The nature of language and linguistics English Consonants and Vowels

The Nature of Language and Linguistics English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2 2 English Consonants 1 (a) voiceless dental fricative thesis (b) velar nasal thing (c) voiced alveolopalatal fricative measure (d) velarized alveolar lateral pill (e) alveolar retroflex rough (f) palatal glide euphemism (g) voiced velar stop guilty 2 (a) dʒ jam (b) ph apart (c) ɾ pretty (d) n̪ tenth (e) m monkey (f) f fun (g) h harm 3 (a) ŋ, ʒ, ɾ, ɫ, n̪ (b) j, ph, ɾ, n̪, h (c) p.

English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.2: English Consonants (a) voiceless dental fricative thesis (b) velar nasal thing (c) voiced alveolopalatal fricative measure (d) velarized alveolar lateral pill (e) alveolar retroflex rough (f) palatal glide euphemism (g) voiced velar stop guilty (a) /dʒ/ jam (b) [ph] apart (c) [ɾ] pretty (d) [nn̪] tenth (e) [m] monkey (f) /f/ fun (g) /h/ harm (a) /ŋ/, /ʒ/, [ɾ], [ɫ], [nn̪] (b) /j/, [ph], [ɾ], [nn̪], /h/ (c) [ph] (d) [ɾ] (e) [nn̪] (f) /ʒ/, /r/ (g) /dʒ/ (h) [ɫ] (i) /dʒ/, /ʒ/ (a) /r/ (f) /s/ (k) /s/ (p) /n/ (b) /w/ (g) /dʒ/ (l) /k/ (q) /r/ (c) /n/ (h) /j/ (m) /tʃ/ (r) /z/ (d) /t/ (i) /f/ (n) /ʃ/ (s) /ɡ/ (e) /ʃ/ (j) /θ/ (o) /ʃ/ (t) /s/ (a) /f/ (f) /w/ (k) /s/ (p) /θ/ (b) /z/ (g) /r/ (l) /m/ (q) /ð/ (c) /l/ (h) /ʃ/ (m) /b/ (r) /k/ (d) /s/ (i) /dʒ/ (n) /f/ (s) /tʃ/ (e) /ʒ/ (j) /ɡ/ (o) /ʒ/ (t) /j/ (a) /θ/ (f) /tʃ/ (k) /z/ (p) /l/ (b) /s/ (g) /n/ (l) /ð/ (q) /f/ (c) /k/ (h) /ʃ/ or /tʃ/ (m) /ŋ/ (r) /ʒ/ (d) /kt/ (i) /p/ (n) /m/ (s) /pt/ (e) /dʒ/ (j) /z/ (o) /ɡ/ (t) /m/ In anger, finger, and wringer, the -er is part of the root of the word, whereas in hanger, ringer and singer, the -er is a derivational suffix added to hang, ring, and sing, where the ng is actually word final (a) right leap accent scepter backpack (b) plotter muddy pattern (c) madness maudlin sideline madly (d) Carl pal kill English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.3: English Vowels (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) long/tense high back rounded monophthong short mid front unrounded monophthong short/lax high front unrounded monophthong mid back to high front (lax) diphthong low central to high back (lax) diphthong (a) /æ/ sand (d) /eɪ/ pale spoon pet silly soil mouse (b) /ɔː/ corn (e) /ɜː/ shirt (c) /ɪə fear / (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɔ/ /ə/ /ɪə/ /eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /uː/, /ɔː/ (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) /ɪ/ (h) /eɪ/ (i) /e/ (j) /æ/ (k) /ɜː/ (l) /ɔː/ or /ɑː/ (m) /aʊ/ (n) A /əʊ/ /uː/ /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɪ/ /æ/ /ɒ/ or /ɑː/ /e/ (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) /ʌ/ /ɑ/ or /ɒ/ /uː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /eɪ/ /æ/ (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) /ɔː/ /aɪ/ /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /aʊ/ /eɪ/ /uː/ (v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa) (bb) /əʊ/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /uː/ /eə/ /iː/ /eɪ/ (cc) (dd) (ee) (ff) (gg) (hh) (ii) /ɜː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /ʌ/ /aɪ/ /əʊ/ /uː/ B /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.4: Transcription (Elementary) (2.2) (a) /ˈretərɪk/ (b) /wʌn/ (c) /nəʊ/ (f) /ˈsɪəriəl/ (k) /sɑːm/ (p) /næt/ (g) /ˈdʒæɡjʊər/ (l) /ˈkɔːrəs/ (q) /rɒŋ/ (h) /ˈjuːnəti/ (m) /tʃeɪst/ (r) /ˈzɪərəʊ/ (d) /ˈtɒməs/ (i) ˈ/fezənt/ (e) /ʃɔːr/ or /ʃʊr/ (j) /θiːm/ (n) /ʃəˈreɪd/ (s) /ɡəʊst/ (o) /ʃeɪv/ (t) /ˈsaɪəns/ (a) /ˈtʌfən/ (b) /ˈvɪzədʒ/ (c) /ˈælɔɪ/ (d) /dɪˈsent/ (e) /ˈæʒər/ (f) /əˈweɪ/ (k) /ˈlɪsən/ (p) /ˈɔːθər/ (g) /ˈerənd/ (l) /ˈplʌmər/ (q) /ˈlæðər/ (h) /ˈəʊʃən/ (m) /ˈkʌbərd/ (r) /ˈsaɪki/ (i) /əˈdʒɜːn/ (n) /ˈsɒfən/ (s) /ˈfjuːtʃər/ (j) /əˈɡɑːst/ or /ə (o) /ˈmeʒər/ (t) /ˈlɔɪjər/ ˈɡæst/ (a) /frɒθ/ (b) /mɪs/ (c) /ˈstʌmək/ (d) /ɪnˈdaɪt/ (e) /ledʒ/ (f) /ɪtʃ/ (g) /saɪn/ (h) /nɪʃ/ or /nɪtʃ/ (i) /ˈhɪkʌp/ (j) /uːz/ (2.3 4.) (a) /bɪld/ (b) /ɡeɪdʒ/ (c) /θret/ (d) /plæd/ (e) /ɜːn/ (f) /brɔːt/ (g) /taʊn/ (h) /jʌŋ/ (i) /stɑp/ /stɒp/ (j) /fruːt/ (k) /wʊlf/ (l) /fjuːd/ (m) /veɪn/ (n) /flæks/ (o) /mɔːrn/ (p) /staɪl/ (q) /hɑːrt/ (r) /wɔːr/ (k) /feɪz/ (l) /leɪð/ (m) /tʌŋ/ (n) /kəʊm/ (o) /brəʊɡ/ (p) /mɔːl/ (q) /rʌf/ (r) /beɪʒ/ (s) /hɒpt/ (t) /ˈsɒləm/ (s) /praʊd/ (bb) /feɪs/ (t) /breɪk/ (cc) /bɜːn/ (u) /kjuːt/ (dd) /hʊk/ (v) /θrəʊ/ (ee) /guːs/ (w) /slɪm/ (ff) /blʌd/ (x) /weɪ/ (gg) /daɪ/ (y) /θruː/ (hh) /təʊ/ (z) /ðeər/ (ii) /ʃuː/ (aa) /piːs/ (a) /klɪk/ (b) /ˈkændɪd/ (c) /ˈtaɪərd/ (d) /swet/ (e) /beɪd/ /kliːk/ /ˈkændid/ /tɑːrd/ /swiːt/ /bæd/ /ˈtaɪreɪd/ (a) carrot, carat, caret (e) urn, earn (i) hostel, hostile (also /ˈhɒstaɪl/) (b) fryer, friar (f) knows, nose (j) great, grate (c) course, coarse (g) grown, groan (k) time, thyme (d) daze, days (h) through, threw 4 Word (a) citation (g) magical (m) orthopedic (b) century (h) oxygen (n) punitive (c) sunflower (i) breathed (o) question (d) tomcat (j) strength (p) customary (e) oysters (k) faintly (q) perplexed (f) umbrella (l) neighborhood (r) sphinx Correction (a) /saɪˈteɪʃən/ (g) /ˈmædʒɪkəl/ (m) /ɔːθəˈpiːdɪk/ (b) /ˈsentʃəri/ (h) /ˈɒksədʒən/ (n) /pjuːnətɪv/ (c) /ˈsʌnflaʊər/ (i) /briðd/ (o) /ˈkwestʃən/ (d) /ˈtɒmkæt/ (j) /streŋkθ/ (p) /ˈkʌstəməri/ (e) /ˈɔɪstərz/ (k) /ˈfeɪntli/ (q) /pəˈplekst/ (f) /əmˈbrelə/ (l) /ˈneɪbərhʊd/ (r) /sfɪŋks/ English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) The road to Hell is paved with good intentions Birds of a feather flock together A rolling stone gathers no moss A watched kettle never boils Charity begins at home Every cloud has a silver lining Great minds run in the same channels Many hands make light work Still waters run deep The early bird catches the worm Time and tide wait for no man Opportunity knocks but once A fool and his money are soon parted All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy A stitch in time saves nine It takes two to make a quarrel You can't turn a sow's ear into a silk purse An apple a day keeps the doctor away English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.6: Transcription (Advanced) (a) /pəˈrəʊkiəl/ (o) /ˈmæskjʊlɪn/ (bb) /æθˈletɪk/ (b) /ɪˈnelɪdʒəbəl/ (p) /dɪˈbɔːtʃəri/ (cc) /ˈmɔɪstʃəraɪz/ (c) /kwɪntɪˈsenʃəl/ (q) /sækrɪˈlɪdʒəs/ (dd) /əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt/ (d) /həˈbɪtʃu(ə)l/ (r) /dɪˈsɪdʒuəs/ (ee) /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/ (e) /skweltʃt/ (s) /əθɔːrɪˈteriən/ (ff) /ˈdʒuːəlri/ (f) /pɑːlɪˈmentəri/ (t) /ˈlɪtərɪtʃər/ (gg) /ˈmæsəkɪzəm/ (g) /həluːsɪˈneɪʃən/ (u) /dɪˈlɪŋkwənt/ (hh) /ɔːθəˈɡræfɪk/ (h) /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪtɪŋ/ (v) /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/ (ii) /ˈsæŋktʃʊəri/ (i) /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ (w) /kwestʃəˈneər/ (jj) /məˈlekjʊlər/ (j) /rɪlækˈseɪʃən/ (x) /saɪkəlˈɒdʒɪkəl/ (kk) /sə(ɡ)ˈdʒestʃən/ (k) /ekˈsplɒrətəri/ (y) /ˈθæŋkfəli/ (ll) /dɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/ r (l) /kəˈlaɪdəskəʊp/ (z) /ˈɔːkwə dnəs/ (mm) /kælkjʊˈleɪʃən/ (m) /ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/ (aa) /rekˈtæŋɡjʊlər/ (nn) /θerəˈpjuːtɪk/ (n) /mjuːˈziːəmz/ (a) /əɡeɪn/ /əɡen/ (b) /tuːzdeɪ/ /tjuːzdeɪ/ (p) /biːn/ /bɪn/ (q) /prɑːses/ /prəʊses/ (c) /prɑːɡres/ (N) (r) /prəʊɡres/ (N) /prəgres/ (V) (d) /skedʒəl/ (s) /ʃedʒuːl/ (e) [təmeɪɾəʊ] (t) /təmɑːtəʊ/ [təmæɾəʊ] (f) [dæɾə] (u) /deɪtə/ (g) /ɑːnt/ /ænt/ (h) /rɪsɔːrsəz/ /risɔːrsəz/ /rɪzɔːrsəz/ (i) /sɔːri/ /sɑːri/ (j) /pleɪkeɪt/ /pləkeɪt/ (k) /kætʃ/ /ketʃ/ (l) /təmɑːrəʊ/ /təmɔːrəʊ/ (m) /kæpsəl/ /kæpsjuːl/ (n) /ruːt/ /raʊt/ (o) /n(j)uklɪər/ /nuːkulər/ (v) (w) (ee) /steriəʊ/ /stɪriəʊ/ (ff) /prɒd(j)uːs/ (N) /prɑːd(j)uːs/ (N) /prəd(j)uːs/ (V) /levər/ (gg) /veɪs/ /liːvər/ /vɑz/ /veɪz/ /dʒenjuɪn/ (hh) /blaʊsəz/ /dʒenjuaɪn/ /blaʊzəz/ /ɑːmən(d)/ (ii) /mɪsɪl/ /ɑːlmən(d)/ /mɪsaɪl/ /æmən(d)/ /ɪnt(ə)restɪŋ/ (jj) /æsfɔːlt/ /ɪnərestɪŋ/ /æsfælt/ /ɪntrəstɪŋ/ /æʃfɑːlt/ /beri/ (kk) /ɑːrtɪk/ /bɜːri/ /ɑːrktɪk/ /spiːʃiːz/ (ll) /viːɪkəl/ /spiːsiːz/ /viːhɪkəl/ (x) /lɒndʒət(j)uːd/ (mm) /lʌkʃəri/ /lɒŋɡətuːd/ /lʌɡʒəri/ (y) /prestiʒ/ (nn) [bæɾəri] /prestɪdʒ/ /bætri/ (z) /gərɑːʒ/ (oo) /bruːtʃ/ /gərɑːdʒ/ /brəʊtʃ/ /gərædʒ/ /gærɪdʒ/ (aa) /əfens/ (pp) /baɪlɪŋɡwəl/ /əʊfens/ /baɪlɪŋɡuəl/ (bb) /st(j)uːdənt/ (qq) /eɪprɪkɒt/ /æprɪkɑːt/ (cc) /wɪðaʊt/ (rr) /kuːpɒn/ /wɪθaʊt/ /kjuːpɑːn/ (dd) /kɑː(l)m/ (ss) /leʒər/ /liːʒər/ English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2.7: Distinctive Features (a) [+BACK] (d) [+ANTERIOR], [+CONSONANTAL] (b) [+VOICE] (e) [+HIGH] (c) [+CONTINUANT] (f) [+SONORANT], [+VOICE] (a) [±REDUCED] (f) [±CONSONANTAL] (b) [±VOICE] (g) [±TENSE] (c) [±ANTERIOR], [±SYLLABIC] (h) [±SIBILANT] (d) [±CORONAL] (i) [±SONORANT], [±NASAL] (e) [±BACK], [±ROUND] (j) [±CONTINUANT], [±SIBILANT] English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Answer to Ex 3.1: Phonemic Rules (a) [ɡw] [ ] [ɡ] (b) [ɡw] occurs before rounded vowels occcurs before front vowels [ ] [ɡ] occurs initially before consonants and central and back unrounded vowels, word medially and word finally (c) /ɡ/ → [ɡw] / — Vorounded [ ] [ɡ] / — Vofront / elsewhere (a) [rr̥] [rw] [rr̩] [r] (b) [rr̥] occurs following voiceless consonants w [r ] occurs before rounded vowels [rr̩] occurs following consonants word finally [r] occurs before front and central vowels, word medially in the environment of front vowels, preconsonantally, and word finally (c) /r/ → [rr̥] / Cvl— w [r ] / — Vorounded [rr̩] /C—# [r] / elsewhere (a) [kw] [kk̚] [kk̟] [k] (b) [kw] occurs before rounded vowels [kk̚] occurs before other stops and word finally [kk̟] [k] occurs before front vowels occurs initially and medially before central vowels and consonants and following /s/ (N.B We are ignoring aspiration All of the allophones with the exception of [kk̚] would also be aspirated in the proper environment.) (c) /k/ → [kw] [kk̚] / — Vorounded / — #, — Cstop [kk̟] [k] / — Vofront / elsewhere (a) [ ] [lw] [ ] [ɫ] [l] (b) [lr̥] occurs following voiceless consonants w [l ] occurs before rounded vowels [lr̩] occurs following obstruents and nasals word finally [ɫ] occurs following vowels and approximants, medially in the environment of back vowels [l] occurs before front and mid vowels, medially in the environment of mid and front vowels (N.B syllabic [ḷ] is probably "dark" as well, hence [ɫr̩].) (c) /l/ → [lr̥] /Cvl — w [l ] / — Vorounded [] /C — # [ɫ] /Vo —, Approx — [l] / elsewhere English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Answer to Ex 3.2: Phonological Processes Word (a) toothbrush (b) symphony (c) curly (d) appointment (e) rapture (f) prairie (g) totter (h) octopus (i) pancake (j) belittle (k) kitchen (l) healthy (m) Tuesday (n) laundry (o) lightning (p) cutlass (q) plural (r) bellow (s) panther Phonological Process labialization nasalization velarization aspiration unreleased/palatalization devoicing flapping unreleased velarization syllabic consonant fronting dentalization monophthongization nasalization nasal release lateral release devoicing velarization dentalization 10 (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) digestion mighty loiter optimal guitar harden palatalization flapping labialization unreleased fronting syllabic consonant (a) Cstop → C k̚/ — Cstop, — # (b) [juː] → [uː]/ C alveolar — English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Answer to Ex 3.3: Word Stress (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) papýrus féminine mìllionáire harmónicà pélican gmetry vocábulàry cómpliment (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) pédigrèe hypótenùse súmmery mèmorándum árchitècture díscipline cáterpillar pènetrátion (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) vìgilánte perípheral màcaróni impérialìsm sátellìte cháracterìze chrómosịme àccidéntal (a) /kəˈtỉstrəfi/ /kỉtəˈstrɑːfɪk/ (b) /ˈsɪnənɪm/ /səˈnɒnəməs/ (c) /rəˈpiːt/ /rəˈpetətɪv/ /ˌrepəˈtɪʃən/ In repetitive, the first t is flapped [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv] because the accent immediately precedes, but in repetition, flapping does not occur because the accent follows In repeat [rəˈpʰiːt] and repetitive [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv], the /p/ is aspirated because it occurs before a stressed vowel, but in repetition it is not aspirated Note that the same principles for flapping and aspiration would apply in 2(a) and 2(e) Also, the same principle for aspiration would apply in 2(f) 11 (d) /ˈmaɪɡreɪt/ /ˈmaɪɡrəˌtɔːri/ /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ (e) /ˈɪntəˌlekt/ /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ /ɪnˈtelədʒənt/ (f) /əˈplaɪ/ /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/ [əˈplɪkəbḷ] or [ˈæplɪkəbḷ] /əˌplɪkəˈbɪlɪti/ or /ˌæplɪkəˈbɪləti/ (g) /eɡˈzɪbɪt/ /eksɪˈbɪʃən/ Voicing occurs when the consonants are not stressed Compare of /əv/, an unstressed preposition, and off /ɑf/, a stressed adverb (a) The N has initial-syllable stress (próverb, réflex), while the A has stress on the second syllable (provérbial, refléxive) (b) The A has initial-syllable stress (pérfect, tránquil), while the N has stress on the second syllable (perféction, tranquílity) (c) The V has initial-syllable stress (ínjure), énter, while the A has stress on the second syllable (injúrious) or third syllable (entertáin) (a) strong: [ðæt] I want that one (demonstrative) That is the best one (pronoun) weak: [ðət] I know that I am right (conjunction) (b) I saw him this afternóon I attended an áfternoon cóncert English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Answer to Ex 3.4: Intonation (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in movie (c) long falling 12 (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in night (c) long falling (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in movie (c) long rising (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in tonight (Note that the definite article with movie tells you that this is given information.) (c) long rising (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow (b) stressed syllable in tonight stressed syllable in tomorrow (c) long rising short rising (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow (b) stressed syllable in tonight stressed syllable in tomorrow (c) long rising short falling (a) two tone groups: we could see a movie tonight // or go out for ice cream (b) stressed syllable in movie 13 stressed syllable in ice cream (c) short rising long falling (a) two tone groups: we could visit a museum this afternoon // or go to the zoo tomorrow (b) stressed syllable in museum stressed syllable in zoo (c) short rising long falling (a) two tone groups: we could go to a movie // couldn't we (b) stressed syllable in movie stressed syllable in couldn't (c) short falling short rising 10 (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in when (c) long falling 11 (a) one tone group (b) stressed syllable in movie (c) long falling 12 (a) two tone groups: you liked that movie // didn't you (b) stressed syllable in movie stressed syllable in didn't (c) long falling short rising 14 13 (a) two tone groups: you liked that movie // didn't you (b) stressed syllable in movie stressed syllable in didn't (c) long falling short falling English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Answer to Ex 3.5: Syllabification 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a.rom.a/a.ro.ma al.ge.bra (al.geb.ra) *lg not a possible initial cluster ad.vo.cate (ad.voc.ate) *dv not a possible initial cluster kan.ga.roo *ng not a possible initial cluster ob.sti.nate (ob.stin.ate) *bst not a possible initial cluster cod.i.fy/co.di.fy (co.dif.y/cod.if.y) al.ti.tude (al.tit.ude) *lt not a possible initial cluster du.pli.cate/dup.li.cate (du.plic.ate/dup.lic.ate) ge.o.me.try/ge.om.e.try (ge.om.et.ry/ge.o.met.ry) tem.per.ate/tem.pe.rate *mp not a possible initial cluster whi.skey/whis.key in.teg.ri.ty/in.te.gri.ty (in.teg.rit.y/in.te.grit.y) a.ppro.pri.ate/a.pprop.ri.ate se.clu.sion/se.clus.ion a.rith.me.tic (a.rith.met.ic) *θm not a possible initial cluster di.sci.pline/disc.i.pline (di.scip.line/disc.ip.line) per.i.o.dic/pe.ri.o.dic (per.i.od.ic/pe.ri.od.ic) ba.na.na/ba.nan.a in.sin.u.ate/in.si.nu.ate *ns not a possible initial cluster nigh.ten.gale/night.en.gale *ng not a possible initial cluster in.stru.ment (in.strum.ent) *ns not a possible initial cluster ek.skla.ma.tion/ek.skl.mat.ion (x = ks) al.rea.dy/al.read.y *lr not a possible initial cluster con.dem.na.tion/con.dem.nat.ion es.thet.ic/es.the.tic *sθ not a possible initial cluster 15 16 ... anger, finger, and wringer, the -er is part of the root of the word, whereas in hanger, ringer and singer, the -er is a derivational suffix added to hang, ring, and sing, where the ng is actually... before front vowels occurs initially and medially before central vowels and consonants and following /s/ (N.B We are ignoring aspiration All of the allophones with the exception of [kk̚] would... rounded vowels [lr̩] occurs following obstruents and nasals word finally [ɫ] occurs following vowels and approximants, medially in the environment of back vowels [l] occurs before front and mid vowels,