Miia Xuan Da't nuac T p p c h i C d n g s d n OliiT V H ( LE HOI CHUYEN MUA DAU NAM 6 DONG NAM A VA VIET NAM N G 6 VAN DOANH i n • Ddnh rdng, moi le tet duoc ggi Id "ndm mdi" cua cdc ddn tgc tren the gidi deu mang mgt y nghia chuyen tiep linh thieng tU thoi diem cuoi cua mgt chu trinh thdi gian cd dd qua sang thdi diem ddu cua mgt chu trinh thai gian mdi se den; the nhung, cdi chu trinh thdi gian cd vd mdi lap di Idp lgi dy cua ndm mdi lgi duoc bieu hien o moi vung vdn hda cd khdc nhau Do nhihig[.]
Miia Xuan - Da't nuac Tpp chi Cdng sdn OliiT LE HOI CHUYEN MUA DAU NAM DONG - NAM A VA VIET NAM V H (: N G VAN DOANH in • Ddnh rdng, moi le tet duoc ggi Id "ndm mdi" cua cdc ddn tgc tren the gidi deu mang mgt y nghia chuyen tiep linh thieng tU thoi diem cuoi cua mgt chu trinh thdi gian cd dd qua sang thdi diem ddu cua mgt chu trinh thai gian mdi se den; the nhung, cdi chu trinh thdi gian cd vd mdi lap di Idp lgi dy cua ndm mdi lgi duoc bieu hien o moi vung vdn hda cd khdc Do nhihig dgc thii cua dieu kien tu nhien vd vdn hda chi phdi, tinh chat chuyen tiep linh thieng cua ndm mdi cua cdc ddn tgc Ddng - Nam A cdng cd sdc thdi rieng cua minh • HONG chi cac dan tdc ban xii chua chiu sy tac ddng cua cac nen van hda Jdn cua^Ddng va Nam A (tiic cua Trung Qudc va An Do), ma hau bet cac dan tdc ldn cu tru tai cac vung ddng bang ldn ven bien va da tiep nhan nhung anh hudng cua van hda An Do khu vyc cung deu ddn tit nam mdi vao khoang thdi gian chuyen tiip giira mua khd va mua mua (trong thang Tu duong lich) Tai Lao, hdi ldn nhat thdi gian chuyen mua la le tet Pimay (ten ggi tit cua nhdm tii cut xong can pimay, nghia la cudi cung cua nam cu sap bet, dau nam mdi sip den), cung cdn ggi la hdi nam mdi, hay hdi te nudc Nhu ngudi Lao, cac dan tdc khac d Ddng - Nam A luc dja nhu ngudi Thai d Thai Lan, ngudi Khmer d Cam-puchia va ngirdi Mien d Mi-an-ma cung ddn let nam mdi vao thang Tu duong Ijch, thdi ky chuyin mua tir mua khd sang mua mua Va, mdt nhung net dac trung chung nhat cho let nam mdi (Bun Pimay ciia ngudi Lao, Song - kran cua ngudi Thai, Chon Chnam Thamay cua ngudi Khmer va Thagyarmin cua ngudi Mien) la tuc te nudc de tay riia nhiing cai cu di va de cau nudc cho ca mdt nam mdi O nude ta hau nhu tat ca cac thang nam cua dan tdc Gie - Trieng, mdt nhiing dan tdc thudc ngii he Mdn - Khmer, d tinh Kon Tum (BIC Tay Nguyen) diu gin vdi Ijch san xuat: thang Gieng (Khay muoi) va thang Hai (Khay bar) - bat dau phat nuong; thang Ba (Khay pe) - ddt ray, thu dgn nuong; thang Tu (Khay poam) - tia lua sdm; thang Nam (Khay pdap) - tia lua mudn; thang Sau (Khay hrdu) - lam cd Ida sdm va lua mudn; thang Tam (Khay ta hem) - diu hoach Ida • PGS, TS, Vipn Nghien ciiu Dong - Nam A So 796 (thiing niim 2009) 7 Miia Xuan - Dat nudc sdm; thang Chin (Khay tchit) - thu hoach lua mudn; thang Mudi (Khay cu didt) - chuan bj an tet; thang Mudi mdt (Khay cu didt muoi) lam nha, cudi xin va an tet; thang Mudi hai (Khay cu didt bar) - di tim nuong He thdng lich phap cua ngudi Ba-na d Bac Tay Nguyen gan vdi cay lua cdn cu the hon Ddi vdi ngudi Ba-na, thdi ky san xuat gdm mudi thang ggi la khay pd giang^ bao gdm: thang Gieng va thang Hai - lam dat chuan bi gieo trdng; thang Ba va thang Tu - tria Ida; thang Nam va thang Sau - lam cd lua; thang Bay va thang Tam - Ida tid bdng; thang Chin va thang Mudi - thu hoach; va hai thang cudi cung la hai thang nghi (khay ning nang) - thdi gian cua le hdi va ddn tet Ve co ban, lich cua ngudi Xo-dang (d Kon Tum) cung khdng khac lich cua ngudi Ba-na va Gie - Trieng la may: Ba thang dau nam: phat ray; thang Tu va thang Nam: tria Ida; tliang Sau va thang Bay: lam cd; thang Tam: chuan bj cho thu hoach; thang Chin va Mudi: diu hoach Ida; diang Mudi mdt va Mudi hai: nghi ngoi va lam le hdi Khdng chi cac dan tdc thudc ngii he Mdn - Khmer, ma ca cac dan tdc ndi cac thii tieng Ma Lai - Da Dao d Tay Nguyen cung deu td chiic mgi le hgi ldn cua minh, tiong dd cd tet nam mdi vao hai thang nghi ngoi cudi cung cua nam ndng lich (thang Gieng cua ngudi Tay Nguyen tuong ung vdi thang Tu ho$c thang Nam Duong Ijch) VI du, nam cua ngudi Gia-rai gdm: thang Mdt (Man sa) va thang Hai (Man doa) la thdi gian lam ray; thang Ba (Man Khdu) va thang Tu (Man Pd) - thdi gian gieo Ida; thang Nam (Man Rama) va thang Sau (Man Ndm) - didi gian lam cd cho Ida; diang Bay (Man Juh) va thang Tam (Man Pdn) - gat Ida sdm; thang Chin (Man Doa Rapdn) va thang Mudi (Man Pluh) - didi gian thu hoach lua chinh vu; hai thang cudi cung cua nam khdng cd ten va dugc ggi la didi gian nghi ngoi (blan Nin^ Nong) Nhu vay la, theo Ijch phap truyin thdng cua nhung cu dan ban dja mien nui d Ddng - Nam A, tet nam mdi thyc su Sft 796 (thang nam 2009) Tpp chi Cdng sdn mang tinh ban dia cua nhieu cu dan la le tet chuyen mua giua mua kho va mua mua Thdng thudng, mua mua d nhieu khu vyc Ddng - Nam A (nhu Tay Nguyen, nuen Trung va mien Nam cua Viet Nam), miia mua bat dau tu cudi thang Tu den than^ Mudi duong lich va mua khd bat dau tu cudi thang Mudi den dau thang Tu nam sau Vao cudi mua khd, sau da thu hoach mua mang va lam le mung com mdi (thudng vao diang Mudi mdt, thang Mudi hai hoac thang Mdt duong Ijch), cac dan tdc d Tay Nguyen thirdng td chuc hang loat nhiing le hdi ldn nhd, dd cd tet nam mdi Khdng chuyen mua cua tet nam mdi va tap tuc ddn tet cua ngudi E-de dugc the hien that sinh ddng bai ca le tet: "Dd trgn miia ret, dd hit miia lua, theo tuc le xua, chu ldng le cung, dn mifng ndm mdi, uong thdng dn ndm, trdu dam lgn mo, bd ldng hg, ndy deu lo, mifng ^di sap sdn " Mdt nhiing le hdi tet dien hinh cua cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen va vung nui cua cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung Viet Nam la tet Htend cua ngudi Hre Nhu nhieu dan tdc khac tren Tay Nguyen, ngudi Hre ddn tet vao dau nam ndng lich, mua khd da qua, trdi bat dau cd mua va cay cdi bat dau ldc (vao khoang thang Tu duong hch) Sau nhiing chuan bi tet (gia gao, u rugu can, lau chdi cdng chieng, sira soan vdng cirdm va ao vay, gdi banh, trang tri nha cua, cdng lang ), mgi ngudi hdi hop chd ddn dau tien cua nam Khi mat trdi thirc day, le thiic dau tien mgi nha deu lam la le Hvang Hnim (tdng tien ta ma va nhiing cai xau di de ddn cai tdt va niem vui den) Tiep den la le cung mdi cac than hnh va td tien ve an tet va phu hd cho mgi ngudi Sau hai le thuc tren, rngi ngudi gdi banh nep, giet md lgn, ga de chuan bi cho le cung trau hdm sau (Ta Hreo Capo) Le cung trau dugc td chuc trudc ciia ehudng trau vao tang sang thu hai cua tet vdi muc dich cau mong cho trau (con vat than thiet giup ngudi keo gd, cay bira ) dugc Mua Xuan - Da't nudc manh khde va biit nghe ldi ngudi Sau dly, chu nha dgn com, thit, rugu mdi mgi ngudi cung an udng Ben cac che rugu can, mgi ngudi tam tinh, trd chuyen, danh cdng, nhay mua, choi cac trd choi truyen thdng sudt ca va ca dem Sang thu ba, cudi cung, cac gia dinh dgn dep nha cua sach se, bay che rugu ngon giiia nha de ddn ba lang xdm tdi tham hdi, chuc tung Din tham nhau, chu va khach chuc nhau: "cai dm bd di, lam gi dugc nay", "ngirdi khde, thdc dly" Trudc kia, nhiing cudc tham vieng va vui choi dau nam cd the keo dai tdi muoi ngay, nua thang mdi het let Htend Vl nhieu tac ddng, chu yeu la ve thdi tiet, cho nen tet nam mdi cua nhieu dan tdc thieu sd d mien Bac Viet Nam va cua ngudi Viet d Viet Nam thudng den sdm hon mdt vai thang so vdi mua tet cua cac dan tdc khac d Ddng - Nam A Do che gid mua tao nen mdt vung tieu hau cd phan khac biet, nen d mien Bac nudc ta, giai doan chuyen mua roi vao thang Chap, thang Gieng am Ijch (thang Hai va thang Ba duong Ijch) Theo cac nha nghien cuu, phan bac cua lanh thd Viet Nam, tinh tu Hoanh Son (deo Ngang) d khoang vl tuyen 18 bac trd ra, thudc mien hau phia bac vdi net dac trung la: hau nhtet ddi gid mua cd mua ddng lanh (khoang diang) Cd hai ylu td anh hudng den dac tinh mua ddng cua miln Bac: nhung dgt nang am (chiim tdi 50% sd mua) va sy tham nhap cua gid mua eye ddi Tuy la mua khd, nhung vao cudi mua ddng, syxam nhap cua gid mua eye ddi thinh thoang van dem lai nhirng cd mua nhd Chinh nhiing tran mua nhd thudng dugc ggi la "mua phun" hay "mua bui" noi tiing lam cho mua khd d miln BIC bi rut ngan Du mua he mdi la mua mua va keo dai, cung nhu cac mien khac, tu diang Tu din diang Mudi duong Ijch, nhung d mien BIC, thdi gian tu cudi diang Mdt den giira diang Ba lai la thdi ky Im udt nhIt nam) Va miy thang Im udt thudng la khoang thdi gian cua mua xuan Do vay, didi Tpp chi Cdng s d n gian chuyen mua tir mua khd sang mua mua d Bac Viet Nam (va ca vung nui phia bac Ddng - Nam A luc dja nua) khdng phai la nhiing thang khd ndng nhu thudng le ddi vdi vung hau nhiet ddi gid mua Ddng - Narii A, ma la ca mdt thdi ky am udt Du cd mdt sd khac biet, nhung, cung nhu d cac noi khac khu vuc, thdi ky chuyen mua cua ngudi Viet va nhieu dan tdc thieu sd d nuen nui phia bac cua Viet Nam va Ddng Duong la luc vu mua da thu hoach hoan tat; va, thdi gian xudng ddng vao vu lam an chinh (gieo cay lua cung bat dau vao thang Tu duong Ijch, tuc dau mua mua The nhung, vi cd ca mdt mua xuan am udt trudc sang mua mua, cho nen, khac vdi d cac vung hau^ nhiet ddi khac khu vuc Ddng - Nam A, cac dan tdc d mien Bac Viet Nam bat dau mdt nam san xuat sdm hon Khdng It nhung cau ca dao va tuc ngii cua ngudi Viet da khac hpa kha rd tiet trdi va Ijch lam an cua ngudi ndng dan d Bac Bd, nhu: "Thdng Chgp la thdng khoai; Thdng Gieng ddu, thdng Hai cd; Thdng Ba cdy vd rugng ra; Thdng Tu ldm mg, mua sa day dong; Ai oi cdng va cdng chong; Chong cdy vg' cdy long vui thay! " Tet cua ngudi Viet chinh la khdi dau cho nhiing nghi ngai, vui choi dau nam sau ca mdt nam lam an vat va Dieu cung dugc ndi rd cau ca dao: "Thdng Gieng dn tet a nhd; Thdng Hai cabgc, thdng Ba hgi he."; dl rdi, sau dd, tu thang Tu trd di se phai xudng ddng cay cay Tinh chuyen mua cua nam thdi tiet cOng nhu cua nam lam an cai Tit cua ngudi Viet that la rd Va, nhung biiu hien ve mdt khoang thdi gian nghi ngoi, ve nhiing hdi he lien tuc tai khap cac lang que va ve nhung muc dich cau mua gid thuan hda, phdn thyc am duong cua nhieu ll hdi xuan da phan nao cho thay, nhu nhieu dan tdc d Ddng - Nam A ( cac dan tdc d Tay Nguyen ), ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam xua vdn cd ca nhung thang nghi ngoi, -vui choi, hdi he vao cudi nam cu va dau nam miii, hay vao khoang thdi gian chuyen miia, ma cu the la mua xuan Rat cd the, anh hudng cda Sii 796 (thiing niim 2009) 79 Mua Xuan - Dat nudc van hda ben ngoai, ngudi Viet da tiep thu he thdng lich phap cung nhu mdt sd tet quan trgng, cd tet Nguyen Dan cua ngudi Trung Qudc The nhung, cai tet cua ngudi Trung Qudc da hda nhap vao ca mdt chudi nhung hdi he cac tliang nghi thdi tilt chuyen mua dau nam truyen thdng cua nhung ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam Cai tet Nguyen Dan da tii mdt le hdi chuyen mua dau nam trd Tet ca khdi dau cho hang loat nhung le hdi mua xuan truyen thdng vdi nhieu le thuc va trd choi dan gian mang dam tinh chat phdn thyc am duong, sinh trudng va phat trien, nhu: tuc lam banh trung, banh day, danh du, keo co, chgi ga, tha chim, mua rdng, trdng cay neu, choi cd ngudi cua ngudi Viet ' Khdng chi tet cua ngudi Viet, ma let nam mdi cua nhieu dan tdc mien nui phia bac Viet Nam cung deu bat dau sdm hon chimg hoac thang so vdi tet nam mdi cua cac dan tdc khac d Ddng - Nam A Va, cung nhu ngudi Viet, nhieu dan tdc mien ndi phia bac Viet Nam ndi rieng va phia bac Ddng Duong ndi chung da tiep nhan va ddn cai tet cua ngudi Trung Qudc The nhung, chju anh hudng cdn chua that manh, cho nen, nhieu dan tdc mien Bac d nude ta van coi trgng nhiing hdi xuan xudng ddng truyen thdng cua minh hon Cd the thay rd dieu qua le hdi Long tong (xudng ddng) cua ngudi Tay va mdt loat nhiing le hdi mua xuan truyen thdng cua cac dan tdc mien nui phia bac Viet Nam Sau ddn tet Nguyen Dan cho cd le, tii mdng tet trd den bet thang Gieng, ngudi Tay mdi thyc su budc vao nhung le hdi dau nam ldn nhat, tung bimg nhat cua minh le hdi Ldng tong Muc dich cua le hdi la td chuc nhiing vui hgp mat sau mdt mua lam an cua cdng ddng de cau mua Vi dien theo khu vyc dan cu, nen le hdi dugc td chuc khdng trung vao cung mdt d khap noi ma vao nhung khac thang Gieng tumg dja phuang chgn Le hdi thudng chi gdi trgn mdt ngay, the Sft 796 (thiing nam 2009) Tpp chi Cdng sdn nhung, cung cd noi keo dai tdi 3, tham chi Ngoai nhirng le thuc dang cung than linh, trdi dat, la nhung trd choi dan gian co truyen mang day tinh chat phdn thyc am duong nhu tuc (nem cdn), xe thdi (keo co), vdn fdn fe (gieo gidng ma), tuc xditg (danh quay), tuc yen (danh mdt loai cau long), ky ldn (mua su tu), phdt tdng (md dudng) Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi, nhu cac nha nghien ciru da nhan thay, hdi Lon^ tong la le hdi dau nam cua ngudi Tay md dau cho mdt chu ky san xuat, cho nen mgi nghi diiic, nghi le, tham chi ca cac tid choi cua ngudi ldn va tre nhd deu nham vao muc dich cau mong sinh sdi, phat trien Ngudi Giay cung cd le hdi xudng ddng Rodng poge (nghia la xudng hdi) Tai le hpi nay, ngoai cac le cung, cung dien nhimg trd choi mang tinh phdn thuc nham cau mong sinh sdi, phat trien nhu nem cdn qua nhiing chiec vdng mat trdi, mat trang; trai gai keo CO The nhung, ddi vdi ngudi Giay, Rodng pogc la Tet ca va dugc td chuc vao thang Gieng hang nam Tinh chat cua le hdi dau nam chuyen mua cdn dugc the hien rd qua bai cung cua dng thay mo: "Ngdy ndy tot, Ndm ndy lanh, Hit ndm cd, Vdo ndm mdi, Cd bdn, cd mudng, Xuong dong, bdi, De vui chai, Mai thdn bdn ve du, Giir cho bdn mudng yen, Gid ao cd rugng lua, Dau dm khong vdo, Lua day rugng, cd day sudi." Du mdt sd nhdm tdc ngudi da su dung am Ijch cua ngudi Trung Qudc, nhung, nhu nhieu dan tdc d phia bac Ddng Duong, le tet dau nam cua ngudi La-hu vung Tam giac vang cung dugc td chuc vao nhiing khac cua thdi gian chuyen mua tai nhung lang khac nhau, theo sy tinh toan cua cac gia lang Nhin chung, thdi gian td chiic tet nam miii la phai vao luc cdng viec ddng ang da xong, khdng cdn phai di nuong hay rudng niia Du rang phai dgi xem nao dii ca lang cung lam let, nhung cac cdng viec chuan bj cho tet da dugc bat dau tir trudc dd ca thang: phu nu phai lam quan ao mdi cho Miia Xuan - Da't nuac cac vien gia dinh, vi, nhiing tet la djp mgi ngudi, nhat la trai, gai den tudi nien, xuat hien dep nhat vdi day du mgi trang sue le phuc tren ngirdi Nhiing hdi tet nam mdi bat dau bang viec dng thay le cua lang thdng bao cho mgi ngudi biet la phai lam banh pa pa (cac loai banh dugc lam bing gao) vao hdm sau Gia dinh nha dng diay le la gia dinh dau tieri cua lang lam banh pa pa Lam xong, dng thay le ban sung lam hieu de mgi nha bat tay vao lam banh tit pa pa The la, mdi nha, mgi ngudi ngdi quay xung quanh cai cdi gia de cung lam nao la banh de cung, nao la banh de an Sudt hdm dd, nhiing ngudi tre tudi thi ddng hai cho that nhieu rau tuoi ngon, cdn nhiing ngudi dan dng thi vao riing chat cay nam mdi (leh dzuh) dem ve cho nha minh Khi mat trdi da lan, tii ngdi mieu thd than bao hd cua lang, dng thay le cua lang thdng bao la, sau mat trdi lan, cac gia dinh phai dung cay nam mdi len d trudc nha Sau day la le tien nam cu De lam le nay, cac gia dinh phai "tly ul" nha cua bing quel bd di bet mgi thu rac ban va ca nhiing dd an cu Trong ca dau nam mdi va ca hdm sau, dau dau cung rdn rang tieng nhac, dieu mua Mgi sy cau gian, cai eg deu la nhung dieu elm ky sudt nhiing tet Tang sang cudi cung cua le hdi nam mdi, dng thay le cua lang thdng bao la "mat trdi da mgc" de mgi ngudi bill rang, le thuc nam mdi da bet Va, de bieu Id cho sy ket thuc nhung le thuc cung nhu nhung hdi nam mdi, mdi gia dinh diu liy mdt miing thjt lgn va hai cai banh gao budc vao cay nam mdi rdi dem cay nam mdi nem vao rung Du cd nhiing khac biet vl thdi gian dien ll hgi va vl hinh thuc td chuc, nhimg le hdi hay tit nam mdi cua nhieu dan tdc, ve thyc chit la nhung ll hdi thyc sy mang y nghia chuyin mua: ca mua thdi tiet va mua lam an Tit cua cac dan tdc la mua "nghi ngai" khdng chi cua thien nhien ma cdn cua ca ngudi Sudt mIy thang cudi nam la ca Tpp chi C d n g sdn mdt khoang thdi gian thien nhien chuyen minh de budc di trang thai cu (mua khd) sang mdt trang thai nidi (mua mua) Day la khoang thdi gian rat dep cho ngudi nghi ngoi, vui choi va lam nhung cdng viec khdng phai ddng ang, vi cai khd da dugc lam dju di bang nhiing mua nhd thua thdt, mua mua tam ta thi cdn chua tdi Vao khoang thdi gian nay, ngudi cung thyc sy dugc nhan va no du vi mua mang da thu hoach xong, lua da ve day kho, mua mua thi chua tdi The la thien, nhan tuong hgp may thang chuyen mua Chinh hoan canh thien nhien da tao d Ddng - Nam A mdt nen van hda lay gieo trdng cay Ida lam co ban Vdng ddi cua cay Ida lai trai dai gan nhu het ca mdt chu trinh thdi tiet, tii mua mua den mua mua sau Rat hay la vdng ddi cua cay lua ngan hon chu trinh thdi tiet vai thang Ket qua la, may thang chuyen tiep cua hau trd quang thdi gian hay nhiing thang nhan rdi nhat nam de mpi ngudi td chuc mpi cudc vui, mpi le thuc hdi he Chinh vi the, tet nam mdi d Ddng - Nam A thudng la ca mdt khoang thdi gian le thuc, hdi he dai ca mdt mua chu khdng chi dien mdt vai Khdng phai ngau nhien ma ngudi Tay Nguyen gpi cac thang le hdi chuyen mua la nhiing thang "quen" hay nhiing thang "nghi" Tren cai nen cua nhirng le hdi chuyen miia chung dd, nhiing hoan canh Ijch su khac tac ddng, mdt sd dan tdc d Ddng - Nam A da khoae len phiic the le hdi chuyen mua truyin thdng cua minh cai ao choang cua nhiing nin van hda hay tdn giao khac tii ben ngoai du nhap vao Chinh vi the mdi cd Tit cua Viet Nam, Tet cua Lao, Tet cua Campu-chia, Tit cua Thai Lan, Tet cua Mi-an ma Du cd khoae them tam ao nao di nua, nhung cai tit nam mdi d Ddng - Nam A van toat len mdt dac trung chung thdng nhat: dac trung chuyin mua tu mua khd sang rnua rnua va tu mua cay trdng sang mua cay trdng sau • Sft 796 (thiing nam 2009) ... va thang Hai - lam dat chuan bi gieo trdng; thang Ba va thang Tu - tria Ida; thang Nam va thang Sau - lam cd lua; thang Bay va thang Tam - Ida tid bdng; thang Chin va thang Mudi - thu hoach;... nang) - thdi gian cua le hdi va ddn tet Ve co ban, lich cua ngudi Xo-dang (d Kon Tum) cung khdng khac lich cua ngudi Ba-na va Gie - Trieng la may: Ba thang dau nam: phat ray; thang Tu va thang Nam: ... nhu nhieu dan tdc d Ddng - Nam A ( cac dan tdc d Tay Nguyen ), ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam xua vdn cd ca nhung thang nghi ngoi, -vui choi, hdi he vao cudi nam cu va dau nam miii, hay vao khoang thdi