on orders of extinguishers from this new range We look forward to your increased order at this discount rate Yours sincerely, Silvia Choi Merchandising Manager 47 PRACTICEm Practice 1m From: Supply the blanks with appropriate words or expressions David Lee - Distributions Manager- Everlong Batteries ] To:Jake Wong - Purchasing Officer - Fortune Goods Subject:Enquiry about Batteries Sent: May 21, 8:40 a.m for your letter of Friday, 27 September 2013 making copies of the sample battery you sent us I have investigated the situation and found that your specifications are exactly the same as the design of a proprietary camera battery manufactured by a large Japanese electronics company We that it would not be in our interests to supply this type of battery However, I to thank you for considering our company as your supplier I look forward to with your company in the future Practice 2m From: Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company To: All sales reps Subject: New computers Sent: August 11, 3:40 p.m We will soon be replacing computers for all sales staff As we would like you to be available when we replace your computer, could you tell us a time convenient for you? Also please let us know if you need any other equipment Directions: Respond to the email as if you are a sales representative for Telfo Wire Company In your email, give ONE time you are free and make TWO requests for new equipment To : Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company Subject:New computers 48 Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? Practice 3m From: Yes No Lou Herr To: Human Resources Dept., JJ Corp Subject: Employment Sent: March11, 10:40 a.m Dear Sir or Madam, I am interested in applying for an entry-level position at your company I understand that you are not advertizing any openings right now, but I believe my education and experience would make me a positive addition to your company Can we meet to talk? Sincerely, Lou Herr Directions: Respond to the email as if you work in Human Resources Department of JJ Corporation In your email, make TWO pieces of information and ask ONE question To : Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company Subject:New computers Self-Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the directions? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety? Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures? Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization? Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary? 49 Yes No Chapter WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph Lesson 14: Giving reasons and examples Lesson 15: Developing key ideas by giving reasons and LESSON 12: WRITING GENERAL INTRODUCTORY SENTENCES examples 50 LESSON 12: WRITING GENERAL INTRODUCTORY SENTENCES A-FOCUS Guidelines for the introductory paragraph The first paragraph in an essay is called the introductory paragraph There are two purposes of the introductory paragraph: to get the readers’ attention and to introduce them to the subject of your essay In other words, you need to lead readers to the subject of the essay in an interesting way and convince them that reading your essay will be worth their time There are several guidelines for writing a good introductory paragraph It must be relevant to the topic; that is, it should not introduce material not covered in the essay It should not give detailed information about the main ideas of the essay Detailed information belongs to the body paragraphs There should be at least two sentences before the thesis statement The thesis statement should come at the end of the introductory paragraph Model of an introductory paragraph Essay question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should anything they can to make a profit Use specific reasons and examples to support your position Sample introduction: Nowadays, the competition among the businesses has been increasing, and every company tries to struggle and survive in such a situation Some people think that businesses should anything they can to reach their goal - maximum profits In my opinion, however, businesses must not anything harmful to the community B-PRACTICE TASK 1: Put the sentences in each of the following sets in the correct order to form a good introductory paragraph for the intended essay 1.a b c d 2.a b c d e 3.a b c d In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbal message The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies from culture to culture However, in others, the nuclear family with only the parents and young children is the norm If this new system becomes widespread, it could have enormous effects on the society In most cultures, people live in extended families, in which several generations share the same house People in different cultures have different systems for family life In recent years, some couples are experimenting with still another system of family life: living together without marriage I believe that it is cheaper, more convenient, and better for the environment than private cars are In order to get around city, you can use public transportation or private cars My preference is definitely for public transportation Your choice of transportation basically depends on where you want to go TASK 2: Read the four introductory paragraphs that follow the essay question Check (√) the features of a good introduction that they have (Remember: they must have all four to be a good introduction) Essay question:Which, in your opinion, is more important in making someone’s life happy: a good environment or good genes? 51 Some people have a happy life and some people don’t My friend Tony has a miserable life He just got divorced, and now his wife won’t let him see his children To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes □ It is relevant to the topic of the essay □ It contains at least three sentences □ It doesn't give details that belong to the body of the essay □ It ends with the thesis statement First, a good environment can make you healthier, which can make you happy Second, if you live in a good environment, you probably have many friends who can help you when you need it Friends are important for emotional health as well People with friends are happier than people without friends Also, a good environment is probably safer, so you don’t have to be afraid to walk down the street Being safe makes everyone happy To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes □ It is relevant to the topic of the essay □ It contains at least three sentences □ It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay □ it ends with the thesis statement It is said that your mother and father make you what you are You get your genes from them, and they may have great genes However, if they don't raise you in a safe, loving environment, you may never be happy To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes □ It is relevant to the topic of the essay □ It contains at least three sentences □ It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay □ It ends with the thesis statement Before the nineteenth century, most people lived in dirty, smelly, unhealthy environments To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes □ It is relevant to the topic of the essay □ It contains at least three sentences □ It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay □ It ends with the thesis statement Environment is much more important that genes when you are growing up A good example of this is the millions of people in the world who were born with physical challenges If people are raised in a good environment, they can be successful and live a happy life □ It is relevant to the topic of the essay □ It contains at least three sentences □ It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay □ It ends with the thesis statement TASK 3: Read each essay question Then choose the more general introductory sentence of the two that follow This sentence would appear just before the thesis statement, which states your opinion Compare your answer with that of a partner Say why the other sentence is not appropriate Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Consulting with a group of people is the best way to make an important decision a Making an important decision is not an easy thing to do, and there are different ways to it b If you want to make an important decision, you should definitely always it by yourself Thesis statement: Many people believe that getting the opinion of other is the best way to make an important decision; however, I disagree with this approach When travelling medium distances, some people prefer to fly Others prefer to take express trains Which you prefer? a Trains and airplanes have both advantages and disadvantages b I don’t really like flying because it is very expensive and I often get airsick Thesis statement: Although some people prefer to fly, I’d rather take the train 52 What would you consider the best type of job? a I don’t really like my current job much and would like to find a new one soon b Choosing the best type of job involves considering many factors Thesis statement: I think the best type of job for me would be the one that involves both sales and travel TASK 4: Write ONE general introductory sentence that would appear just before the thesis statement I’m totally opposed to living in the city In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things _ There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job is the long vacations - LESSON 13: WRITING A COMPLETE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH A-FOCUS As explained in the previous lesson, a good introductory paragraph should be relevant and consist of at least two general sentences that are followed by the thesis statement Now, let’s practise writing complete introductory paragraphs for your intended essays B-PRACTICE TASK 1: Write two or more general sentences for each of the following thesis statement to make the complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay _ _ I’m totally opposed to living in the city _ _ In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things _ _ There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job is the long vacations TASK 2: For each of the following essay questions, a underline the key words, b write a thesis statement, that states your opinion, c and add two or more general sentences to the thesis statement to make the complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay It is important for travelers and business people to understand the cultures they come into contact with What are the main advantages of doing so? Your thesis statement: _ Your complete introductory paragraph: _ _ _ _ 53 Employers should pay young people the same salary as older colleagues doing the same job To what extent you agree or disagree? Your thesis statement: _ _ Your complete introductory paragraph: _ _ _ _ _ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should make more links with businesses Your thesis statement: _ Your complete introductory paragraph: _ _ _ _ - Lesson 14: GIVING REASONS AND EXAMPLES I GIVING REASONS A-FOCUS When you write about your opinion, it is important to give reasons why you think about things in this way or that way A common way to give support for your ideas is to show how a situation would be different in other circumstances Conditional sentences can be used for this purpose An opinion essay may include a present condition, so you can use will or other modal verbs to give ideas about possible present or future results If people migrate to cities, they may become trapped in poor, overcrowded accommodation B-PRACTICE: TASK 1: Complete conditional sentences 1-6 with the words and phrases a-f The will melt if we don’t anything to stop If you study the in school, you can get the If employees are forced to , they will often a You should look for a if you really don’t like the If we reduce , we might be able to attract Unless we change , our will stay very high a prices / more customers b right subjects / job you want c suppliers / costs d ice caps / global warming e different job / working conditions f things they don’t like / poor job TASK 2: Complete sentences 1-3 with your own ideas Compare your answers with your partner’s and see if you agree with his or her idea If you don’t get enough sleep, _ 54 If you are always polite to your co-workers, Unless the local governments restrict the number of cars coming into cities, II Giving Examples A-FOCUS The easiest, and usually the best, way to keep your writing specific and concrete is to use specific examples whenever possible A specific example is a particular instance So to give a specific example of technology would be to write about particular people using a particular machine To give a specific example of any human activity would require that you write about individual people To give a specific example of teaching history would be to describe what a particular teacher or students Give examples of every point you make, and make your examples clear and forceful by making them specific Write about people and what people actually do, not just about ideas or concepts B-PRACTICE TASK 1: Match beginning 1-5 to the ending a-e Note the common phrases for introducing examples in bold There are several disadvantages to working in a big city Some examples include … _ Spending money on research can have a great impact One clear example of this is … _ I think the most important factor is practical experience By this I mean … _ We could save money by reducing costs For example, … _ One example of the problems we faced was high material costs Another example was … _ a Zentex’s development of the first biochip in 2004 b a lack of understanding of the market c we could stop giving free samples to all visitors d expensive housing, heavy traffic, and a stressful lifestyle e actual time spent working in the field TASK 2: Look at each of the sentences in task and match the phrases s in bold to the definition of how it is used below a Used for providing a single and easily understood example _ b Used to provide a second example of something _ c Used to clarify an example you have given _ d Used as a simple and common way to introduce an example _ e Used to introduce a list of example points to support your idea _ TASK 3: Use common phrases in task to write examples for the statements in 1-3 Many countries in the world make cars _ _ People in my country get to work in many different ways _ _ After work, people like to relax _ _ - 55 Lesson 15: DEVELOPING KEY IDEAS BY GIVING REASONS AND EXAMPLES A- FOCUS In this lesson, you will be practicing how to use reasons and examples to develop the key ideas in your answers to opinion essay questions B- PRACTICE TASK 1: Choose one of the prompts below to express your own opinions, and then use ONE reason or example to support each of your opinions I think our newspapers … □ are doing a great job reporting the news □ are doing a poor job reporting the news _ Overall, I think the medical care in our country is … □ excellent □ getting better □ in need of major improvements In my opinion, taxes should be … □ reduced and people should use their own money to take care of themselves □ spent to help those on need TASK 2: For each of the following essay questions, a underline the key words, b write a thesis statement, that states your opinion, c develop a complete essay introductory paragraph, d specify TWO main points you would like to use to support you opinion in the thesis statement, e and give a reason or an example for each main point that support your opinion In general, people are living longer now How will this change affect society? Use specific details and examples to develop your essay If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer Think of the most important class you have ever taken Why did you enjoy this class so much? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer 56 ... Reviews 31 Chapter 2: RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST LETTER 34 Lesson 7: Giving “How to” instructions (1) 35 Lesson 8: Giving “How to” instructions (2) 39 Lesson 9: Writing directions 43 Lesson... 46 Lesson 11: Responding to inquiries 50 Chapter 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY 54 Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences 55 Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph 58 Lesson... appropriate vocabulary? 49 Yes No Chapter WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph Lesson 14: