Microsoft Word Cover docx FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Master of Engineering (Civil) HES6198 – Research Paper PCTSteel – A tool to design steel structure according to Australian Standard AS4100 Instructor Professor Emad Gad Student Cao Thanh Pham 6657656 SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Literature review 2 2 1 Design models 2 2 1 1 Design for bendin.
SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Master of Engineering (Civil) HES6198 – Research Paper PCTSteel – A tool to design steel structure according to Australian Standard AS4100 Instructor: Professor Emad Gad Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Literature review 2.1 Design models 2.1.1 Design for bending moment 2.1.2 Design for axial compression 2.1.3 Design for axial tension 2.1.4 Design for combined actions of bending and compression and bending and tension 2.2 Software available Specific design model for non-standard I section Developing of PCTSteel tool and its features 10 Validation and limitation 13 5.1 Compare with hand computation 13 5.2 PCTSteel charts compare to AISC charts 13 5.3 Limitation of PCTSteel tool 14 Conclusion 14 References 15 APPENDIX A 16 APPENDIX B 20 APPENDIX C 21 APPENDIX D 23 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Introduction Structural steel is becoming more popular in construction industry because of its usefulness, such as a large bearing capacity and high reliability, light weight, portability during transport and assembly, highly industrialization, and sealed, waterproof Structural steel is suitable for use in structural frame or roof for projects with large span and requires high durability, such as structural frame for industrial factories, roof of stadiums, hangars, and so forth Design of steel structure can be done manually by hand computation but with this way designer would take much time to perform and repeat the calculation steps until achieving the final results Design of structures by using computer has appeared many years ago, and there are many overall software of structural design, and particular for design of steel structure, such as SAP2000, STAAD.Pro, Midas Gen, Tekla, etc The software help to optimize the time of structural analysis and design The benefits of the software are not small but user is hardly to using them popular because they are commercialized with high cost and have copyright to use To solve the above problem, a design tool of steel structure is developed on a spreadsheet which will bring the economic and time efficiency for designers or companies by using it This study introduces a compact spreadsheet which is called “PCTSteel” using to design the steel structure according to Australian Standard AS4100 with several design features, for instance designing capacity of bending, compression, tension, and combined actions of bending and compression and bending and tension of many sections At the moment, this design tool covers the designing of bearing capacity for standard hot rolled sections as UB, UC, WB, WC, PFC, and EA with the grades of 300 and 350, and non-standard I sections Literature review 2.1 Design models AS4100 sets out minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, erection, and modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the limit states design method This standard is intended to apply also to roadway, railway, and pedestrian bridges However, the requirements given in this standard may not always be sufficient for bridge applications In these circumstances, the specifications of the relevant Authority shall be used Below is the design procedure of steel structure of bending, tension, compression, and combined actions of bending and tension and bending and compression 2.1.1 Design for bending moment Section moment capacity Ms: Ms = fyZe Where, (1) fy = yield stress used in design Ze = effective section modulus Member moment capacity Mb: Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Mb = αmαsMs Where, (2) αm = moment modification factor for bending αs = slenderness reduction factor 𝑀 𝑀 𝛼 = 0.6 Where, 𝑀 𝑀 (3) Mo = reference elastic buckling moment for a member subject to bending: 𝑀 = Where, +3 − 𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙 𝐺𝐽 + 𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙 (4) E = young’s modulus of elasticity, 200 x 103MPa G = shear modulus of elasticity, 80 x 103 J = torsion constant for a cross-section Iy = second moment about the cross-section minor principal y-axis Iw = warping constant for a cross-section le = effective length 2.1.2 Design for axial compression Section capacity Ns: Ns = kfAnfy Where, (5) kf = form factor for members subject to axial compression An = net area of a cross-section Member capacity for buckling Nc: Nc = αcNs Where, (6) αc = compression member slenderness reduction factor 𝛼 = 𝜉 1− 1− 90 𝜉𝜆 +1+𝜂 𝜉= (7) (8) Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) 𝜆 = 𝜆 + 𝛼 𝛼 (9) 𝜂 = 0.00326(𝜆 − 13.5) ≥ 𝜆 = 𝛼= 𝑙 𝑟 𝑓 250 𝑘 (10) (11) 2100(𝜆 − 13.5) 𝜆 − 15.3𝜆 + 2050 (12) 2.1.3 Design for axial tension The nominal section capacity of a tension member shall be taken as the lesser of: Gross yielding: Nty = Agfy (13) Fracture: Ntf = 0.85ktAnfu (14) Where, Ag = gross area of a cross-section An = net area of a cross-section kt = correction factor for distribution of forces in a tension member fu = tensile strength used in design 2.1.4 Design for combined actions of bending and compression and bending and tension * Section capacity: - Nominal section moment capacity reduced by axial force about major principal x-axis, Mrx: 𝑀 Where, =𝛺 𝑀 1− 𝑁∗ ∅𝑁 ≤𝑀 (15) N* = design axial force compressive Ø = 0.9, the capacity factor 𝛺 = the ratio, 𝛺 = 1.18 for doubly symmetric I-sections which are compact and kf = 1, and 𝛺 = for the others type - Nominal section moment capacity reduced by axial force about minor principal y-axis, Mry: 𝑀 =𝑀 Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 1− 𝑁∗ ∅𝑁 (16) Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Alternatively, for doubly symmetric I-sections which are compact, Mry is calculated by the following as appropriate: 𝑀 = 1.19𝑀 ∗ 1− ∅ ≤𝑀 (17) Biaxial bending for compression and tension: 𝑀∗ 𝑁∗ 𝑀∗ + + ≤1 ∅𝑁 ∅𝑀 ∅𝑀 (18) Alternatively, for doubly symmetric I-sections which are compact, section at all points along the member shall satisfy: 𝑀∗ + ∅𝑀 𝑀∗ ∅𝑀 𝑁∗ 𝛾 = 1.4 + ∅𝑁 ≤1 ≤2 (19) (20) * Member capacity: - In-plane capacity – elastic analysis: For compression members: 𝑀 =𝑀 1− 𝑁∗ ∅𝑁 (21) 𝑀 =𝑀 𝑁∗ ∅𝑁 (22) For tension members: - 1− Out-of-plane capacity: For compression members: 𝑀 𝑁∗ 1− ∅𝑁 =𝑀 (23) For tension members: 𝑀 =𝑀 1+ 𝑁∗ ∅𝑁 ≤𝑀 (24) * Biaxial bending member moment capacity: For compression members: 𝑀∗ Ø𝑀 𝑀∗ + Ø𝑀 Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 ≤1 (25) Page HES6198 – Research Paper Where, Master of Engineering (Civil) Mcx = the lesser of the nominal in-plane member moment capacity (M ix) and the nominal out-of-plane member moment capacity (Mox) for bending about the major principal x-axis For tension members: 𝑀∗ Ø𝑀 Where, 2.2 + 𝑀∗ Ø𝑀 ≤1 (26) Mtx = the lesser of the nominal section moment capacity (Mrx) reduced axial tension and the nominal out-of-plane member moment capacity (Mox) Software available Currently, there are many software solutions for structural design in the market which included the design of steel structure The popular software are known as SAP2000, Midas Gen, STAAD.Pro, and Tekla Each of software has the significant advantages and disadvantages In 1970, Professor Edward L Wilson and colleagues have launched the first version of SAP And, now it is developing by the Computers & Structures (CSI), USA The latest version of SAP is SAP2000 v15.0.1 SAP200 analyses the structure based on the finite element method It has the ability to set many different types of structures, such as steel structures, aluminum structures, and reinforced concrete structures The complicated structures such as cable-stayed bridges, skyscrapers, off shore structures can be designed by this software By integrating many design features in a software, it is sometimes difficult to use for user, or user need to undergo a training course to understand how to use the software Also, cost and copyright issues are a major obstacle for user who wants to access this software Similar to SAP2000 software, Midas Gen and STAAD.Pro software are two other professional software for structural design, using the finite element method in structural analysis Both software are also designing many different types of structure from complexity to simple Midas Gen was developed by Midas Company in 1989 in North Korea, and used for commercial work in 1996 Version 6.3.2 is the latest version of Midas Gen STAAD.Pro software was first developed by Research Engineers International Company in Yorba Linda, California, USA Then it was acquired and developed by Bentley Systems Company, USA until now The latest version of STAAD.Pro is STAAD.Pro V8i This software can also design many different types of structure including concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminum Tekla is a software of Tekla Corporation, Finland The remarkable feature of this software compared with others software that are the ability of automatically design and export the structural design drawings Tekla is specialized software use for structural steel design, it is suitable for structural design of industrial factory steel frames and prefabricated steel buildings In addition, it also adds the features for structural design of reinforced concrete and precast concrete The above software have outstanding features, depending on the job requirements and habit of using, user will choose a suitable software to use However, these software are commercial Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) software with high cost So, it is not popular for using of individual user or small construction companies, especially students For instant, a simple design tool of steel structure names “Steel Design” developed by Digital Canal that has the price of $395 So that, developing a computer program of steel structural design above user is helpful Specific design model for non-standard I section For standard sections, the sections properties can be found from the tables in AISC Volume 1: Open Sections or from the Onesteel Section Category software However, for non-standard section the section properties have to be calculated by hand computation The calculations of the non-standard I sections properties are presented below Figure – Non-standard I sections Determine the centroid of a cross-section: The I section is divided to three small sections which showed in Figure Assume the area of small section 1, 2, are A1, A2, A3, and the coordinates corresponding of these section centroids to the centroid C of the whole section is (x 1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) Where, C is the centroid of the cross-section, the C coordinates are determined as follow: 𝑋 = ∑ 𝑌 = Where, (𝑥 𝐴 ) ∑ 𝐹 ∑ (𝑦 𝐴 ) ∑ 𝐹 (27) (28) Ai = the area of i-th section Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) xi, yi = the coordinates of i-th section compare to an assumed datum-line of the whole section (xo, yo) Determine second moment of area of a cross-section, I: For case of Figure 1: 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑 +𝐴 𝑦 + +𝐴 𝑦 + +𝐴 𝑦 12 12 12 (29) 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑 +𝐴 𝑥 + +𝐴 𝑥 + +𝐴 𝑥 12 12 12 (30) And work similar for case Determine the radius of gyration, r: Where, 𝑟 = 𝐼 𝐴 (31) 𝑟 = 𝐼 𝐴 (32) Ag is the gross area, Ag = A1 + A2 + A3 Determine the plastic modulus, S: For case of Figure 1: 𝑆 = 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 −𝑡 − 4 𝑑 𝑆 = 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑑 𝑡 + + 4 (33) (34) And work similar for case Determine the elastic modulus, Z: Where, 𝑍 = 𝐼 𝑦 (35) 𝑍 = 𝐼 𝑥 (36) x = bf/2, and y = d/2 or y = y1 or y= y3 depend on the cross-section Warping constant for a cross-section of I sections, Iw: Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) 𝐼 = 𝑑 + + 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 (37) 12 𝑡 𝑏 + 𝑡 𝑏 Determine the section compactness and effective section modulus Z e: Calculate element slenderness values, λe for each plate element: 𝜆 = Determine the ratio 𝑓 250 𝑏 𝑡 (38) for each element, the value of λey reference to table 5.2 of AS4100 The whole section slenderness λs is taken to be equal to the λe value for the largest ratio of The effective section modulus Ze, is then determined from the following “compactness” classifications: λs ≤ λsp compact section λspλsy slender section Where, λsp = λep, λsy = λey which are reference to table 5.2 of AS4100 Compact sections: Ze = S ≤ 1.5Z (39) Non-compact sections: Ze = Z + cz(Zc – Z) (40) 𝑐 = (41) Where, Slender sections: - Section elements having 𝜆 𝑍 =𝑍 (42) 𝜆 uniform compression: -Section with slenderness determined by a stress gradient in plate elements with one edge unsupported in compression: 𝑍 =𝑍 𝜆 𝜆 (43) Determine the form factor, kf: 𝐴 (44) 𝐴 Ag = Σ(biti), gross area of a gross section Ae = Σ(beiti) ≤ Ag, the effective cross-sectional area, 𝑘 = Where, Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Also, the input messages will help user easy to follow the steps of inputting process The input cells are highlight by the dark color to distinguish the input and out cells Figure – Input section and support input massage Figure – Drop down selection in the input and summary of results in the output The summary of results is setting at the first look of output section, which is for quick check of satisfied or unsatisfied of a chosen section User just compares the result from input data and summary of results in the output data to get the most satisfying section This could be known as a solution for the economic problem, which is hard and spends a lot of time to it if manually calculation by hand The top buttons will let user to know where they are in the PCTSteel spreadsheet These buttons also use to jump up from this sheet to another sheet For instant, the Figure below shows that, user is staying in the calculating of bending of standard sections by look buttons by the red highlight If user clicks one of any upon buttons it will move to calculate for the other tasks like tension of standard sections or equal angle sections or non-standard I-section Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 11 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Figure – Support buttons for switching between the calculation tasks The output data is showing the results of calculation and the correlative formulas This output type will help users easy to follow step by step how the results coming out and can recheck manually by hand computation Figure – The illustrative output data Beside the features above, PCTSteel tool is also designed to draw the charts of bending and compression capacity of any sections including equal angle and non-standard I-section The charts are clearly shown the member moment capacity or the compression moment capacity of the section which is using of design and the design moment load or design compression load for easer comparison Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 12 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Figure – The member moment capacities and the design moments about X and Y-axis of 610UB125 grade 300 Validation and limitation 5.1 Compare with hand computation Using PCTSteel, user does not take much time to perform the repetitive calculations many times to be met the suitable section which compares to calculation by hand User simply enters the input data and selects the appropriate section for completing the computational task For hand computation, it takes a lot of pages of paper for calculating phase The errors and mistakes could be occurred during calculating, this leads to get inaccurate results in the final results PCTSteel tool only provides to user a single page of calculation which easy to check and review It will take a few minutes of user to finish the calculation and get the results The calculation process can also print out for approve design or checker 5.2 PCTSteel charts compare to AISC charts Basically, the charts of design member moment capacity ØMb and design member capacity in axial compression ØNc present by PCTSteel tool are the same with the charts provided by AISC However, the charts from PCTSteel are easier to follow than AISC’s charts because the PCTSteel’s charts are showing only one currently section The comparison of PCTSteel’s chart and AISC’s charts are shown in the Appendix A Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 13 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) PCTSteel also allows to show the charts of EA sections and non-standard I-section that is not presented by AISC book The charts of design member moment capacity and design member capacity in axial compression of EA are show in Appendix B The detail of calculation of bending moment capacity and its chart of a non-standard symmetric I-section are presented in the Appendix C, and the detail of calculation of compression and its chart are shown in Appendix D 5.3 Limitation of PCTSteel tool Despite its advantages, PCTSteel tool still has some limitations of using It cannot automatically calculate the effective length le, lex, ley, as well as the value of αm, αb, and kt So, user has to manually calculate or reference to the table to determine these values Besides that, the PCTSteel currently applies only to calculate for the elements of the structure which was analyzed by the elastic method Conclusion PCTSteel provides a very convenient aid for the design of bending, tension, compression, and combined actions between bending and tension and bending and compression for steel structure PCTSteel has significant advantages over showing step by step of calculation process and providing the charts PCTSteel has an important advantage over conventional computer programs, in that they give a good insight into the effect of the various design parameters The result of any change in the trial design is instantly observed because of the automatic recalculation by the spreadsheet This encourages the designer to adjust the input data to achieve better design solutions Optimization by simple search can thus be undertaken rapidly and efficiently with the PCTSteel Instant display of the effect of changes in input data also has an important educational benefit The user of the PCTSteel rapidly builds up an understanding of underlying structural behavior and an intuition for the design situation This can be of particular value in the classroom The option of graphic representation of input and output is of course available in most modern spreadsheet packages With computer facilities now available to almost all structural design engineers, PCTSteel provides an improved means for increasing design efficiency The use of traditional hand calculation is made obsolete by properly prepared spreadsheet templates An economic solution is also provided by PCTSteel tool However, PCTSteel still has the limitations and need to improve more features to design a variety of structures, as well as add more computation of bearing capacity of structures, such as shear capacity and deflection of structure, and add more sections Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 14 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) References Australian Standard, 1998, Australian Standard: Steel Structures, AS 4100, NSW, AUS Australian Institute of Steel Construction, 1994, Design capcity tables for structural steel – Volume 1: Open Sections, 2nd edn, New South Wales, AUS Australian Institute of Steel Construction, 1992, Worked examples for steel structures: Worked design examples for steel structures according to strength limit state of AS4100-1990, 2nd edn, New South Wales, AUS Gorenc, B, Tinyou, R, Syam, A 2009, Steel designers’ handbook, 7th edn, UNSW Press, New South Wales, AUS Standards Australia, 1999, Steel structures design handbook (HB 48 -1999), 2nd end, New South Wales, AUS Madugula, MKS, Kennedy JB 1985, Single and compound angle members, Elsevier applied science publishers LTD, USA Bauer, DB 1997, Calculation of the Plastic Section Modulus Using the Computer, Engineering Journal, Third quarter, pp 104 – 107 Kirke, B, Al-Jamel, IH 2004, Steel Structures Design Manual To AS 4100, 1st end, Queensland, AUS Computers & Structures website, MIDAS Company website, Tekla website, Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 15 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) APPENDIX A Comparison the PCTSteel’s charts and the AISC’s charts for UB section grade 300 Figure A1 - Design member moment capacity ØMbx (kNm) of Universal beam grade 300, 610UB125 provided by PCTSteel Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 16 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Figure A2 – Design member moment capacity ØMb (kNm) of Universal beam grade 300 provided by AISC book Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 17 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Figure A3 - Design member capacity in axial compression ØN c (kN) about x-axis and yaxis of Universal beam section 610UB125 grade 300 provided by PCTSteel Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 18 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) Figure A4 – Design member capacity in axial compression ØNc (kN) of Universal beam grade 300 provided by AISC book Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 19 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) APPENDIX B The charts of a steel Equal Angle section Figure A1 – Design member moment capacity ØMb about X-axis and Y-axis of equal angle 150x150x12 EA grade 300 Figure B2 – Design member capacity in axial compression ØNc about X-axis and Y-axis of the equal angle section 150x150x12 EA grade 300 Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 20 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) APPENDIX C Detail of calculation for bending and the charts of a non-standard symmetric I-section Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 21 HES6198 – Research Paper Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Master of Engineering (Civil) Page 22 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) APPENDIX D Detail of calculation for compression and the charts of a non-standard unsymmetrical Isection Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 23 HES6198 – Research Paper Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Master of Engineering (Civil) Page 24 HES6198 – Research Paper Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Master of Engineering (Civil) Page 25 ... Student: Cao Thanh Pham - 6657656 Page 14 HES6198 – Research Paper Master of Engineering (Civil) References Australian Standard, 1998, Australian Standard: Steel Structures, AS 4100, NSW, AUS Australian. .. introduces a compact spreadsheet which is called “PCTSteel” using to design the steel structure according to Australian Standard AS4100 with several design features, for instance designing capacity... the design of steel structure The popular software are known as SAP2000, Midas Gen, STAAD.Pro, and Tekla Each of software has the significant advantages and disadvantages In 1970, Professor Edward