[08 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 &8 2009 • U ' i v 'HI', I 1 ' I • VE COMO 9WiG ISLAM GIAO 6 PHILIPPIC IVGlJdl MORO C o le, ndi ed bflc t r a n h ten giae kha dac biet d khu vflc Ddng Nam A la vflng q u i n did Philippin Ma, mang mau dac biet n h a t trong bflc t r a n h tdn giao nay cua Philippin la Islam giae, mot tdn giae, che den t a n hdm nay, van ludn la van de ndng bdng va khd g i i i quyet n h a t cho chfnh quyen, dfl rang, eae tfn dd dao Islam d day khdng phai la ddng ( k h e i n g 5,3°/o da[.]
Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 [08 &8-2009 • : U ' i - v I VE COMO 9WiG 'HI',-1 ' I • ISLAM GIAO PHILIPPIC-IVGlJdl MORO NGO VAN DOANH'"' C o le, ndi ed bflc tranh ten giae kha dac biet d khu vflc Ddng Nam A la vflng q u i n did Philippin Ma, mang mau dac biet nhat bflc tranh tdn giao cua Philippin la Islam giae, mot tdn giae, che den tan hdm nay, van ludn la van de ndng bdng va khd giii quyet nhat cho chfnh quyen, dfl rang, eae tfn dd dao Islam d day khdng phai la ddng (kheing 5,3°/o dan sd ci nfldc) Vay dieu gi da tae nen tinh gay can treng mdi quan he gifla cdng ddng Islam giao va ehinh quyen d Philippin De hieu dieu nay, khdng the khdng nhin vae ljch sfl truyen ba va phat trien cua dao Islam P vflng q u i n d i e tfl nhflng d i u cho den Nhfl ddi vdi nhieu khu vflc khae tren the gidi thfldng nhan Arap la nhflng ngfldi d i u tien dem glee hat gid'ng eua dac Islam vao Philippin Cac tai lieu lich sd va truyen thuj'et che biet, vao khoing thap nien cudi cflng cua the ki XIII va thap men d i u cda the ki XIV, thfldng nhan ngfldi Arap da den Sulu Tii lieu dia phfldng ndi tdi chuyen cd biy ngfldi anh em la nhflng ngfldi d i u tien den day 'vdi nhiem vu cai dac cho vflng dat Tien si Majul eho rang, bay ngfldi anh em d day khdng phii la nhflng ngfldi anh em mang tinh smh hpc, ma la bieu tfldng ve bay ngfldi ehinh ed nhiem vu truyen ba dac Islam vad Sulu va Mindanao Rat cd the, thdng qua nhflng boat ddng truyen giae diy ed' gang cda bay dng t h i y diu tien hay cac Makhdunim nay, ma tin ngfldng va nhflng dieu thflc hanh cua dao Islam dfldc cac tan tin dd d day biet tdi Bing chflng cho dieu la, vac thdi diem, Raja Baguinda Ali cua Sumatra cflng met vai vi dai quan cua dng tdi vflng vae cudi the ki XIV, da cd nhflng ngfldi Muslim d Jdld rdi Den gifla the ki XV, Sherif Abu Bakr da lap met qud'c gia Islam giae d Sulu Sfl viec tren che thay, cd sfl ldn manh thflc sfl va cd y thflc cua nhflng ngfldi dan theo dao Islam d Sulu Cae tai lieu ehc biet, Sherif Abu Bakr da cfldi ecn gai cda Raja Baguinda Ali Den thdi gian nay, viec cai giao sang dao Islam cua vflng quin die Sulu coi nhfl hoan Tfl Sulu, Islam giae tham nhap vae vflng Mindanao Cic ngudn tai lieu va truyen thuyet cho r i n g cd nhieu t h i y sherif den de truyen dao, nhflng cdng d i u viec dfla dao Islam vao Cetabato va Lanao thude ve nhflng boat dpng truyen giae eua Sherif Muhammad Kabungsuan, ngfldi den vung vae k h o i n g gifla the ki XVI * PGS.TS., Vien Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A Ngo Van Doanh Ve cdng ddng Islam gido Sau day, tai vflng Lanao, ed bdn qude gia Islam giao (sultanate) dfldc lap Vj the cua dao Islam d Sulu va vflng Mindanao dfldc cung cd' them mdt p h i n la nhd nhflng mdi quan he lien tue vdi Malacca, Sumatra, Java va Molucca Ve mdi quan he tdn giao gifla Molucca va vflng phia nam Philippin, nha nghien cflu Islam giao cua khu vflc nay, tien si Majul viet; "Nhflng cudc tiep xuc da tae nhflng hen minh quan sfl thflc sfl cflng nhfl nhflng trae ddi tdn giao cd the dfldc li giai nhfl la sfl dap lai viec ngfldi Bd Dao Nha va ngfldi Tay Ban Nha tdi Malaisia Viec nhflng ngfldi Phfldng Tay den la sfl de dpa c i ve budn ban lan ve tdn giac ddi vdi rat nhieu ngfldi Ma Lai Cai md hinh eua nhflng cudc Thap Tfl Chinh, nhfl vay, da dfldc lap lai va tiep tuc d mdt p h i n khac cda the gidi"'".Va, cflng chi treng vdng met thdi gian khdng dai, dad Islam da ben re kha sau va ed nhflng i n h hfldng rat ldn den ddi sd'ng chinh trj, xa hdi va van hda cua cac cfl dan mien nam qud'c did Philippin Tien si Majul khai quat ve nhflng tac ddng manh me eua Islam giae vad cac dan tdc d day nhfl sau: "Dad Islam da dfla mdt he thd'ng mdi ve luat le va nha nfldc, met kieu chfl viet mdi va ea met quan diem mdi vao cudc sd'ng Dd la mdt tdn giao ma kbi den da mang theo minh ci nhflng gia trj mdi va nhflng the che xa hdi mdi Tdn giae khdng phai la dfldng ngan each manh me gifla eai the tuc va cai tdn giae Tdn giae la tdn giae ludn ben bi mong mud'n thich nghi vao nhflng the che da cd s i n vdi hi vpng la the nao, cudi cung thi nhflng the che cua chinh minh se t h i n g the^'''^' The nhflng, dung vao ldc dao Islam dang t h i n g the va mdt sd qud'c gia Islam 109 giao da xuat hien d vdng d i e mien nam dat nfldc, thi ngfldi Phfldng Tay cung bat dau xuat hien d Philippin Nam 1521 Magenlang va doan tham hiem cda dng da den vflng q u i n d i e Philippin Sau day, vad nhflng nam 60 cua the ki XVI vung quan did chi'nh thflc dUdc nha tham hiem Vilialebdt ngfldi Tay Ban Nha dat ten la "Philippin" de ki niem vfldng tneu Phihp De Nhj d Tay Ban Nha Sfl kien tren la sfl khdi diu chd qua trinh xam Ifldc Philippin cda thflc dan Tay Ban Nha Cudc xam Iflde chinh thflc dfldc phat ddng vad nam 1564 Nam sau, nam 1565, quan dpi Tay Ban Nha chiem die Sebu Den nam 1571, Tay Ban Nha tuyen bd Manila la thd dd cda toan tbupc dja Va, cung tfl thdi diem ngfldi Tay Ban Nha tdi xam Ifldc, b i t d i u nd cudc dung diu khdng chi gifla ngfldi dan tbupc dja va thflc dan xam Ifldc, ma cdn gifla hai tdn giae Nhflng ngfldi Tay Ban Nha la liic Ifldng cua Cdng giae, cdn ngfldi dai dien che Islam giad la nhflng ngfldi ma ngfldi Tay Ban Nha gpi la ngfldi Mdrd (ten gpi cua tec ngfldi thee Islam giad d Bac Phi da xam Ifldc va thd'ng trj Tay Ban Nha sud't gin 800 nam) Nhflng ngfldi Mdrd thflc chat la nhflng tdc ngfldi cfl trfl d eae huyen phia tay va tay nam dio Mindanao, quan die Sulu va phia narm d i e Palavan, da theo dao Islam Dfl cd nhieu phfldng ngfl, nhflng ngdn ngfl cua nhflng ngfldi Mdrd gan vdi tieng Vixai (met dan tdc ed sd' dan ddng nhat d Philippin, sdng d trung tam quin Cesar A Majul Islamic and Arabic Cultural influences in the South of the Philippines, din theo O L Evangelista, Sdd tr 23 Cesar Majul Political and Historical Notes on the Old Sulu Siilnate JMBRAS, vol.38, part 1, so 207, July, 1965, tr.36 Din theo O L Evangelista Sdd tr.24 no Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 &8- 2009 did) Nghe chinh eua ngUdi Mdrd la lam ndng nghiep va danh ea Hp trdng Ida nfldc, Ida khd va eae leai cay khae nhfl ngd, khoai, san, dfla, cau, chudi ; biet dflng cay sat de cay rudng, nhflng cud'c van dfldc dung nhieu hdn ci; dflng hai (bclo) de gat lua Ngoai lam ndng ngfldi More cdn chan nudi trau va ngfla de cfldi va van chuyen dd vat, khdi danh bat ea bang thuyen budm, xud'ng bien md ngpc trr.i Trflde Islam giac tham nhap vad Philippin vae the ki XIV, cac thu linh cda Jele va Cetabate da manh va ldn hdn so vdi cac thu linh (batu) eua cac lang (barangay) dia phfldng Va, eac trung tam dan cfl rieng le da trd nhflng diem budn ban quan trpng vdi met the che td chflc va chflc nang d t i m tren barangay Qua trinh Islam giad hda sau day ehi gdp p h i n thuc day nhanh hdn sfl md rdng tfl nhien cda barangay Vi the ma, sau dae Islam vae, da xuat hien, nhfl mot ket qua tfl nhien, "dang Islam giao" cda kieu td chdc xa hdi barangay Cflng vi vay ma, dfl cd mang hinh thflc la met sultan cua Islam giae, nhflng cae thu linh cua cae cdng ddng barangay Islam giae - cac sultan - van chi la cae datu nhfl mdt tfl tfldng ddan ket tap hdp q u i n chdng Va tfl tfldng doan ket cda dao Islam da ket hdp vdi tinh thin yeu nfldc cua dan chdng de trd mdt sflc m a n h chd'ng lai Cdng giac Ket qua la, ea mdt khdi cdng ddng rdng ldn nhflng ngfldi Muslim chfla bao gid sap nhap vad thude dja eua Tay Ban Nha Sudt hdn 300 nam lien tue quan he gifla thude dja Tay Ban Nha va cdng ddng ngfldi Islam giae ludn la nhflng quan he thfl djeh, ma dflpc biet tdi la nhflng cudc chie'n t r a n h More Sfl thu dieh va nhflng cudc dung dp gifla bai nhdm tdn giao mang nhflng hinh thflc li khai manh liet mdi tfldng tac qua lai khien ehc tflng nhdm li khai, treng tach khdi nhdm kia, lai cd' ket sfl dean ket ndi bp Tai hai tdn giao deu tfl ben ngoai den lai cd sfl dung diu mdt mat met eon d vflng da't Philippin xa xdi nay? Va, tai treng cudc dung d i u quyet liet nay, nhflng ngfldi theo Islam giae lai ed dflpc sfl ung hd rdng ldn hdn la nhflng ngfldi Tay Ban Nha thed Cdng giad? Nhfl d eac ndi khac the gidi Islam giao d mien nam Philippin dao Islam da dfla den met tinh t h i n cdng ddng cho nhflng ngfldi da trd Muslim va lam chd hp cd mdt y thflc he la mdt bp phan cua ca met khdi cdng ddng Islam giae qud'c te vfldt len tren ea nhflng ll thi tdc, ngdn ngfl va, tham chi, ci nhflng khac biet chung tdc Viec ngfldi Tay Ban Nha den cflng gfldm va cay t h i n h gia da thuc diy nhflng boat ddng cua nhflng ngfldi Islam giao tdi dinh diem va khien eho dae Islam ndi bat len Cudc chie'n mang tinh tcan cau gifla Cdng giao va Islam giio da b i t d i u nd chi met thdi gian ngan sau dang tien tri Mohammad qua ddi Cudc chien dd, luc d i u nd sfl banh trfldng eua Cdng giao cflng vdi sfl md rdng cdng ddng Muslim sang ci Chau Au va Bie Phi Nhflng cudc chien gifla hai tdn giao nay, ma ldn nha't va keo dai nhat la nhflng cudc Thap Tfl chmh, cudc dau tranh chd'ng lai nhflng ngfldi Muslim P Tay Ban Nha, rdi nhflng cudc chie'n d Thd Nhi Ky va Ddng Dja Trung Hii, v.v da tao hai thflc the Islam giao va Cdng giae Vflng q u i n d i e Philippin, cflng nhfl Ngo Van Doanh Ve cdng ddng Islam gido 11 d T r u n g Ddng, B i e Phi va C h a u Au trflde Cdng giao va chu nghia thiic dan Ve sfl dd, da trd t h a n h ndi t r a n h gianh sfl b a n h ddi d i u d cac ^vflng dat Malay, n h a trfldng cda Islam giae va Cdng giad Va, khoa hpc ngfldi H a Lan, B e r t r a m Schrike, Islam did Viet: "Hai the Iflc dd' kj va khdng the hda Philippin trflde Cdng giae m e t t h e k i Hdn hdp vdi n h a u dfldc - Cdng giad thdi T r u n g the nfla, hai each t r u y e n ba va b a n h dai va Islam giad - da m a t ddi mat vdi trfldng cua h a i tdn giao n a y d Philippin n h a u , k h d n g he nhfldng bd va deu tfl cho cung r a t k h a e n h a u Sfl t h a m n h a p eua minh la dung"'"' dad Islam k h d n g di theo vdi viec chie'm Rd r a n g la, ngfldi Tay Ban N h a den P h i l i p p i n la de md m a n g quyen Iflc cho v u a T a y B a n N h a va t r u y e n ba Cdng giao Ngfldi M u s l i m d Philippin hieu r a n g , ne'u ngfldi Tay B a n N h a t h a n h cdng hp se trd t h a n h chfl h i u cda met vi vua ngdai qude va rdi hp se m a t ca dao va c i tfl chfl k h d n g cdn la met d a n tdc ddc lap Do vay, hp dap lai sfl de dpa dd b a n g long t r u n g t h a n h m a n h me ddi vdi cac vfldng I s l a m giad va cac d a t u cua m i n h , b a n g sfl k i n h t r p n g ldn lae d a n h che cac p a n d i t a (cac dng t h a y tu cda dao I s l a m ) , b a n g n a n g cao y thflc Islam giae cua m i n h , va b a n g nhflng nd Iflc day q u y e t t a m chdng lai sfl t h a m n h a p q u a n sfl cda ke thfl vao m i n h d a t cda m i n h Nhfl vay la, chu nghia yeu nfldc va d a e I s l a m da ed' k e t lai t h a n h met sflc m a n h b a e ve dec lap giad da vad vflng quin tbupc dja va b a t nhflng ngfldi cai dae phai t u a n phuc sfl eai trj cua m a u qud'c Ngfldc lai, dao I s l a m den nhflng vflng dat Malay, t a t c i cac l a n h dja h a y cac vfldng qud'c da eai giao s a n g dae Islam deu de cae ddng tdc h e a c cac vflPng trieu dja phfldng eai q u i n Cdn, vao the ki XVI cac cfldng qud'c Phfldng Tay den Ddng Nam A da dem den day mdt n h a n td' mdi: truyen ba Cdng giae va xam chiem thude dia cho nhflng d a t nfldc d tit xa t a n Chau Au Vi vay, t h a t de hieu nguyen n h a n vi sad viec Malacca t h a t t h d trflde Iflc Ifldng cda Bd Dad N h a vad n a m 1511 da dan den sfl p h i n flng m a n h me eua ngfldi Ma Lai chd'ng lai ngfldi Au C h a u Viec ngfldi Tay Ban N h a den vdi t h a n h gfldm va cay t h a n h gia da k h d n g chi lam p h a n khich chd cudc chien d a u d u n g cam cua nhflng ngfldi Ma Lai m a cdn lam ehc cdng viee Sfl del d i u gifla ngfldi Tay Ban Nha va t r u y e n ba dao Islam t h a n h cdng n h a n h ngfldi Muslim d Philippin da bung phat hdn tai nhflng vflng d a n cfl chfla c i i dad d t h a n h nhflng cudc chien ma sfl sach gpi la Java, dio nhflng cudc chie'n t r a n h Moro - met cbudi khac g i n day Va, vao thdi gian nay, dai nhflng cudc chie'n dang cay hao ngfldi nhflng dng t h i y giang dao va nhflng n h a tdn cda keo dai sudt hdn ba t r a m nam Bdrneo, Molucca va nhflng truyen giae ndi tieng lai la ngfldi Ma Lai Chinh nhflng cudc chien t r a n h cay dang va, ddng nha't, la ngfldi J a v a The la, met da bien ngfldi Muslim Philippin t h a n h each r a t tfl n h i e n va ed cd sd, trdng mdi ngfldi qua khich hem Cac nha tfldng q u a n Iflc Ifldng nhfl vay, dad Islam k h o a hpc thfldng c h i a cudc c h i e n Moro da ndi len nhfl be tfl tfldng m a n g tinh tap hdp Iflc Ifldng, va, cflng vdi chd nghia yeu nfldc, da trd t h a n h sflc m a n h chd'ng lai The Muslim Filipinos, edited by P G Govving and R D McAniis; Solidandad Publishing House, Manila, 1974, tr.6 112 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 & - 2009 sau giai doan ke tiep eua Maguindanac va Buayan de gianh quyen kiem seat Visaya Trong giai doan sultan Maguindanae nhan dflpc sii giflp dd cua ngfldi Iranun va ngfldi Ternate The nhflng, cudc tranh chap ket thue cd Ipi cho Tay Ban Nha, sau ho chie'm dfldc Mdlueca nam 1606 Giai dean thfl nhat dfldc bieu hien bing cudc chien gifla Tay Ban Nha va Brunei de gianh flu the ehinh tri va budn ban d vflng q u i n dac Philippin Trdng cudc tranh gianh nay, Tay Ban Nha khdng ehi tru bam an tcan va vdng d Philippin, ma cdn cdng trcng viec cdng pha khu cfl tru va Manila dc gidi quy tdc Bernean eai quan va treng viec leai cic thfldng nhan Bernean khdi Visayas va bae Mindanao Giai dean ket thdc b i n g cudc tan cdng eua Tay Ban Nha vae Brunei nam 1578 Tfl dd trd di, anh hfldng eua Bornean ddi vdi ddi sd'ng chinh trj cua vflng quan dio nay, tren thflc te, coi nhfl cham ddt Dieu ed y nghia treng giai dean la viec ngfldi Sulu da la lien minh cda ngfldi Brunei, vi eac ddng tdc hoang gia d hai ndi la hp hang vdi Giai ddan thfl hai ked dai sudt khding hai thap nien va ehu yeu la cd' gang eua ngfldi Tay Ban Nha, sau dfldc khich le bdi nhflng chien thang ddi vdi Brunei, n h i m thiet lap tbupc dia d Mindanad, lam giim bdt uy quyen eua nhflng thd linh Sulu, Maguindanac va Buayan de bien hp chfl h i u va lam che hp phai tiep nhan eac nha truyen giao Trong cudc dung dp nay, vien quan dfldc bd nhiem cai trj Mindanac hi giet vad nam 1596 Sfl kien ldn trdng giai ddan la thuy quan eua Ternate va sfl trd giflp eua quan dpi da lam that bai cdng cudc ehiem thude dia va Cdng giio hda Mindanao Giai doan thfl ba rdi vad mdt vai nam d i u cua the ki XVII dfldc ghi nhan b i n g sii tranh gianh gifla nhflng ngfldi Tay Ban Nha d Philippin vdi khdi lien minh Giai dean thfl tfl danh dau b i n g sfl gia tang nhflng cudc xam chie'm mang tinh de qud'c ehu nghia cda Tay Ban Nha Nhan td mdi di vac bflc tranh cua giai dean la ngfldi Ha Lan Nhflng ngfldi Muslim ed ldi tfl nhflng xung ddt quyen ldi gifla ngfldi Tay Ban Nha va ngfldi Ha Lan bdi hp nhan dflpc sfl giup dd cua ngfldi Ha Lan, nhflng lai khdng nghieng thed ben nae ca Giai dean bat diu bang viec, vao nam 1635, mdt phae dai dfldc dflng len d Zamboanga, va bang viec Tay Ban Nha quyet dinh xam chie'm cac VflPng qud'c Islam giao (cic sultanate) De dat dfldc mue dieh, Tay Ban Nha i p dung ehinh sich lam giam dan d nhflng vflng cua ngfldi Muslim bang each dd't p h i lang mac, rudng ddng va vfldn cay va bat ngfldi Muslim di lao dich Ket qua la, nam 1637, Lamitan, thu dd cda sultan Kudarat hi guc trflde ngfldi T'ay Ban Nha Met nam sau, nam 1638, eota cua sultan Sulu d Jele dflpc phdng thu bdi ngfldi Makkasar va Basilan cung sfl trd giup eua ngfldi Tausug va ngfldi Samal cung bi that thu Ngfldi Tausug sP tan vad vflng sau eua Jolo hoac chay sang cic hdn dao khac Ngfldi Maguindanac va ngfldi Buayan cung p h i i rut vao ndi dja The nhflng, mdi de dpa eua ngfldi Ha Lan cung nhfl k h i nang danh tra dfla cua ngfldi Muslim da khien Tay Ban Nha p h i i hoa hoan vdi Maguindanac vao nam 1645 va vdi Sulu vao nam 1646 113 Ngo Van Doanh Ve cdng ddng Islam gido Chue n a m sau, n a m 1656, xung dot lai t r e n g p h a c dai Mdi p h a e dai ma ngfldi nd r a gifla ngfldi Tay B a n N h a va ngfldi Tay B a n N h a p h a hdng, ngfldi T a u s u g cd M a g u i n d a n a d vi nhflng h a n h ddng khieu the phuc hdi lai mdt thdi gian ngan; khich cua ngfldi Tay B a n N h a tai nhflng mdi mdt h a m t h u y e n bj diet, hp cd the vung d a t trieu cdng cua s u l t a n K u d a r a t t h a y b a n g h a m t h u y e n mdi sau day vai Dich t h a n K u d a r a t da t u y e n bd t h a n h ba t h a n g va vdi mdt cbi phi nhd: hp bao chien (jihad) chd'ng lai Tay B a n N h a va gid cung s a n s a n g tiep tue chien dau, va keu gpi eac s u l t a n cua cac vfldng qude vdi sfl c h u a n bj tdt hdn trflde Sulu, T e r n a t e va M a k k a s a r giup dd de d a n h dudi ngfldi Tay B a n N h a khdi nhflng vflng d a t cda ngfldi Muslim Va, cudc chien d a m m a u , nhflng b a t p h a n t h a n g bai da dien The rdi, vao n a m 1663, mdi de dpa eua Koxinga ddi vdi Manila khien Tay B a n N h a p h a i bd eac phac dai Molucca va Z a m b o a n g a Tfl day, t r e n g k h o a n g 50 n a m la sfl bda binh t a m thdi va m a n g t i n h tfldng del gifla ngfldi Tay Ban N h a va ngfldi Islam giad Tbdi ki bda binh tfldng ddi dd lai bj p h a vd vad nam 1718, k h i ngfldi Tay Ban N h a quyet dinh tai ehiem Z a m b c a n g a va cdng cd d dd Tbdi ki eua ljch sd, theo n h a nghien cdu Majul, cho thay mdt dieu la, nhflng ngfldi Muslim, vi cd y mud'n gifl dfldc hea binh, da dfl phdng ngfldi Tay Ban N h a rdi di Thed nghien cflu cua tien si Majul giai doan thfl n a m eua cudc chien t r a n h Merd md d i u b a n g viec tai cung cd phae dai Zamboanga vao n a m 1718 va ket thuc b i n g sfl t h a t bai cua Tay Ban N h a the ki XVIII n h i m b i t ngfldi M u s h m trd t h a n h chfl h i u Trdng sud't giai ddan nay, ngfldi I r a n u n d Butig va ngfldi M a r a n a o d vung hd b a t d i u nhflng cudc tan cdng t a n pha sang nhflng v u n g k h a c cda quan d i d Nhflng cudc tan cdng da lam giam dd tien cdng cho Tay Ban Nha den tfl Visaya, va gay sfl dd vd trdng thay ddi vdi ddi sdng k i n h te cua nbieu bdn d i d n i m dfldi quyen kiem seat cua che dp thflc dan Tay Ban Nha Cudc xam Ifldc Philippin vad n a m 1762 va viec chiem Manila sau day cda Anh qud'c da lam hdng quyen tbupc dia cda Tay Ban Nha Trdng cdng cudc bac ve dat dai cua minh, nhflng ngfldi Muslim chfla bao gid cd q u a n dpi c h u y e n nghiep thfldng trflc va lam yeu di sfl thfl djeh gifla ngfldi Tay Ban N h a va ngfldi Muslim Giai ddan thfl sau cua cudc chien ca, ma mdi m e t ngfldi d a n dng vfla la mdt t r a n h Moro dfldc nhin n h a n la b a t dau cdng d a n vfla la m e t ngfldi linh ldc nad b i n g chie'n djeh cda Tay Ban N h a d a n h cflng s i n s a n g cd'ng hien cudc sd'ng cda vao Sulu n a m 1851 va ket thuc quyen minh che cdng viec b i e ve cdng ddng Khi cai tri eua Tay Ban N h a cham dflt d md ta nhflng ngfldi d a n Sulu, mdt ngfldi Philippin Giai ddan cen ghi n h a n sfl Phfldng Tay ten la Saleeby xet suy t a n cda eae S u l t a n a t e M a n g u i n d a n a e nhflng kbi ngfldi Tay B a n N h a t a n cdng, va Sulu Cd nhieu nguyen n h a n dan den mdi ngfldi d a n dng khde m a n h deu la mdt sfl cd'nay Trflde b e t la ngfldi Tay Ban ngfldi linh va mdt t h u y t h d H a n g ngan N h a da sd d u n g vu k h i chie'n t r a n h tien ngfldi T a u s u g va ngfldi S a m a l deu s i n tien hdn Nguyen n h a n q u a n nfla hi s a n g d vj t r i eua m i n h t r e n t h u y e n hay sfl thieu k h a n a n g ve mat thiet che ben nhan 114 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 & - 2009 treng cic xa hdi Muslim d Mindanad de dap lai mdt each tUdng xflng vdi ap Iflc quan sfl thfldng xuyen va ludn gia tang cua ngfldi Tay Ban Nha Hdn the nfla, dung vad thdi gian nay, Sulu trd tieu diem canh tranh eua ngfldi Chau Au Nfldc Phap mud'n cd cd sd hai quan d Basilan vad nhflng nam 1850, va, cung vao thdi gian nay, Anh qud'c bat d i u ndi lai nhflng hiep djnh thfldng mai eua hp treng the ki XVIII kf vdi Sulu Nhan thay sfl cd mat eua eae the Iflc PhflPng Tay khae d vflng bien gidi phia nam se la mdi de dpa che viec kiem seat Philippin cua minh, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha da ehiem Jcld nam 1851 va xac nhan Sulu la vflng bao hd cua hp Nhd hdan canh lich sd nhfl vay, sultan cua Sulu dflpc hanh ddng mdt each ddc lap nhfl trflde Cdn ngfldi Tay Ban Nha sd dung b i n hiep fldc vdi Sulu nhfl mdt van ban ehinh thflc de ngan cin nhflng nfldc Phfldng Tay k h i c ed nhflng ki ket vdi Sulu mdt ham dpi gdm 10 chiec t i u hdi nfldc 11 t i u chie'n va 11 t i u chd quan, Maleampo den tdi dio Jolo vao 21 thang Hai Cudc chien chd'ng lai quan dpi Tay Ban Nha that dfl dpi, nhflng cudi cflng, nhflng luy, nhflng eon mfldng sau b i o ve Jolo thay mat vao tay quan dpi Tay Ban Nha Sultan va nhflng chie'n binh trung phii rut tdi Bud Datu, d dd, dng da phdi hpp td chflc nhieu cudc tan cdng vae quan dpi Tay Ban Nha Cudc chie'n tranh du kich chd'ng lai quan xam Iflpc da nhan dfldc sfl giflp dd ldn lad eua dan chdng Cudi cflng, vao thang nam 1878, hiep fldc hda binh gifla sultan Sulu va ehinh phu Tay Ban Nha dfldc ki ket Theo hiep fldc nay, du Sulu van thude quyen bao hd eua Tay Ban Nha, nhflng cd nhieu quyen tfl ehu viec td chflc hanh ehinh ndi bd va treng cac heat ddng thfldng mai De giii quyet mdt l i n eho xong van de ve ddc quyen eua minh ddi vdi Sulu, nam 1876, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha trien khai mdt chien djeh ldn vao Sulu Chien djeh dflpc vach that ki Ifldng va dfl luan quan chdng cung dflpc cac bac ehi Manila tung de gianh sfl ung he Nhieu ngfldi Philippin da cd nhflng ung hd tich cfle eho chie'n djeh: cac phd', tham chi c i cac hpc sinh cae trfldng ddng, da quyen gdp de ung hd ehc chie'n dieh Cudi cung, vac thang Hai nam 1876, met liic IflPng ldn va manh cua Tay Ban Nha vien tfldng Jose Maleampo chi huy xuat quan den Zamboanga, nPi da dfldc cung cd' vflng chac bdi nhflng ngfldi tinh nguyen den tfl cic phd phia bac cua Mindanao Vdi khoang 9.000 quan va Cflng dd, nam 1861, trdng ndi dia cua Mindanao, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha dfla quan den ddng d phd' Cotabatd Vad nam 1871, Cetabato dflpc ngfldi Tay Ban Nha dflng lam thu phu cda Mindanao The nhflng, de hda bean va dpng da't xay dung vae nam dd, nen ngfldi Tay Ban Nha bude p h i i chuyen thu phu trd ve Zamboanga Cung vdi sfl suy tan cda sultanate Maguindanae la viec nhieu npi cfl trd cua ngfldi I r a n u n d vflng Malabang phai tim den sfl che chd cua sultan Ganasi d vflng hd Va, ngfldi cd nhflng cd' ging cudi cflng n h i m phuc hdi sii hUng thjnh cua ngfldi Maguindanad la Datu Uttc Ong dflpc ngfldi Tay Ban Nha nhin nhan nhfl la met Kudarat thd hai The nhflng, fldc mud'n khdng tdn tai dfldc lau vi vien tfldng toan quyen Ngo Van Doanh Ve cdng ddng Islam gido Emilio Terrero da md mdt chie'n djeh quan sfl t h a n h cdng danh bai dng vae nam 1886-1887 Ket q u i la, Datu Utto phai d i u hang ngfldi Tay Ban Nha va sd'ng nhflng nam cudi ddi cda minh nhfl mdt ngfldi giau ed ma thdi Toan quyen Valeriane Weyler ed' lap lai chien tich cua toan quyen Terrero d Maranad Nam 1889, dng lenh ehc quan dpi dd bd len Parang va Malabang va cho quan di trinh sat xung quanh vung hd Cudi cflng, vao nam 1891, dng ta dich than chi huy cudc tan cdng Maranao Tfldng Weyler chia quan hai canh: mdt canh tfl vflng Malabang tan cdng Ganassi, canh thi tfl Iligan danh tdi Sau mof loat nhflng cudc dung dp dd mau, vae thang Tam, 19, Marabui hi chiem Den thang Chin nam 1891, Weyler ket thdc chie'n djeh cua minh vdi chie'n t h i n g ehiem dfldc Maranad Sau day, thang Ba nam 1894, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha chie'm dfldc Pantar d phi'a bac each Marabui vai dam Dap lai, ngfldi Maranad b i t d i u dflng them chie'n luy Ngay thang Sau, eac datu cda Ramain, Masiu, Taraka va Tumayas cflng phdi hdp dflng mdt Idat diem phdng thu hd trd d dpc sdng Agus Mdt cudc chie'n tranh du kich dfldc tien hanh chd'ng lai quan Tay Ban Nha, va, nhieu ngfldi Tay Ban Nha da chet nhflng cudc phuc kfeb thfldng xuyen dd Phan dng cda Tay Ban Nha trflde nhflng sfl viec tren la xay dflng them ddn luy mdi va cdng ed eac phad'dai cfl Hai thang d i u nam 1895 la nhflng cudc tan cdng cd he thd'ng eua ngfldi Maranad vad nhflng phad dai cda Tay Ban Nha Thang Ba nam ay, Tay Ban Nha md rdng chie'n dich cudi cflng cua minh danh Marabui, ndi ma hp phii 115 ddi mat vdi quan dpi dfldi sfl cbi huy trflc tiep cua Amai Pakpak ngfldi ma hp da cham tran trflde dd Vj thu linh cflng cen trai dng vdi hai mfldi ba datu va 150 ngfldi Maranad da phai rut khdi nhflng diem phdng thd Phia Tay Ban Nha cd si quan va 16 linh thiet mang; 21 si quan va 176 linh bj thfldng Mac d i u bi chiem Marabui van thfldng xuyen bj ngfldi Maranad tan cdng va vay bam Nhfl vay la den nam 1898 cudc chien tranh Mdrd ked dai 320 nam (tfl 1578 den 1898) da ket thuc bing viec ngfldi Mdrd da phii thfla nhan chd quyen cda Tay Ban Nha tren m i n h dat cua minh Cd nhieu nguyen nhan khien che ngfldi Tay Ban Nha chien thang treng giai doan chdt cua cudc chien tranh More Trflde bet, dd la flu the ve ki thuat quan sfl cda quan dpi Tay Ban Nha Trong dd, nhflng ngfldi Islam giao khdng cbi thua kem ngfldi Tay Ban Nha d ki thuat va td chflc quan sfl, ma ndi bd cda ho ludn mau thuan Mdt nguyen nhan quan trpng nfla la viec ci met khdi ngfldi Philippin Cdng giae khdng nhflng khdng ddng ve phia cdng ddng Islam giao phia nam, ma, trai lai, cd nhflng luc, cdn giflp ci sflc ngfldi sflc cua che ngfldi Tay Ban Nha Vi the, thee thdi gian, cudc chien tranh chdng lai Tay Ban Nha cua ngfldi Islam giid d i n d i n chf cen nam trdng mdt khu vflc hep; vflng dat dai cua ngfldi Islam giad The nhflng, sfl hdp tae cua nhflng ngfldi Philippin Cdng giae vdi ngfldi Tay Ban Nha trdng cudc chien tranh More da khien che mau thuan gifla hai cdng ddng tdn giao d Philippin khdng chi them sau sac ma cdn trd mdt van de nbflc nbdl khdng de gi khac phuc dfldc ke tfl sau cudc chien tranh Mdrd den 116 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 & - 2009 Vdi sU cdng cua cudc each mang nam 1898, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha mat quyen cai tri Philippin, va, vi the cudc chien tranh Moro cflng ket thuc Dfl rang bj thua cudc chie'n, nhflng nhflng cudc chie'n dau lau dai, ben bi va dflng manh cua nhflng ngfldi Islam giao la mdt ddng gdp khdng nhd vac sfl cdng eua cudc each mang giai phdng dan tdc nam 1898 d Philippm Khdng p h i i ngau nhien ma J u n t a (Hpi ddng) Cach mang tai Hdng Cdng da tuyen bd' ngfldi Mdrd "tren thflc te, la nhflng ngfldi anh em cua chflng ta, nhflng ngfldi cflng chien dau cho nen dec lap cua hp" Tfl tflpng tren, nam 1898, da dfldc sultan cda Sulu lap lai Ong nhan manh, ndi ve cudc chie'n dau gifla nhflng ngfldi cich mang vdi thflc dan Tay Ban Nha, nhflng gi ngfldi Philippin d Luzon lam cflng gid'ng nhfl nhflng gi ma ngfldi dan Sulu da lam sudt ba tram nam qua Ngay 19 thang Gieng nam 1899, may trflde kbi ddi nfldc Cdng hda Philippin, Aguinaldd da viet mdt bflc thfl hflu hao gdi sultan Sulu va gpi vi vfldng Islam giao la ngfldi anh em ldn hflng manh Ldi md d i u cua bdc thfl ndi rang, ngfldi Philippin, sau da lat dd dflpc ach dd hd cda nfldc ngoai, "khdng the quen nhflng ngfldi anh em cua minh d Jele ma minh ed nhflng gan bd ve chung tdc, ve ldi ich, ve an n i n h Cdng hda P h i l i p p i n tuyet ddi tdn trpng tin ngfldng va truyen thdng eua tflng hdn d i e de thiet lap, tren nhflng eP sd vflng chac, mdi quan he thdng nha't anh em de nhflng quyen ldi tfldng hd eua chflng ta yeu ciu"''" Khdng biet nhflng thdng diep va nhflng ldi le am ap nhflng bflc thfl eua cic lanh tu each mang da dfldc ngfldi Muslim tiep nhan nhfl the nao chfl moi cd' gang eua nfldc Cdng hda nham dean ket vdi ngfldi Muslim h i u nhfl khdng cd ket qua Chinh viec Tay Ban Nha sd dung mpi nd liic tien hanh nhflng cudc chien tranh chdng lai ngfldi Muslim sudt hpn ba tram nam da de lai nhflng hau q u i tieu ciic Ma, hau qui ldn nhat cda cudc chien tranh Mere ddi vdi chu nghia dan tdc Philippin thdi hien dai chinh la xu the li khai chfl khdng p h i i thdng nhat Do vay, du r i n g cudc chien tranh Mere da cham dflt, nhflng, ke tfl Cdng hda Philippin dfldc lap eho den nay, van de (ma ehu yeu la van de chinh trj) Moro khdng chi van tiep tue tdn tai, ma cdn phat trien manh va cang thang vao thdi diem heac thdi diem khac./ Cudc chien tranh Moro d Philippin da duac nhidu hpc gia dd cap tdi, nhu: cac bai viet ciia cic nha nghien cuu cong trinh The Muslim Filipinos Sdd., va Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines, Edited by Peter Gowing New Day Publisher, Quezon City, 1988 , nii ', • K>' j;f -(l \ ,cd ! •••; i^v iu; ' ,1 : • ,' dl ... cua Islam giae, nhflng cae thu linh cua cae cdng ddng barangay Islam giae - cac sultan - van chi la cae datu nhfl mdt tfl tfldng ddan ket tap hdp q u i n chdng Va tfl tfldng doan ket cda dao Islam. .. gidi Islam giao d mien nam Philippin dao Islam da dfla den met tinh t h i n cdng ddng cho nhflng ngfldi da trd Muslim va lam chd hp cd mdt y thflc he la mdt bp phan cua ca met khdi cdng ddng Islam. .. hdp vdi n h a u dfldc - Cdng giad thdi T r u n g the nfla, hai each t r u y e n ba va b a n h dai va Islam giad - da m a t ddi mat vdi trfldng cua h a i tdn giao n a y d Philippin n h a u , k