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Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.Đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Liên bang Nga trong bối cảnh thực thi Hiệp định thương mại tự do Việt Nam Liên minh kinh tế ÁÂu.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY *** SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS PROMOTING THE EXPORT OF GOODS TO THE RUSSIAN MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VIETNAM - EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Field: Economics Specialization: International Economics Code: 931.01.06 TRAN HUY DUC Hanoi – 2022 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED IN FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Quang Minh Dr Vu Thanh Toan Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: This thesis will be defended at Assessment thesis council of Foreign Trade University LIST OF AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS First publication: “Vietnam’s agricultural export to the Russian Federation: Impacts from Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA” in Economy and Forecast Review, issue 19, July 2021 (From page 23 to page 25) Second publication: “Promoting Vietnam’s aquatic exports to the Russian Federation under Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA” in Economy and Forecast Review, issue 20, July 2021.(From page 20 to page 22) INTRODUCTION Dissertation Rationale By the end of 2020, Vietnam has participated in 17 Free Trade Agreements (FTA) including bilateral FTAs, regional FTAs and mixed FTAs Of which, 14 FTAs have come into effect, and 03 FTAs are in the process of negotiation With commitments on tariff reductions and other incentives under FTAs, Vietnam's exports have been promoted, reflected in Vietnam's export turnover, which has increased sharply during the last 10 years The Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union was signed in 2015 and became active in 2016, representing an important step forward in the development of the trade system between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union in general and Russia in particular However, compared to many other markets, the Eurasian Economic Union market has some characteristics that can create certain risks for commodity trade, especially the existence of multiple barriers such as: Requirements on technical barriers in trade and measures to protect food safety, the instability and lack of transparency in animal quarantine and phytosanitary, which are difficult to anticipate; the inconsistent and complicated import process and procedures within the block itself; transactions with partners using mainly Russian language (but not common English); lack of information about available airline partners; inconvenient payment mechanism In the event that these barriers cannot be overcome, the benefits of tariff elimination and market opening brought about by the Agreement will be nullified Businesses need to pay special attention to deal with barriers to market access, taking advantage of the huge tariff benefits brought about by this Agreement Regarding tariff commitments, Vietnamese enterprises also face significant challenges, such as: The enterprises’ competitiveness is not high; while the private sector has developed, the scale is still small and encounters many limitations in financial and technological capacity; domestic manufacturing industries face competitive pressure on the quality and price of imported goods In the context of the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union, the import policy of Russia has been adjusted, and the applied increasing trade barriers caused great difficulties for the Vietnamese economy when participating in exporting to the Russian market The main group of goods, accounting for a large proportion of Vietnam's export turnover to the Russian Federation, are still products in the group of agricultural and garments products and aquatic products, which are groups of low added value and the export values of these products to Russia are also low In addition, although the total export turnover increased, there was uneven growth within several products, increasing in some years and decreasing in others, due to fluctuations in the world economy as well as price competition from exporting countries Therefore, in order to seize the opportunities and cope with the challenges brought about by this FTA, Coordination between regulatory agencies, export businesses and industry associations is essential Therefore, the study "Promoting the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement" satisfies the urgency of the research The study analyzed and assessed the current situation of Vietnam's goods exports to Russia, as a basis for solution proposals to reinforec Vietnam's goods exports to the Russianmarket in the context of implementation of the Vietnam Eurasian Economic Union FTA Overview the studies in this field 2.1 Research into the impact of FTA on export International and Vietnamese studies on the export of goods to Russia have analyzed the characteristics of the Russian market as well as the importing regulations into the Russian market Although these requirements are not as high as importing goods into the European Union, the regulations on the import of Russian goods are stricter, especially for food and agricultural products Studies on the export of goods to the Russian Federation market are scarce and often refer to the export of an item or group of goods, few studies focus on the general export of Vietnamese goods to Russia In the thesis, the author studies the opinions and analysis of some authors such as Zornitsa, 2015; Svetlana, 2016; Deanna, 2018; Ho Minh Hai, 2012; Nguyen Duc Tuan, 2013; Department of International Relations - Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2017; Diem Thi Mai Huong, 2017 2.2 Research on Vietnam – Eurasian Economic Union economic coordination National and international studies have clarified the general contents of integration in general and economic cooperation between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union in particular The trend of integration has been and will create many opportunities and challenges globally Some representatives of the studies so far are those of: Pham Nguyen Minh (2015); Le Thi Thu Nhan (2017); Nguyen The Hung (2017); Pham Hong Phuc (2018); Nguyen Tra My (2019) 2.3 Research on exporting goods to Russia In general, many studies have analyzed the characteristics of the Russian market as well as its regulations on importing goods Although Russian requirements are not as high as European ones, the regulations on the importing goods into Russian goods have recently become more tightened The author has researched and referenced a number of international studies such as Zornitsa (2015), Svetlana (2016), Deanna (2018) and a number of studies by domestic authors such as Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry - VCCI (2017), Nguyen Van Ngoc and Pham Hong Manh (2016), Doan Thi Mai Huong (2017) 2.4 Overall assessment of published works and research gaps 2.4.1 Overall assessment Having a particularly important role in Vietnam's economic development, Vietnam's export activities have been studied by many domestic and foreign studies from different angles Russia is an important export partner of Vietnam, especially in the context that the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU including Russia, the Republic of Belarus, and the Republic of Belarus, The Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic) was signed on May 29th, 2015, and came into force on October 5th, 2016 The signing of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA creates many opportunities for the export of Vietnamese goods to Russia, but at the same time poses many challenges in terms of product quality as well as technical barriers for Vietnamese goods Moreover, from the overview of the aforementioned studies, it shows that related to the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market, specialized works are still restricted; mainly preliminary, general and qualitative studies Other studies mainly focus on one or a few main exported goods such as textiles, agricultural products and aquatic products In addition, when studying the theoretical basis of export and the factors affecting the promotion of export activities, no research has mentioned the factors affecting the export of Vietnamese goods to Russia, especially in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement 2.4.2 Research gaps It can be seen that the export of Vietnamese goods to the Eurasian Economic Union market in general and the Russian market in particular has not been widely recognized and has not been fully developed with respect to the opportunities brought by the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA According to the results of each published work, although there have been some studies on the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market, there is a scarce number of studies on Vietnam's exports to Russia in the context of implementing the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Also according to the research results, few published studies build a complete model of the factors influencing the promotion of Vietnamese goods exports in general and the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market That shows the necessity for a comprehensive macro-level study on the export of Vietnamese goods to Russian and measures to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to Russia in the context of implementing the Vietnam Eurasian Economic Union FTA Research objectives - Systematizing the theoretical basis for promoting export of goods through the mechanism of trade creation and trade diversion, and introduce generally about the FTA between Vietnam and Eurasian Economic Union - Analyzing the situation of exporting Vietnamese goods to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA - Clarifying the ongoing problems facing Vietnam's exports to Russia in the context of implementing the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA - Proposing solutions to encourage the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Research subject, research scope 4.1 Research subject The research object of the thesis is the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 4.2 Research scope Research scope on space: Export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market Research scope on time: The data on the current context of Vietnam's exports to the Russian market is collected in the 8-year period from 2013 to 2020 Solutions are proposed to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to Russia for the period from 2021 to 2025, orientation to 2030 Research scope on content: With respect to the content, the scope of the topic includes main issues: (i) Assessing the current situation of Vietnam's exports to the Russian market according to the following criteria: Export turnover, export market share and structure of export products.; (ii) Analyzing three groups of Vietnam's main export products to the Russian market, including agricultural products, aquatic products and textiles Research methodology The thesis uses a combination of primary data collection methods, secondary data, desk research methods, survey with data collection by interviewing experts Data source: - Secondary data collected from the Annual Abstract of Statistics of the Statistics Office, the statistics of the General Department of Customs, the annual Vietnam Import and Export Report of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the websites of Vietnam Trade Associations such as the Textile and Apparel Association, the Leather, Footwear and Handbag Association, the Vietnam Association of Aquatic product Exporters and Producers, and international websites on statistics in the field of import and export - Primary data collected from surveys, in-depth interviews with state management agencies officials, leaders of Vietnamese export enterprises to Russia The content of the interview survey mainly focused on the situation of promoting Vietnam's goods exports to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Data analysis method: Method of classification and systematization: The author uses this method to classify and arrange information and data according to each aspect, problem content, and each unit with the same properties and characteristics Simultaneously, the author arranges the data in accordance with the research process of the thesis Descriptive statistical method: Via the collected data, the author uses this method to arrange, classify and synthesize collected data, thereby building tables for data analysis and assessing the current situation of Vietnam's goods exports to the Russian market Comparative method: Via the statistical data on the actual situation of Vietnam's goods exports to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA, the author compares the targets according to absolute parameters and relative parameters Meta-analysis method: Each problem will be analyzed in many aspects, analyzing each dimension, each individual and finally synthesizing their relationships together Simultaneously, the author uses this method to systematize the issues of promoting Vietnam's goods exports to Russia in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Expert method: Organize small-scale group seminars to discuss and analyze the research issues of the topic The contributions of the dissertation The contributions of the thesis in terms of theory and practice display in the following aspects: Firstly, the thesis contributes to systematize the theoretical basis of commodity export activities; in which, the new highlight of the thesis is the analysis of the actual situation of commodity exports according to the theoretical framework of the impact of FTAs on a country's exports through the mechanism of trade creation and trade diversion (Based on Viner’s model; 1950) Secondly, the thesis analyzes and proposes specific assessments on the situation of promoting Vietnam's goods exports to Russia, especially in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Thirdly, the thesis offers practical solutions and recommendations for the State, enterprises and Trade Associations in promoting Vietnam's exports to Russia in the context of implementing the Vietnam - Union FTA Eurasian Economy Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, author's commitment, appendices, references, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter Theoretical basis for promoting goods export of nation to the market that has signed the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Chapter The situation of promoting Vietnam's goods exports to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement Chapter Potential and solutions to promote Vietnam's goods exports to the Russian market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS FOR PROMOTING GOODS EXPORT OF NATION TO THE MARKET THAT HAS SIGNED THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) 1.1 Theoretical basis for promoting goods export 1.1.1 Definitions of export goods and export promotion of goods According to the provisions of Article 28 of the Commercial Law 2005, exporting goods is the action of goods being taken out of the territory of Vietnam or brought into a special area located in the territory of Vietnam which is considered a separate customs area according to regulations of the Law Export promotion is measures to increase the exchange of goods and services of one country with others Export promotion takes place on a wide scale in both space and time It can be short or it can last for years Moreover, it can be conducted on a national or multi-country scale 1.1.2 Criteria for evaluating the export of goods Export turnover: Export turnover is perceived as the total value that goods are exported or the amount of money earned by the exporting country Export market share: Export market share is measured by the percentage of the export turnover of one product of an exporting country compared with the total import turnover of the same product of the importing country market Structure of exported goods: The structure of exports is the sum of the parts of the value of exported goods that contribute to the total export turnover of a country along with stable and developing relationships between these components in a given socio-economic condition corresponding to a definite period 1.1.3 Factors affecting the export of goods Objective factors are a group of influencing factors from the external environment of a country, beyond the control of that country, have direct or indirect effects on the export activities of enterprises The following factors can be mentioned: Political situation, international cooperation; The economic development of the export market; The level of international competition; Characteristics and socio-cultural changes of export markets; The level of scientific and technological development of the export market Subjective factors are factors within a country that can be controlled and adjusted in a positive way by the country to serve its export activities, including the following factors: The level of socio-economic development and domestic law; Exchange rate policy; Domestic production capacity; The level of domestic competition; Domestic technical facilities; The development of support services for export activities; Possibility of financial support for export enterprises; Solutions to promote exporting 1.1.4 Solutions to promote export goods Solutions to promote export of goods are classified into solutions implemented by the State and by export enterprises From the practical basis of measures to promote export of goods that have been applied in the past, it is possible to generalize the specific content of measures to promote the growth of export turnover of goods; solutions to increase the market share of export goods and solutions to restructure export goods 1.2 Theoretical basis of goods export activities in the context of implementing free trade agreements 1.2.1 Definition and content of FTA FTA is an agreement between two or more countries (or territories) for the purpose of liberalizing trade in one or several groups of goods by reducing tariffs, creating favorable regulations for the exchange of goods and services and the movement of capital between member states Main content of FTA Trade liberalization: In FTAs, an indispensable content is the commitment to abolish tariff and non-tariff barriers on goods In addition to providing specific tax reduction lists, the FTA also provides a specific roadmap for the implementation of the above commitments by member countries An FTA usually includes rules of origin The content of this regulation is to prescribe a certain domestic content Trade liberalization in services: Today's FTAs often include the liberalization of services, which means that the participating countries commit to open the service market to each other, however the scope and The degree of openness is large or small in FTAs depending on the signatory country Investment liberalization: Commitments towards investment liberalization start to appear in FTAs more often, especially FTAs with the participation of developed countries The content of 10 2.2 Overview of the Vietnam – Eurosian Economic Union FTA 2.2.1 The establishment background of Eurosian Economic Union The establishment of the Union was based on three agreements in 1995, 1999 and 2007 The first agreement in 1995 decided the establishment of the Union, in 1999 the second agreement was signed showing display methods, and finally in 2007 officially declared the creation of a tariff-free economic area and the formation of the Union Based on the unification of the two predecessor organizations, the Eurasian Economic Community and the Eurasian Customs Union, an economic union between Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan was officially formed on 29th May 2014, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was held in Astana, Kazakhstan on May 29, 2014 2.2.2 FTA negotiation process Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union After a total of rounds of official negotiations and multiple unofficial rounds, on the afternoon of December 14, 2014, the two sides agreed to sign a notice of the basic conclusion of negotiations, continuing to promote the process of exchange and internal consultation to complete the remaining technical issues to be able to sign VCUFTA in early 2015 However, during the negotiation process, on May 29th 2014, Russia - Belarus - Kazakhstan established the Eurasian Economic Union to replace the previous Customs Union between the three countries and admitted two new members, the Republic of Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic After that, the negotiation process for the Agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Customs Union (currently the Eurasian Economic Union) continued on schedule, on May 29th 2015 the Free Trade Agreement by Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union was officially approved and signed by the two sides After about half a year of active negotiations, under the close guidance of the Government as well as the leaders of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Working party completed the negotiations and the heads of the negotiating teams initialed the Protocol on Automotive between Vietnam and Russia on January 15th 2016 in Moscow, Russia and Protocol on Automobile between Vietnam and Belarus on January 20th 2016 in Minsk, Belarus Following that, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union: Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus and Armenia, respectively, signed a decree ratifying the Agreement Finally, on October 5th 2016, the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union was officially active 2.2.3 Main content of Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Specifically, the Vietnam- Eurasian Economic Union FTA includes 15 main chapters: 11 - Commodity group: Chapters on Trade in Goods, Rules of Origin, Trade Remedies, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade ( TBT), Facilitation and Customs - Other groups: Chapters Trade in Services, Investment, Intellectual Property, E-commerce, Competition, Legal and Institutions Particularly, the Chapter on Trade in Services, Investment and Movement of Natural Persons is negotiated bilaterally between Vietnam and the Russian Federation and the commitments achieved are only applied bilaterally between the two countries (not applicable to other partners in the EU) Eurasian Economic Union) - Annexes on market opening of Goods, Services, Investment, Rules of Origin with 11,360 tariff lines negotiated 2.2.4 Commitments of the Eurasian Economic Union in the agreement Commitments on tariff: The Eurasian Economic Union's commitment to open the goods market (through tariff elimination) for Vietnam can be divided into the following groups: - Group that eliminated tariffs immediately after the agreement is active (EIF): Including 6,718 tariff lines, accounting for about 59% of the tariff schedule - Group that eliminated tariffs according to the annual reduction schedule and will eliminate tariffs in the last year of the roadmap (until 2025 at the latest): Including 2,876 tariff lines, accounting for about 25% of the tariff schedule - Group that reduced immediately after the FTA took effect 25% compared to the current tax and then remained unchanged: Including 131 tariff lines, accounting for about 1% of the tariff - Non-committed group (N/U): Including 1,453 tariff lines, accounting for 13% of the tariff (this group is perceived as the Eurasian Economic Union which is not bound to eliminate or reduce tariffs, but can unilaterally eliminate/reduce taxes if desired) - The group applying the threshold protection measure (Trigger): Including 180 tax lines, accounting for about 1.58% of the tariff This is a measure of half-variety Tariff Quota (with a threshold limit on quantity), half-variety of Defense (with a consultation procedure to assess the possibility of causing damage to the domestic industry where imports are imported) Applicable products include a number of products in the group of Textiles, Garments, Footwear and Furniture as specified in the Annex on products subject to Threshold Safeguards in the Agreement - Tariff Quota Group: includes only products, unprocessed rice and tobacco leaves 12 Origin commitment Specific product origin rules in the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA are simple, usually goods only need to have a value-added content – VAC ≥ 40% (some require VAC ≥ 50 60%) or there is a conversion of HS codes at 2, 4, and digit levels to enjoy tariff preferences In addition, the Agreement has a provision on De Minimis that allows goods that not meet the requirements for HS code conversion to still enjoy preferential tariffs if there is a content of nonoriginating materials not exceeding 10% of the FOB price of the goods 2.3 The reality of exporting Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 2.3.1 Export turnover It can be seen that from 2013 to 2016 when the Agreement has not come into effect, Vietnam's export turnover to the Russian market grew quite slowly From 2017 to 2020, when the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union took effect, the growth of Vietnam's export turnover to the Russian Federation rose stably The reason, apart from the recovery of Russian economy after the financial crisis, is partly due to the FTA between Vietnam and Eurasian Economic Union 2.3.2 Market share of exported goods In general, Vietnamese goods account for a relatively low proportion of the Russian Federation's goods market Specifically, in 2013, the import turnover of the Russian Federation was 341.3 billion USD, while the import turnover of goods from Vietnam by the Russian Federation was 1.90 billion USD, corresponding to the proportion of only 0.56% and ranked 17th among the countries exporting goods to this market In 2016, the import turnover of the Russian Federation market was 191.5 billion USD, of which, the import of goods from Vietnam was nearly 1.62 billion USD, equivalent to the proportion of 0.85% and ranked first 13 of the countries export goods to this market By 2020, the import turnover of goods of the Russian Federation will reach 231.7 billion USD, while the import turnover of goods from the Vietnamese market will reach 2.85 billion USD, equivalent to the proportion of 1.23% and ranked 12th among the countries exporting goods to this market It can be seen that, with the stable growth of Vietnam's goods export turnover to the Russian Federation market, Vietnamese goods increasingly account for a larger proportion of the imported goods of the Russian Federation market especially in the period 2017 2020 when the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union takes effect 13 2.3.3 Structure of exported goods Vietnam's exports to the Russian market are mainly groups of agricultural products, aquatic products, mobile phone components, computers, and textile products and products In general, the structure of Vietnam's goods exports in the period 2013 - 2016 when the FTA between Vietnam - the Economic Union - Asia - Europe has not yet taken effect and in the period of 2017 - 2020 when the Agreement came into effect, there have been some changes significant changes In 2016, the group of phones and components accounted for 25.33% of the total export turnover of Vietnam to the Russian Federation and the group of agricultural products accounted for 23.36% of the total export turnover of Vietnam - the Russian Federation Next is the group of computer products, accounting for 16.23% of total export turnover The group of aquatic products accounted for 11.21% and the garment group accounted for 9.83% of the total export turnover of Vietnam to the Russian Federation market In 2020, the group of phones and components accounted for 26.54% of Vietnam's total export turnover to the Russian Federation and the group of agricultural products accounted for 25.37% of the total export turnover of Vietnam - Russia Thus, both of these key export groups have a slight increase in the structure of Vietnam's exports to the Russian Federation Next is the group of computer products, accounting for 15.71% of the total export turnover, a slight decrease in the structure of export products compared to 2016 The group of marine products accounted for 12.33% and the group of garments accounted for 9.95% of Vietnam's total export turnover to the Russian Federation market - a slight increase compared to the structure of exports in 2016 2.3.4 Solutions to promote export On the side of the government, on December 28, 2011, the Prime Minister issued Decision No 2471/QD-TTg approving the Commodity Import-Export Strategy for the period 2011-2020, with orientation to 2030 In the context of the implementation of the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union, state agencies have applied many measures to promote exports of goods to the Russian Federation such as: organizing consultations from businesses, and trade agreements industry association to propose measures to remove difficulties for enterprises exporting goods to the Eurasian Economic Union in general and the Russian Federation in particular; promulgate guidelines on the 14 implementation of regulations on origin of goods under the FTA Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union; continue negotiations to bring more advantages to Vietnamese exporters to the Eurasian Economic Union market in general and the Russian Federation in particular; efforts to sign the Protocol on building an electronic origin verification and certification system in the near future On the side of businesses, along with State agencies, in the context of implementing the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA, Vietnamese exporters have applied many measures to boost the export of goods goods to the Russian Federation, specifically: actively looking for customers, penetrating the market to boost export turnover of goods to the Russian Federation; began to have changes in production thinking, focusing on output quality standards to export goods of higher value and convenience; actively participate in fairs and exhibitions to promote, introduce products and find partners 2.4 The export situation of some key products to the Russian Federation market under the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 2.4.1 Agricultural exports Export turnover of agricultural products: Agricultural products are commodities with export value accounting for about 20% of the total export turnover of Vietnam to the Russian Federation In the period 2013 - 2016 when the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA has not yet come into effect, Vietnam's agricultural export turnover to the Russian Federation decreased slightly in 2015 and increased insignificantly in 2016 In the period 2017 - 2020, when the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union came into effect, Vietnam's agricultural export turnover to the Russian Federation had a strong growth The growth of Vietnam's agricultural export turnover to the Russian Federation in the period 2017-2020 has a significant contribution from the incentives under the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA because Vietnamese agricultural products also enjoy a lot of preferential tariffs from this FTA According to the FTA, Vietnamese agricultural products exported to the Russian Federation enjoy a preferential tax rate of 0% immediately after the FTA takes effect or according to the 10-year roadmap Export market share of agricultural products: Among the seven main agricultural products exported from Vietnam to the Russian Federation in 2020, cashew nuts, pepper and coffee are the three items that account for the largest proportion of turnover imports of that agricultural product of the Russian Federation with the proportion of 81.82%, 73.77% 15 and 18.92% respectively Commodities with a steady and steady increase in share are pepper, coffee and cashew nut Commodities with an increased but still low proportion are rubber, vegetables and tea Particularly for rice, the share is the least stable in the import structure of the Russian Federation Structure of export agricultural products: The main agricultural products that Vietnam exported to the Russian Federation during the period included rubber, cashew nuts, coffee, vegetables and fruits, tea, pepper and rice 2.4.2 Aquatic product Aquatic export turnover: Vietnam's aquatic product export turnover to the Russian Federation has many fluctuations in the period 2013 to 2020 Export market share of aquatic product: Although Vietnam is in the list of 10 aquatic product exporting countries to the Russian market with the main product being pangasius fillets (accounting for over 70% of Vietnam's total Aquatic product exports to the Russian market) Russia, accounting for 13% of the total amount of fish fillets imported by the Russian Federation), but recently, Vietnam's Aquatic product exports to the Russian market only account for 3.6% of Russia's total Aquatic product imports and account for only about percent 3% of Vietnam's total Aquatic product exports Structure of aquatic product exports: Vietnam exports to the Russian Federation mainly pangasius products, basa fillets; frozen sturgeon; chilled halibut, herring, sardines; Frozen squid, octopus 2.4.3 Textile Textile and garment export turnover: Vietnam's textile and garment export turnover to the Russian Federation market in the period 2013-2020 has many fluctuations In 2014, Vietnam's textile and garment export turnover to the Russian Federation market reached 136.31 million USD In 2015 and 2016, Vietnam's textile and garment export turnover to the Russian Federation decreased to 84.76 million USD in 2015 and 110.23 million USD in 2016 By 2017, export turnover of goods from Vietnam to the Russian Federation increased by nearly 40%, reaching 153.78 million USD In 2018, Vietnam's textile and garment export turnover decreased to 128.34 million USD However, currently, Vietnam's textile and garment export turnover to the Russian Federation market only accounts for about 4% of the 16 textile and garment import turnover of the Russian Federation, estimated at about billion USD/year Vietnam, 2020) Export market share of textiles and garments: Vietnam's textile products account for a significant share of the Russian Federation's textile and apparel imports Specifically, in 2020, Vietnam ranked 6th among more than 100 countries exporting textiles and garments to the Russian Federation market with a market share of 4.2%, behind China (34.42%), Bangladesh (13.57) %), Uzbekistan (6.5%) Italy (7.07%) and Turkey (6.4%) Along with that, in the period 2013-2020, the market shares of Vietnam's textiles and garments in the Russian Federation market also gradually increased 2.5 General assessment of the situation of exporting Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 2.5.1 Achievements Regarding export turnover, Vietnamese goods exported to the Russian Federation maintained a stable growth during this period, despite the instability in the import of goods of this market In terms of export market share, Vietnamese goods are increasingly capturing a larger share of imported goods of the Russian Federation market, especially in the period 2017 - 2020 when the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA effective The structure of Vietnam's exports to the Russian Federation market is generally consistent with Vietnam's advantages Regarding export promotion measures that have been applied in recent times, especially since the FTA Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union took effect, State management agencies, export enterprises and Vietnam's industry associations have combined many measures to boost the export of goods to the Russian Federation market 2.5.2 Limitations and reasons Regarding the export turnover of Vietnam's goods to the Russian Federation, in general, stable growth was maintained, but the export turnover of some key commodities in this period tended to be unstable or gradually decreased Regarding the market share of export goods, although in some key products, Vietnamese goods account for a large share of the market of the Russian Federation such as 17 pepper, cashew nut, coffee, but the market shares of Vietnamese goods In general, the Russian Federation market is still very low, only about 1% Regarding the structure of export goods, the diversity of Vietnam's export goods is not high The above limitations come from many reasons, but mainly from the following reasons: First, the ability of Vietnamese enterprises to penetrate the Russian Federation market is still limited Second, Vietnam's export support activities have not been fully effective Third, objective difficulties in terms of geography, culture, language, and politics Fourth, difficulties due to competitive pressure Fifth, the capacity of Vietnamese enterprises to participate in international trade is still limited CHAPTER 3: POTENTIAL AND SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE THE EXPORT OF GOODS TO THE RUSSIA FEDERAL MARKET UNDER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VIETNAM FTA - EURASIAN ECONOMY 3.1 Potential about promoting export of goods to the Russian Federation market in the context that the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA will be implemented more deeply in the future 3.1.1 Forecast of the Russian Federation market in the near future 3.1.1.1 Forecast of factors affecting the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market a) Political situation and international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the near future: In the short term, the Russian Federation will continue to have political conflicts and be affected by the embargoes from the United States, the allies and the European Union At the same time, the Russian Federation will seek to strengthen relations with China, India and other countries including Vietnam In the long term, it is expected that relations between the Russian Federation and the United States will have more positive changes, creating conditions for economic and trade recovery 18 b) The development of the economy of the Russian Federation: In 2020, Russia rose from seventh to second place in Bloomberg's ranking of emerging economies c) Economic and trade policy of the Russian Federation in the coming time: The economic policy of the Russian Federation in the East Sea area is associated with the country's look-east policy and gradually considers trade and investment relations Investment with countries in the East Sea region and ASEAN is an important trading partner, especially cooperation in the field of Russia is a strength The Russian Federation still focuses on economic relations with China and Vietnam as the two key markets in the region d) Level of international competition: At the present time, the Eurasian Economic Union is actively promoting and expanding negotiations and signing of FTAs with other countries, in which besides Vietnam has signed FTAs with countries such as China, Singapore, Iran, Cuba and is continuing to negotiate FTAs with 14 other countries 3.1.1.2 Forecast of demand and consumption trends of the Russian Federation market Russia is a traditional market for Vietnamese goods and is "easy" in the selection of models and quality compared to many European countries, and Vietnamese businesses are benefiting from this advantage Although the two-way trade turnover between Vietnam and Russia is constantly increasing every year, the demand from Russia for Vietnamese goods is still very large 3.1.2 Forecast of export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market in the near future a) Domestic export policy: During the last years, Vietnam's export policy following the sustainable growth model has increasingly affirmed its role in contributing to economic growth as well as exploiting the country's economy effectiveness of the process of international economic integration b) Exchange rate policy: In the coming time, the Government of Vietnam will have to make changes in monetary management policy, especially the exchange rate policy in the direction of determining more accurately and closely on the value of the Vietnamese dong against the US dollar This change will certainly have a great impact on Vietnam's goods export activities in general and goods exports to the Russian Federation market in particular 19 c) Domestic production capacity: Over the years, Vietnam has grasped the trend of production shifting in the world In addition to maintaining and achieving good growth in major export markets such as the US, EU, Japan, and South Korea, Vietnam's exports have made breakthroughs in other markets d) Domestic infrastructure: The current trend is to develop import-export infrastructure in association with the formation of economic zones - seaports Especially, most of these economic zones have tariff and non-tariff areas e) The development of supporting services for export activities: supporting services for export activities such as transportation services, logistics services development is an important factor promoting the export of goods of Vietnam in general and exported to the Russian Federation in particular f) The ability to provide financial support for export enterprises: The problem of capital of export enterprises always needs the support of authorities in the same banking industry” g) Measures to promote export of goods: The policy of promoting export will still be the general policy of Vietnam in the coming time 3.2 Proposing solutions to boost the export of goods to the Russian Federation market in the context of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 3.2.1 Solutions for the State 3.2.1.1 Solutions to boost the growth of export turnover of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market Firstly, perfecting the legal system, creating a favorable legal environment for the export of Vietnamese goods to the international market in general and to the Russian Federation in particular Second, the State needs to expand, develop synchronously and improve the quality and performance of support services for export enterprises Third, the State needs to set up channels to closely coordinate with state management agencies of the Russian Federation to study and build a list of national key projects of the two sides Fourth, trade promotion must be directed and implemented more effectively and practically 20 Fifth, the State needs to direct the authorities to promote the establishment of electronic trading floors in order to promote more widely Vietnamese products on the one hand, and on the other hand, initially carry out e-commerce transactions between Vietnamese enterprises and partners of the Russian Federation Sixth, the State needs to continue to improve the import-export management mechanism in a more effective way 3.2.1.2 Solutions to increase the market share of Vietnamese exports in the Russian Federation market a) The State should strengthen activities to support enterprises in market research as well as regulations on importing goods into the Russian Federation through strengthening diplomatic relations between the two Governments b) The State needs to direct ministries and branches to implement policies to support improving the competitiveness of Vietnamese goods when exporting to the Russian Federation market First, the State needs to increase investment in the construction and development of the infrastructure system Second, the State needs to strengthen the development of human resources, especially high-quality human resources Third, the State should strengthen the simplification of the management of export activities Fourthly, the State needs to directly support export enterprises in a number of contents such as setting up an export insurance fund and a price stabilization fund, and establishing a favorable exchange rate regime for export activities 3.2.1.3 Solutions for restructuring Vietnamese goods exported to the Russian Federation market First, the State should soon develop a commodity export strategy for the period 2021-2030 Second, the State needs to strengthen the role of functional agencies in supporting and creating a favorable environment for the process of restructuring Vietnamese exports to the Russian market Third, the State should create favorable conditions for investment activities and application of advanced science and technology in the production of export goods 21 3.2.2 Solutions for export enterprises 3.2.2.1 Solutions to boost the growth of export turnover of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market Firstly, enterprises exporting Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation need to develop specific market access plans, improve the quality of activities to collect market information Secondly, enterprises exporting Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation need to make full use of the incentives that the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA brings 3.2.2.3 Solutions to increase the market share of Vietnamese exports in the Russian Federation market First of all, businesses need to coordinate with transport services, find ways to reduce intermediary costs and freight time Next, in terms of packaging, businesses should pay attention to the issue of trademark, protect the brand for their products when entering this market to avoid unfortunate damage if the brand is lost Finally, enterprises need to apply production processes according to international standards for export products 3.2.2.3 Solutions for restructuring Vietnamese goods exported to the Russian Federation market First, exporters need to continue to focus on investing in industries and commodities that have competitive advantages and enjoy many incentives from the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Second, businesses need to increase investment in research and development and increase the application of science and technology to the entire process of producing and exporting goods Third, businesses need to actively participate in regional and global supply chains 3.2.3 Solutions for key industries 3.2.3.1 For export of agricultural products Firstly, enterprises exporting Vietnamese agricultural products to the Russian Federation need to improve the quality of agricultural products Second, enterprises exporting agricultural products of Vietnam need to actively seek information and partners in the Russian Federation market 22 Third, Vietnamese agricultural product exporters need to actively learn and exploit the maximum advantages for agricultural products from the provisions of the Vietnam Eurasian Economic Union FTA Fourthly, Vietnamese agricultural product exporters need to improve the sense of community among domestic producers and exporters of agricultural products Fifth, enterprises exporting agricultural products need to actively build brands for Vietnamese agricultural products to be exported to the Russian Federation 3.2.3.2 For aquatic product export Firstly, Vietnamese aquatic product exporters need to step by step join the distribution channel on the Russian market Secondly, businesses need to improve their professionalism in participating in specialized aquatic product fairs and exhibitions in the Russian Federation Third, enterprises need to strengthen cooperation and linkage between domestic aquatic product processing and exporting enterprises and with foreign enterprises to expand markets Fourth, exporters need to improve the quality of aquatic products exported to the Russian Federation Fifth, businesses need to diversify aquatic product products to suit the tastes and preferences of consumers in the Russian Federation Sixth, exporters need to build brands for aquatic products exported to the Russian Federation 3.2.3.3 For textile exports Firstly, textile and garment export enterprises need to strengthen joint ventures and associations to improve the efficiency of textile and garment exports Second, Vietnamese exporters need to improve the competitiveness of textile and garment products exported to the Russian Federation market Third, textile and garment exporters need to step up marketing activities and implement various forms of trade promotion in the Russian Federation market Fourth, textile and garment exporters need to create a brand name and affirm the prestige of Vietnamese textile and garment products in the Russian market Fifth, textile and garment exporters need to focus on importing modern machinery and technology 23 CONCLUSION Regarding the research overview, the thesis has systematically presented domestic and foreign studies related to the impact of FTAs on export activities, integration and economic cooperation between Vietnam and the EU Eurasian economy and export of goods to the Russian Federation From that, the author points out that although there have been a number of studies on the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market, there are quite a few studies on Vietnam's exports to the Russian Federation in the context of the Russian Federation implementation of the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union The studies also only consider the scope of an export product or group of products That shows the need for a complete and comprehensive macro-level study on Vietnam's exports to the Russian Federation, in a theoretical framework on the impact of FTAs, from which to propose export measures to boost the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Theoretically, the research has mentioned the concepts of export, export promotion, criteria for evaluating export activities and factors affecting export activities The thesis also systemizes theories about the influence of the Free Trade Agreement on export activities in the direction of creating and redirecting trade The thesis also analyzes the contents and impacts of the Vietnam Eurasian Economic Union FTA on the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market In terms of research methods, when conducting research, the author uses common methods in research such as: meta-analysis, statistics, description and comparison to analyze the current situation of exporting goods to the Union Russia, from which there are general comments and assessments on the export situation as well as the impacts of the Vietnam-Eurasian Economic Union FTA on the export of goods to the Russian Federation The research findings: based on the analysis of the current situation of Vietnam's goods exports in the period 2013 - 2016 (before the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA came into effect) and the period 2017 - 2020 (after the FTA came into effect), the author pointed out the achievements, limitations, and causes of restrictions to serve as a basis for proposing solutions to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation in the context of this FTA Regarding the solutions: the author focuses on giving practical solutions and recommendations to the State and enterprises in promoting Vietnam's exports to the Russian Federation in the coming time The thesis focuses on the following three groups of solutions: (i) Solutions to boost the growth of export turnover of Vietnamese goods to the Russian Federation market; (ii) Solutions to increase the market share of Vietnamese exports in the Russian Federation 24 market and solutions to restructure Vietnamese exports to the Russian Federation market and (iii) Solutions for a number of key industries: agricultural products, aquatic products and textiles Based on the purpose of the thesis, it can be seen that the research results have solved the problems raised and ensured the research objectives of the author However, these results still have some limitations as follows: Firstly, exports to the Russian Federation in the context that Vietnam has joined the WTO still stick to a small model that has not met the requirements of the market Secondly, Vietnamese enterprises, when penetrating and expanding the export market of goods to Russia, still lack of investment time and resources in terms of capital, time and staff for acknowledging and expanding the market ... coming time 3.2 Proposing solutions to boost the export of goods to the Russian Federation market in the context of the Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA 3.2 .1 Solutions for the State 3.2 .1.1... Strategy for the period 2011-2020, with orientation to 2030 In the context of the implementation of the FTA between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union, state agencies have applied many measures... experts Data source: - Secondary data collected from the Annual Abstract of Statistics of the Statistics Office, the statistics of the General Department of Customs, the annual Vietnam Import and