VAI TRO TRUC TIEP CUA CAC BRAHMAN AN DO DOI VOI QUA TRINH HINH THANH CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI DAU TIEN • 6 KHU VUC DONG NAM A N G O VAN D O A N H * Ve vai trd ciia A n Do doi vdi sfl r a ddi cac qud'c gia H i n d u giao cd dai ddu tien d Ddng N a m A, da dflde n h i e u n h a khoa hgc b a n den tfl cudi t h e ky XIX T h o a t d a u , k h i mdi tha'y mflc do a n h hfldng to ldn cfla n e n v a n hda P h a n ngfl ddi vdi tdn giao, n g h e t h u i i t va kien trflc d Dong N a m A, cac n h a n g h i e n c[.]
VAI TRO TRUC TIEP CUA CAC BRAHMAN AN DO DOI VOI QUA TRINH HINH THANH CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI DAU TIEN KHU VUC DONG NAM A • N G O VAN DOANH* V e vai trd ciia An Do doi vdi sfl vao nam 1926, da t h a n h lap Hdi Dai An ddi cac qud'c gia Hindu giao cd dai Do Cac t h a n h vien cua Hdi, ma mgt ddu tien d Ddng Nam A, da dflde nhieu nhflng nha khoa hgc tieu bieu la ngfldi nha khoa hgc ban den tfl cudi the ky XIX cua Hgi, dng Majumdar R.C da sd dung Thoat dau, mdi tha'y mflc anh t h u a t ngfl "thudc dia cd dai cua An Do" de hfldng to ldn cfla nen van hda P h a n ngfl lam tieu de cho nhieu cdng trinh nghien ddi vdi tdn giao, nghe thuiit va kien trflc d cflu ciia minh ve Ddng Nam A Tham chf, Dong Nam A, cac n h a nghien cflu cd xu cd ngfldi, nhfl Bagchi P.C da viet rdng hfldng cho rdng nhflng di tfch va da'u tfch "Lich sif An Do thflc dan hda Ddng Dfldng la nhflng ket qua van ddng banh va ban dao Ma Lai la mgt chfldng ve vang trfldng ciia An Do ve phfa Dong Vdi thdi lich sti An Do" The nhflng, nhflng gian, khdng chi cac hgc gia phfldng Tay, tai lieu ve sti di cfl cua nhflng ngfldi An lai cac hgc gia An Do cung hi cud'n vao xu khdng ung hd cho xu hfldng tren hfldng Theo mdt sd' hgc gia ciia xu hfldng nay, nhfl Mookerji R., De'n n a m 1947, cong trinh "Cac Bosch nha nflde An Do hda" ndi tieng cua minh, F.D.K , thi cac h a m ddi khdng Id ciia nha khoa hgc P h a p G.Coedes cho rang, sfl nhflng ngfldi An Dd phieu lflu vfldt bien truyen ba nen van hda An Do den Ddng de'n vflng Vien An va Inddnexia, t h a n h Nam A la ket qua ciia viec An Do tang lap cac vfldng qud'c, thiet lap cac thudc cfldng budn b a n vdi Dong Nam A vao dau dia, phat trien nen thfldng mai cua mau cdng nguyen G.Coedes khdng ung hg ly qud'c va sau dd m a n g cac nghe si tai nang thuyet ve sfl di cfl d at cua nhflng ngfldi tfl Bengal, Kalinga va Gujarat de'n de xay chay trdn khdi An Do, nhflng lai cho rang dflng nhflng cdng trinh vd song Rdi thi cac khu dinh cfl thfldng mai cua ngfldi An * PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A 16 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 da xuat hien tai cac cang d Ddng N a m A ciia nhflng ngfldi B r a h m a n Tuy chi tap Va, theo G,Coedes, tai cac cang nay, nhieu t r u n g nghien cflu vao vflng Inddnexia, p h a n tif cd van hda cao hdn, cac thay tu, nhflng, q u a n diem cua V a n L e u r cung phfl va gidi trf thflc, nhflng ngfldi co k h a n a n g hdp vdi cac n h a nflde "Hindu hda" dau tien truyen ba nen van hda An Do da tdi dflde khac cua Ddng N a m A'^*- Ddng lgi Theo chflng toi, ta't nhien, vao budi ddu G.Coedes cho rang, muc dich chfnh de'n Nam A mdt each thuan cua thdi ky lich sif cua k h u vUc Ddng Nam Ddng N a m A ciia ngfldi An Do la vang A, nhflng mdi q u a n he gifla An Do va cac Sang t h a p nien 50 cua the'ky XX, da cd vflng khac n h a u cua Ddng N a m A dien n h a khoa hgc, ma tieu bieu la Van Leur, ra't phflc tap va q u a n he m a t thiet vdi khdng ddng tinh vdi q u a n diem cua G n h a u The nhflng, qua nghien cflu cac tai Coedes De bac bd q u a n diem cho rdng, lieu hien dflde biet, chflng tdi n h a n tha'y, thfldng mai va cac thfldng gia la nhflng nhflng ngfldi An Do thudc cac dang cap n h a n td' phd bien van hda, Van Leur ndi tren rdng phan ldn cac thfldng n h a n la thugc khdng chi cd vai trd dau tien va ra't quan nhflng nhdm xa hdi lflu va cac thuy thfl trgng doi vdi viec "Hindu hda" cac nha thfldng la nhflng ngfldi nd le Va, theo dng, nflde cd dai d a u tien d Ddng N a m A, ma, nhflng ngfldi khdng the la nhflng trdng mdt sd' trfldng help, cdn la nhflng ngfldi quan ly hgc t h u a t nghi thflc h a n h ngfldi sang lap cac vfldng trieu Hindu le, t h u phong ma Iflc thdn dieu, truyen ba hflng m a n h tai ca hai k h u vfle Itic dia va hgc thuat, kien thflc va sfl hieu biet t h a n h hai dao cua Ddng N a m A Dd la nhflng van m a n g tfnh ly va q u a n lieu Ta't ca vfldng trieu K a u n d i n y a I va II va Trflc nhflng cdng viec tren, theo Van Leur, la Chien D a n d Phfl N a m va vfldng trieu (cac B r a h m a n va cac Kshatrya) nhflng cong viec cua cac B r a h m a n Khdng Saka d q u a n dao Inddnexia Dfldi day, phu n h a n vai trd cua thfldng mai, nhflng, chflng tdi se di sau tim hieu ve nhflng Van Leur mud'n nha'n m a n h de'n vai trd ngfldi An Do sang lap r a nhflng vfldng quan cac trieu Hindu cung n h u sU tdn tai va phat B r a h m a n viec t r u y e n ba va phd bien trien ciia cac vfldng trieu dd d mdt sd' qud'c van hda De chflng minh cho luan diem gia cd dai Dong N a m A trgng va quyet dinh cua cita minh Van Leur ndi tdi qua trinh B r a h m a n hda mien N a m An Do, ndi buon I K A U N D I N Y A VA S U R A D O I CUA ban chii yeu ciia An Do vdi Indonexia vao N H A NUCIC P H U N A M ddu cdng nguyen Theo dng, cac qud'c vUdng d Indonexia da b a t chfldc cac vua Nam An Do mdi cac t h a y t u B r a h m a n tdi trieu dinh ciia minh Vdi viec bac bd mgt each xua't sdc ly t h u y e t thiic dan hda ctia An Do, Van Leur da nha'n m a n h vai trd Trong p h a n viet nay, t r e n cd sd nghien cflu lich sii Phfl N a m , chflng tdi mud'n phan tich vai trd cua nhflng ngfldi B r a h m a n ddi vdi sti h i n h t h a n h n h a nflde Phfl N a m ndi chung, cung nhfl vfldng trieu Hindu d^u tien cua n h a nflde cd dai Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vai irc) true tiep cita cdc Bharman An Do 17 ldn dau tien cua Ddng N a m A Sd di minh va cfldi hoac nfl hoang, hoac gai chflng tdi la'y Phfl N a m lam ddi tfldng cua vua Naga (chfl "naga" d day cd y nghia nghien cflu chfnh vi ma'y ly sau; 1) la bieu tflcing cho vflng da't) NgUdi vd Trfldc het, Phfl N a m khdng chi la mgt tfldng lai Ay cua vi B r a h m a n thudng cd nhflng qudc gia cd dai ddi sdm ten la Soma ("soma" la: Ten mgt chai nha't d Ddng N a m A ma cdn la qud'c gia co rfldu ma cac vi B r a h m a n ciia dao Hindu dai dau tien k h u vUc cd ca mgt qua thudng sit dung cac le hien te, trinh tdn tai va p h a t t n e n lau dai nhal Ten nfl t h a n m a t t r a n g cua Hindu giao) manh nha't va cd a n h hfldng ldn nha't Sau cfldi, vi B r a h m a n da cflng vd lap khu vfle sudi nifa dau thien vfldng trieu d a u tien cua vfldng qud'c nien ky thfl nha't sau cdng nguyen; 2) So Cac n h a nghien cflu da lflu y tdi va n h a n vdi cac qud'c gia cd dai khac cflng thdi, thi tha'y rdng, chfl "Naga" la mgt tfl cd ngudn ve Phfl Nam, cac tai lieu hien dflgc biet la gd'c tien Arya ciia An Do (tfldng flng vdi cd nhieu nha't, ddy du n h a l , dang tin cay chfl "srpa" ctia tie'ng Sanscrit) T h u a t ngfl nha't, phong phfl nha't va he tho'ng nha't; la mgt sfl p h a n a n h ve sfl tdn tai ciia 3) Qua nhflng gi dflde biel, cd the tha'y, nhflng tin ngfldng b a n dia tdn kinh ran, qua trinh hinh t h a n h , tdn tai va phat nflde va da't - nhflng net tin ngfldng chung trien ciia Phfl Nam cd nhflng quan he cd mat ca d An Do va Ddng Nam A Cac mang tinh cdi ngudn, trflc tiep va lien tuc nha nghien cflu cdn n h a n thay cai gd'c An vdi An Do Do (cd the tfl the ky I - II sau CN) cua Dieu ky la la, Phfl Nam, cflng nhfl mgt nhflng truyen thuyet ve Kaudinya d Ddng so cac qud'c gia cd ddu tien cda khu vfle Nam A Vf du, van hgc Tamil, cd Ddng Nam A luc dia, deu cong n h a n sfl n^ot bai thd ctia thdi ky cung ke ve ddi ciia minh cd hen quan de'n mgt ngfldi ^ g t cau chuyen tfldng tfl Bai thd ke rdng B r a h m a n ten la Kaudinya Mac dau cd vi vua ddu tien cua vfldng t n e u Palava tri khac n h a u ddi chflt chi tidt, cac ^^ ^ Kanchi (Nam An Do) la trai ctia truyen ngfldi ^ua Chola va cdng chfla Naga Ngoai Kaudinya, sau da n h a n ^^^fl nhieu n h a khoa hgc da n h a n tha'y, dfldc tfl thdn B r a h m a mdt vu khf thdn (cd Kaudinya la cai ten cda mdt ddng tgc the la cai cung hoac cai lao), da di viln du B r a h m a n noi tie'ng d Bdc An Do va nhieu vd phfldng ddng Cdn ndi xuat phat cda '^han vat lich sfl da m a n g hg Kaudmya ngfldi B r a h m a n thi hoac la tfl An Do, hoac ^^^y Do vay, r a t cd thd, mgt sd vi la tfl ban ddo Malay Vao lflc vfla den B r a h m a n cua ddng hg Kaudinya da ddn Indochina (vflng Ddng N a m A luc dia), vi vflng Dong Dfldng vao nhflng thdi gian B r a h m a n da phai dung dau vdi thu h n h ^bac n h a u Brahman thuyet deu cho biet, dia phfldng va da chie'n thdng bdng vfl Cac bd sif sach cd cua Trung Quo'c co thdn Sau day, vi B r a h m a n sif dung vfl nhflng ghi chep r a t chi tiet ve ngudn gd'c khf t h a n de d a n h da'u dd thi tUdng lai cua tfl vi B r a h m a n ngfldi An Do cua nha nflde 18 Phfl Nam va vfldng trieu Hindu giad dau tien d nha nflde Vi du, chep ve nflde Phfl Nam, sach "Nam Te thfl" (Q.58) cd doan "Nflde Phfl Nam thugc nam phfa tay bien ldn d phfa nam quan Nhat Nam, dien tfch rdng hdn 3.000 dam, nflde Ay cd met sdng ldn chay theo hfldng tay bien Trfldc day, nflde cd vi nfl vfldng ten la Lieu Diep Lai cd mdt ngfldi nflde Khfch ten la Hdn Dien, mgt dem ndm md tha'y than cho mgt cai cung, va bao la cfldi thuyen bien Sang ra, Hon Dien tdi mieu thd than, qua nhien nhat dflde cai cung d dfldi gd'c cay Anh ta ben cfldi thuyen di xud'ng phia nflde Phfl Nam Lieu Diep tha'y cd thuyen tdi, dem quan dinh ta'n cdng Hon Dien tfl xa gifldng cung ban trflng thuyen, mui ten xuyen qua mdt man thuyen, trflng vao ngfldi d Lieu Diep sd hai, xin hang Hdn Dien ben cUdi nang lam vd Hdn Dien ghet tuc nUdc d tran, nen bao nang la'y vai qua'n Hdn Dien cai trj luon nUdc Ay Cha truyen ndi mai Den Ban Huong, vua nUde dd chet, ngUdi nUdc lap vien dai tudng la Pham Su Man len ngdi"''^\ Theo cac nha nghien cflu Pelliot va Finot cau chuyen Hdn Dien- Lieu Diep la di ban ban dia cua truyen thuyet An Do ve vi Brahman Kaundinya va Nagi Soma, gai cua Soma, vua cua cac Naga'"*' Aymonier cdn bd sung them, cd the chinh Kaundinya da dat cho vd minh cai ten mang tinh than theai Soma Cflng L Finot cho rdng viec Hdn Dien chiem cfl da't dai cua Lieu Diep dien vao nifa sau ctia the'ky I sau CN Hai ngfldi cd trai kfi' vi ngai v^ng, va, nhfl vay la da ddi Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009 vfldng trieu ddu tien (vfldng trieu Hen Dien hay Kaundinia) cai tri Phfl Nam sudi hdn 150 nam Thoat dau, vUdng qud'c chi gdm nhflng "a'p" (theo each ggi ciia ngfldi Trung Qud'c) hay "thanh" (theo each ggi cua ngfldi An Do) nam dgc theo song Me Cdng Cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c cho biet, Hdn Dien chia nUdc lam a'p cho cac cai tri Phdn da't cdn lai, nhfl cac nha nghien cflu gia dinh, chac la thudc quyen cai tri cua chfnh nha vua'^\ Dfl Iflcing thdng tin tfl cac truyen thuyet la khdng nhieu, nhflng hanh trang cua nhan vat Kaundinya cac truyen thuyet tren lai cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi viec tim hieu ve nhflng anh hfldng cua An Do ddi vdi sU hinh cac qud'c gia cd dai Hindu giao dau tien Ddng Nam A Trudc het, de hieu rd dUdc va'n de nay, can phai biet den vai trd ctia cac vi Brahman d tai An Do Theo cac nha nghien cflu, de tha'y ro vai trd cua Agastya va Kaundinya, can phai chfl y tdi ba diem sau: Cai giao khdng phai la quan diem dfldc phat trien sfl sflng bai d An Do va, hdn the nfla, khdng phai la nhflng muc tieu nham tdi ctia cac Brahman NhU vay, cd the tha'y miic tieu ctia cac vi Brahman tdi vflng quan dao va vflng Itic dia Ddng Nam A la hoan toan khac so vdi ciia cac vi Brahman tai An Do Trong sudi lich sti An Do, cac Brahman, nhfl dflcic biet, cdn la cac nh^ cam quyen, cac chie'n binh Do v^y, khdng the la khdng cd chuyen, nhflng vi Brahman dflng ddu nhflng vflng cfl tru nhd Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vai trd true tiep ciia cdc Bharman An Do 19 v a o dau ky nguyen Thien chfla, cac ggn mdt so' ft sfl kien ma sfl sach ddng cap Hindu dfldc cirng cd nghiem ngat Trung Qud'c da ghi lai dUde (va da dUdc hdn la ve sau va sU tinh khiet ve Paul Pelliot tap hdp lai cdng trinh huyet thd'ng la k h a q u a n trgng doi vdi cac "Phfl Nam"'''' Trong dd thi khong mdt B r a h m a n Rdi thi, dfl rdng, cac nflde ngoai quo'c gia cd nao d An Do co nhflng ghi chep luon dfldc coi la khong sach va ve nhflng ndi va nhflng quo'c gia ma ngfldi nhflng cudc vien du cua nhflng tin dd dao An den d hay da chiem dugc d cac nflde Hindu ben ngoai An Do ludn khong ngoai Sif sach Trung Quo'c chep la dfldc fla thfch The nhflng, nhflng sii heu ngfldi Phfl N a m cd cac bd sach sif va lai cho biet, cd nhieu ngUdi B r a h m a n da nhflng van ban lflu cac tang thfl, the la'y vd, lap gia dinh va dinh cfl tai cac trieu nhflng, cho de'n nay, chflng ta van chfla dinh d Ddng Nam A Thai phong biet gi va chfla cd tai lieu gi ve kho sach khoang nhfl vay cua cac thu Hnb Dong cfla Phfl Nam Do vay, tai lieu Nam A viec mdi ggi cac vi B r a h m a n nha't de chflng ta biet ve nflde Phfl Nam An Do la khdng cd d tai An Do (tai que thdi ky van la nhflng ghi chep cua sif hfldng sach Trung Qud'c minh, nhflng ngfldi Brahman khdng the dat dtide dja vi nhfl hg cd dfldc Tuy chi tri vi gan hai the ky, d Ddng N a m A) Va, nhfl lich sii sau nhflng, chac chan la, ba vi vua cua ddng cho thay, sfl ket hdp gifla cac B r a h m a n An hg ngfldi B r a h m a n Kaundinya khdng chi Do vdi cac ddng tdc t h u linh ban dia da da tao lap ve cd ban nhflng nen tang cho lam sinh cac quan niem ve "vfldng mdt the che qud'c gia theo kieu An Do ma quyen thdn t h a n h " hay "than vua" d cac truyen ba nhflng anh hfldng cfla van qud'c gia cd dai tai khu vfle Ddng Nam A"'' hda An Do mgt each sau rong vao ddi sd'ng Vdi Kaundinya, lich sif hinh ciia cua t h a n dan d nflde Phfl Nam Chac chan nha nflde cd dai Phfl Xam da chflng td vai la, viec hinh t h a n h nha nflde Phfl trd to ldn nhfl nao cua mdt vi Nam, vai trd cua vi B r a h m a n , ma cu the d B r a h m a n tfl ben ngoai de'n Kaundinya day la Kaundinya la r a i ldn, neu khdng (Hdn Dien) khong chi trd t h a n h vua ma ndi la quyet dinh the cdn la ngfldi sang lap vfldng trieu dau tien (vfldng trieu Kaundinya I ) Vfldng trieu cua K a u n d i n y a tdn tai dfldc hdn 150 nam va trai qua ba ddi vua; Hdn Dien (Kaudinya, nifa sau the ky I), Hdn Ban II THIEN TRUC CHIEN D A N VA VAI TRO CUA CAc ONG H O A N G S H A K A CAC QUOC GLA CO DAI DONG NAM A Hud'ng (sinh n a m 127, ma't nam 217, thg Sau Kaundinya va vfldng trieu cua 90 tudi) va Hdn Ban Ban (217- 220) The dng, vfldng trieu he P h a m chi len cam nhflng, ra't tiec la sfl hieu biet cua chung quyen dfldc hdn 100 n a m va qua ddi vua: ta ve gdn hai tri vi cua P h a m Sfl Man (217-220), P h a m Kim Sinh Kaundinya va chau cua dng lai chi gdi (bi giet n a m 225), P h a m Chien (225-245), tram nSm 20 Pham Trfldng (hi giet nam 245) va Pham Tam (? - ?) The rdi, de'n khoang nam 357, mdt hoan canh lich sif nao ma chflng ta chfla biet ro, Phfl Nam da sup dd dUdi sfl thd'ng tri cua mdt ngfldi ngoai qud'c Va Ian cflng lai la mdt ngfldi An Do Theo cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c (Lfldng thfl, Tan thfl), vad thang dau tien cua nam 357 tflc "nam Thang Binh ddi Muc De, vua nflde Ay (Phfl Nam) la Thien True Thien Dan dang bieu tien voi da thuan hda"'^' Cac nha khoa hgc da khdng dinh Thien Trflc Chien Dan cd nghia la ngfldi An Do ten la Chien Dan (Chandan) Nha nghien cflu S Levi viet; "Thien True Chien Dan hoac Trflc Chien Dan la mgt nhan vat vua chfla gd'c An Do; danh hieu Chien Dan hinh nhfl da gan lien vdi cflng mdt ngudn gd'c cua trieu vua Kanishka Sfl lien he dd khdng cd gi la ba't ngd Mdt the ky trfldc, Trflc Chien Dan, vao thdi ky nha Ngd (220- 264), gifla nhflng nam 240 va 245, theo nhflng tfnh toan cua ong Pelliot, nha vua Phfl Nam da cif mdt ngfldi hoang tgc di sfl sang An Do gap vi hoang tif Meou-louen (Murunda) tri vi vflng sdng Hdng, va nha vua Murunda da tang lai nha vua Phfl Nam bd'n ngfla ctia ngfldi Ydu-tche (Nhuc Chi) The rdi, vao nam 357, toan bd mien Bac An Do da quy phuc dfldi vfldng trieu Gupta Rat cd the, met chi nhanh cua ddng hg Kushana, bi day Ifli khdi nhflng bd sdng Hdng, da tim den tao dting cd nghiep d b e n vinh Bengale, tren "Manh da't Vang" dd''^\ Mdi quan he tnic tiep vdi An Do nay, theo P.Pelhot, da dfldc bat ddu tfl thdi Pham Chien Ve sfl kien nay, P.Pelliet viet: "thdi Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 ky tri vi cua Pham Chien thtic la quan trgng Chinh ke tiem ngdi la ngudi dau tien da dat nhflng quan he chfnh thflc va trflc tie'p vdi cac hoang tif An Do Mgt van ban the ky V ke kai rang, mdt ngfldi Chia-hsiang-li nao da'y, vd'n ngfldi go'c xfl Tan-yang, nflde dfldng nhfl nam ve phfa tay An Do, da tdi An Do, va rdi tfl da'y tdi Phfl Nam Chfnh dng ta da day cho nha vua Pham Chien biet ve nhflng dieu ky dieu ma da't nflde cd the cho du khach biet, the nhUng, hanh trinh de'n nUdc thi lau dai, ca di lan ve phai mai tdi ba, tham chf bdn nam Khdng biet vua Pham Chien cd hi xieu Idng bdi nhflng dieu ma Chia-hsiang-li ndi hay khdng? NhUng, ft nha't, chflng ta cung biet, qua mhflng ngudn tai lieu chac chan, ring, nha vua da cif mdt nhflng ngfldi hg hang ciia minh cd ten la Seu-wdu dan mdt sfl bg tdi An Do Ngfldi len tau khdi tfl Tdu-chu-li, cd the la Takkdla, dieu chflng td anh hfldng cua Phfl Nam Iflc da Ian toa tdi tan vflng An Do Dfldng Sfl bd cap ben d cifa sdng Hang va ngflde ddng sdng di de'n kinh dd cua vi hoang tii, ma nhfl Sylvain Levi da xac dinh, thudc vfldng trieu Murunda Nha vua An Do cho nhflng ngfldi khach nflde ngoai di tham thfl da't nflde minh Sau da'y, vua cho hg ve nUdc cflng tang pham gifi vua Phfl Nam la bd'n ngtia thudc gid'ng Indo - Scythe (An - Nhuc Chi), va cif mdt ngUdi An ten la Tchen-sung di theo Khi Su-wu trd ve den Phfl Nam, tfnh da bd'n nam ke tfl lflc dng xua't hanh di"'^' Tiec rang, cho den nay, qua nhflng sti lieu it di dUdc biet, theo cac nha nghien N.g6 Vdn Doanh - Vai nd true tiep ciia cdc Bharman An Do cflu, trieu vua Chien Dan ngfldi An Do hay Indo-scythe (An Do - Nhuc Chi) xuat hien nhfl kieu mgt man chen vao ljch sif Phfl Nam Nam 357 la men dai nha't ma chung ta dfldc biet ve trieu vua Chien Dan Tfl thdi diem dd, cho tdi cudi the ky IV hay dau the ky V, khong tha'y mdt tai lieu nao ndi ve Phfl Nam The nhflng, vdi vua Chien Dan, lan dau tien lich sif, quan he gifla Phfl Nam va An Do dfldc day xa den tan vflng ciia vfldng trieu Kushana d tit tan phfa tay bdc An Do Chac ban, cd nhieu ly khien cho nhflng ngfldi An Do - Nhuc Chi tfl vflng Trung A da de'n va, tham chf, da lam vua nflde Phfl Nam mdt thdi gian ngan Khdng hieu, Chien Dan cd phai la mgt Brahman khdng, the nhflng, vao thdi ky (the ky II- III), cac vi Brahman va cac cao tang ngfldi An Dg Nhuc Chi da cd mat va cd nhieu vai trd quan trgng d khu vfle Ddng Nam A Dieu ly thfl la, nghe thuat cua ngfldi Khdme sau nay, da xual hien nhflng md tip ciia nghe thuat Scythe, nhfl cai ao choang ngdn cua thdn Surya, cai mfl mien ba canh hinh tru cua than Visnu Rdi thi, cac bia ky Khdme thdi ky Angcd cd nhdc den mdt hinh anh huyen bf ciia Saka Sakabrahmana, "dao si Brahman ngfldi Scythe" Cflng theo cac nha khoa hgc, lieu ten ggi ngfldi Khdme la Kambuja cd lien quan gi vdi nhflng ngfldi Kambuja d Iran'"" Cac vi Brahman va cac nha sfl ngfldi An Do - Nhuc Chi, hay ngfldi Hd, nhflng the'ky II - III, cung da cd mat d Giao Chau (Bdc Viet Nam) Vi du, sti sach hay ndi tdi cac cao tang ngfldi 21 Hd da cd mat va cd nhieu boat ddng tai Giao Chau thdi Sf Nhiep, nhfl Ky Vfle (Jivaka), Khau Da La (Kcudra), Cfldng Lfldng Lflu Chi (Kalyanaruci), Ma Ha Ky Vfle (Marajivaka) (gidi ve phfl phep, da den Phfl Nam, qua Giao Chau rdi sang Quang Chau) Cdn ban than Si Nhiep, thi, "khi ong vao cd vai chuc ngfldi Ho di sat ben xe, thdp hfldng"'^^^ Cflng vao thdi gian nay, lich sif vflng Ddng Nam A hai dao (dao Java hay dao Sumatra) cflng dfldc gan vdi nhflng beat dgng cua cac dng hoang ngfldi An - Nhuc Chi Tai vflng qudn dao Inddnexia va ban dao Malaixia, cdn lflu truyen nhflng truyen thuyet ve hoang tif thudc dang ca'p Ksatrya ten la Aji Saka Theo ldi ke cua cac truyen thuyet nay, thi Aji Saka la vien quan thfldng thfl cua hoang tif Prabhu Jaya Bhaya ddng Shaka tai Gujarat (Tay An Do) Chang hoang tif Aji Saka da chi huy nhflng ddi vien chinh ddu tien den vflng Indonexia Trong chuyen vien chinh dau tien, chang hoang tif da tim tha'y mgt hdn dao chfla biel (Java hoac Sumatra) tay cac Raksas, nhflng quy an thit ngfldi thdn thoai Hindu giao Theo cac nha nghien cflu, nhfl bieu tfldng Naga d Ddng Dfldng, cac Raksas d day cd the la hinh anh cua nhflng be lac san ddu va an thit ngfldi thdi xa xfla (ma tan tich van cdn d mgt so' dan tgc hien nay) cua vflng Ddng Nam A hai dao The nhflng, vi khong du manh de chinh phuc cac Raksas, hoang tif Aji Saka budc phai quay budm cho thuyen ve Gujarat de ciing cd'va tang vien Va, vdi sfl giflp dd cua nhflng hd trci mdi, hoang tif Aji Saka da cdng 22 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009 viec thiet lap mdt ndi dinh cfl lau Chien D a n ( C h a n d a n a ) , v u a Kieu Tran dai tren hdn dao'^^^ Ra't cd the nhflng Nhfl (^Kaundinya) vd'n la ngfldi B r a h m a n truyen thuyet cua J a v a va S u m a t r a ft d Thien Trflc (a'n Do), dfldc ldi t h a n bad: nhieu cho chflng ta tha'y dfldc t a m q u a n "nha ngfldi p h a i de'n cai tri Phfl Nam" trgng va nhflng boat ddng ciia nhflng dng Kieu T r a n Nhfl ldng r a t mflng, ben hoang ngfldi An- Nhuc Chi Thien Trflc di tdi nflde B a n B a n d phfa n a m Dan Chien Dan dflng dau d Phfl N a m The chflng Phfl N a m n g h e dfldc tin r a t mflng, nhflng, neu nhfl Aji S a k a d ngoai hai dao ca nflde vui ve ddn rfldc Kieu T r a n Nhfl ve chi thiet lap dfldc mdt ndi dinh cfl lau dai, lam vua Kieu T r a n Nhfl t h a y ddi phap dg thi Thien True Chien Dan khong chi tim nflde, theo nhfl quy che cua nflde dfldc ndi dinh cfl ma cdn trd t h a n h vua cua Thien Truc"'^' Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi, mdt vfldng qud'c hflng m a n h theo cac n h a n g h i e n cflu, Kaundinya d Tuy chi xua't hien mgt thdi gian day (tflc Kieu T r a n Nhfl) chfnh la met vi ngan, the nhflng, nhfl cac n h a khoa hgc da B r a h m a n thdng t u e da tflng sd'ng tai danh gia, sfl cd m a t ciia nhflng ngfldi An thudc qud'c B a n B a n (Pan-Pan) cita Phfl Do - Nhuc Chi d Phfl N a m va Ddng Nam N a m va da cd tieng t a m Iflng lay tdi tan A da la khflc dao d a u cho mgt lan sdng thfl t h u phii ciia nflde Phfl N a m Chac chan la, hai dfla cac vi B r a h m a n An Do tdi Phfl dfldng dan vi B r a h m a n tdi ngai Nam va Ddng Nam A Va, cflng khdng vang da cd cd sd Hoac ong, hoac la mdt phai ngau nhien, ma, nghe t h u a t nhflng ngfldi ke vi ong da gdn ket cua mdt sd' qud'c gia cd Dong Nam A, nhfl dng vdi trieu dai K a u n d i n y a thfl nha't; bdi Phfl N a m , L a p , cd vi, chfnh cac vi vua sau cua C h a n Lap nhflng anh hfldng nha't dinh cua nghe va Kambuja cung nhU cac vua cua Phfl t h u a t K u s h a n a Rdi thi, nhfl cac sif lieu da N a m deu n h a n la h a u due, thdng qua ndi, van tfl cua ngfldi Hd (ngfldi An - Nhtic ddng K a u n d i n y a Chi) da dflcic phd bien d cac qud'c gia Ddng B r a h m a n K a u n d i n y a va Soma Nagi thugc Nam A vao nhflng the ky IV-V vfldng trieu M a t t r a n g (tflc Hdn Dien va Champa, Chan thfl h a i nay, cita vi Lieu Diep) III KAUNDINYA ( K I E U T R A N N H U ) VA V U O N G T R I E U K A U N D I N Y A II CUA P H U NAM Nhfl vi B r a h m a n tien bdi, Kieu Tran Nhfl khdng chi da lam v u a ma cdn de lai Phfl N a m cho nhflng h a u due ctia minh T h a t la dac biet ddi vdi Phfl Nam, vao Cung cac tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c cho biet kha ddu the ky V hoac mudn hdn mgt chflt, chi tiet ve cac v u a ke tie'p s a u Kieu Trdn mdt Idn nfla lai xua't hien trieu dinh Nhfl Vi dii, "Lfldng thfl" viet; "Sau mgt vi vua la ngfldi B r a h m a n An Do tfl Kieu T r a n Nhfl (Kaundinya) chet, vua nflde Ban Ban den Sif sach T r u n g Qud'c tiep thee ten la Tri Le Da Bat Ma (Sri (Lfldng thfl, Q.54) chep; " Met I n d r a v a r m a n ) cd d a n g bieu ed'ng phUdng nhflng ngfldi ke vi cita n h a vua Trflc vat vao ddi Td'ng Van De (423- 453) Nam Ngd Vdn Doanh - Vai tro infc tie'p ciia cdc Bharman An Do Vinh Minh ddi Te (483- 492), vua nUdc Ay la Dd Ta Bat Ma ( J a y a v a r m a n ) cung cd sai sfl cdng hien N a m Thien Giam thfl hai (503), Bat Ma cd sai sfl ed'ng tfldng Phat b a n g s a n hd va hien phfldng vat"'^' J a y a v a r m a n , "Phfl N a m dai vfldng" mai vao n a m 514 va la Lflu Da Bat Ma len ngdi Ve viec "Lfldng Thfl" chep; 23 IV CAC THAY BRAHMAN TRONG cAC QUOC GIA CO DAI DONG NAM A Khdng phai chi trd t h a n h vi vua lap qud'c hay trd t h a n h nhflng ngUdi sang lap cac trieu dai nhfl trfldng hdp cua vfldng quo'c Phfl Nam, cac ngfldi B r a h m a n An Do mdi cd mdt vai trd va vi trf quan trgng ddi vdi sfl ddi cua cac nha nflde co dai d " Ddi Tfly, nam thfl 10, 13 (?), vua Bat Ddng Nam A Cd le, vi nhflng ly dac Ma cua hg cd nhieu lan sai sfl vao tien biet nao da'y ma, chf d Phfl Nam, cac ngUdi co'ng phfldng vat N a m Ay, Bat Ma chet Ba La Mdn (Brahman) An Do mdi trd Cdn thfl la Lflu Da Bat Ma giet dfch, t h a n h cac vi vua q u a n 'trgng cua vfldng tfl lap lam vua(7) quo'c Trong dd, d cac qud'c gia co dai Ngoai nhflng tai lieu Trung Qud'c, cho khac, dfl ra't dfldc tdn kfnh va cd nhflng den nay, chflng ta cd tay hai bia ky vai trd ra't quan trgng, cac vi B r a h m a n An ciia thdi ky J a y a v a r m a n : bia ky ciia hoang Do van ludn chi la nhflng ngfldi boat dgng h a u thfl nha't ten la Kulaprabhavati (tim tdn giao hay lam nhflng cd' va'n dac biet tha'y d phia n a m tinh Takeo, Campuchia) va mdt bia ky cua mdt nhflng ngfldi trai cua vua ten la G u n a v a r m a n (bia ky khde tren cdt mdt ngdi den d Thap Mfldi) Ca hai bia ky deu dfldc viet bang chfl S a n s k r i t va deu cd nien dai nifa sau the ky V Diia tren cac tfl lieu khac nhau, cac nha khoa hgc gia dinh rdng, cd the ma thdi Cd the tha'y cac vj vua cua cac nha nflde cd dai dau tien d Ddng Nam A can thiet cac B r a h m a n cua An Do nhfl the nao de giflp da't nflde minh cai dao qua viec hg mdi cac B r a h m a n An Do den nflde minh Cac tai lieu lich sif {(cac ghi chep cua nhflng ngfldi T r u n g Quo'c ten la Kang Tai va Zhu Ying (Khang Thai va Chu Ung)} cho biet; "ngfldi dan nflde Touen- ngfldi me ciia G u n a v a r m a n chinh la ba siun (Dien Tdn, mdt qud'c gia cd tren ban hoang h a u K u l a p r a b h a v a t i , vd cua nha dao Ma Lai) thuc h a n h nhflng giao ly ciia vua J a y a v a r m a n Va, theo "Ludng Thu", cac B r a h m a n va ga gai ciia minh cho thi chinh ngfldi (Gunavarman) da bi hg Ket qua la nhieu ngfldi B r a h m a n da ngUdi khdng ve nflde hg nfla Nhflng ca Luu Da Bat Ma ngfldi (Rudravarman), cua mgt ngfldi thie'p, B r a h m a n khdng phai lam gi ngoai am sat va chiem ngdi Va, nhfl sfl sach da viec nghien ngam k m h sach, tam rifa ghi chep, R u d r a v a r m a n la vi vua cudi bang nflde hfldng nflde hoa va dem cflng cua Phfl N a m Vi vua cudi cflng khdng ngflng nghi td rd ta'm long mg cua Phfl Nam da cti nhieu doan sfl bd khac dao ""''* Cac bia ky bdng chfl Sanskrit sang T r u n g Qud'c vao cac nam gifla cudi the ky IV - dau the ky V cua vUdng nhflng nam 517 va 539"'" quo'c Kutei (phfa ddng dao Borneo) cd ndi 24 tdi viec vi vua ten la Mulavarman da dang cflng da't dai, gia sue, vang va cac dd quy cho cac vi Brahman sd'ng that cd ten la Vaprakesvara Cac bia ky cho biet, Mulavarman la chau cua vi thu linh cd ten la Kundunga va la ciia Asvavarman, ngfldi dfldc coi la da sang lap vfldng trieu Hindu ban dia Theo cac bia ky, Mulavarman la vi vua dau tien cua ddng tdc mang vfldng hieu la Raja (thuat ngfl An Do chi vua, hay qud'c vfldng) Dieu ly thfl nfla ma cac bia ky tren che biet la chfnh Mulavarman da dfla nhieu ngfldi Brahman ddng Siva ngfldi ngoai qud'c den vfldng qud'c cua minh va ban cho hg da't dai va "cac kho bau" Khdng chi d Kutei va Dien Tdn, tai cac vfldng qud'c cd dai khac d Ddng Nam A nhfl Xfch Thd, theo cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c, trieu ludn cd vai tram vi Brahman Vf du, Tfly Thfl cd chep; "Xfch Thd d vflng bien Nam Hai Da't d dd mau dd nen ggi la Xfch Thd Vua nflde a'y cd hg la Cfl Dam Vua d Tang Chi, Cd ba ldp cifa, moi ciia deu ve hinh Bd Tat va Tien bay Nha vua ngdi tren sap cao, cd bd'n ngfldi gai dflng hau hai ben, linh hd ve hdn tram ngfldi Vai tram ngfldi Ba La Mdn xep hai hang quay mat vao "'^' Va, ngfldi Brahman vi dai nha't cua khu vfle Ddng Nam A hai dao thdi ky hinh cac nha nflde cd dai la ngfldi Brahman cd ten la Agastya Nhan vat Agastya la mdt ngfldi ra't dfldc tdn kinh d Nam An Do, ndi ma ong dflcic coi la cd vai trd quan trgng viec truyen ba va cung cd'dao Hindu cho ca vflng Ong dflcic Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 ggi la Resi, nghia la mdt nha tu khd hanh, mdt ngfldi dfldc coi la ban hflu hay hda than cua than Siva dfldi dang mdt thdy tu (Siva Mahaguru) Cac Resi cdn dfldc coi nhfl la ngfldi trung gian gifla the gidi ciia ngfldi va the gidi cua cac thdn Hg dfldc ton kinh nhfl nhflng ngfldi c6 nhflng quyen nang sieu nhien va nhfl nhflng ngfldi chi dan hay nhflng ngfldi thay (guru) cua cac vi vua (Raja) tfldng lai Vai trd ciia Agastya la vai trd cita met vi Brahman, mdt cd' van cua cac vi vua Hinh tfldng cua cac Agastya thfldng la mang mgt cai nganh, cam mgt chiec dinh ba va, cac den thd, thfldng dflcic dat d ben phai tflcing Siva Cdn treng cac thdn thoai va truyen thuyet, Agastya dflcic md ta la mdt vi Brahman da cai giao cho vi thit linh dia phfldng va ca gia tdc cita thu linh theo dao Hindu Ngoai ra, boat ddng cua Agastya cflng gid'ng vdi cua Kaudinya vao lflc khdi dflng cua cac vfldng trieu Hindu giad ddu tien'^^' Nhfl vay la, sudi the ky, nha nflde Phfl Nam da la cfldng qud'c thd'ng tri mgt vflng ldn d ban dao Ddng Dfldng Sau sup dd, Phfl Nam van cdn de lai nhflng anh hfldng vd cflng to Idn ddi vdi lich sif va van hda ciia ca khu vfle Ddng Nam A Va, nhfl da trinh bay va phan tfch d tren, ngfldi sang lap nha nflde Phfl Nam cung nhfl vfldng trieu dau tien (vUdng trieu Kaundinya I) cila vfldng qud'c Phfl Nam la mgt ngfldi Brahman An Do Rdi thi, ngfldi lap vfldng trieu Kaundinya II Ngi) Vdn Doanh - Vai Ird true liep ciia cdc Bharman An Do cua Phfl Nam cflng la mgt ngfldi B r a h m a n 25 cU lau dai ben canh hoang cung./ An Do Tuy chi cai tri da't nUdc hai trieu dai, nhUng cac vi B r a h m a n cd ten la Kaundinya (I va II) cflng cac chau da CHU THICH tri vi Phfl N a m mgt thdi gian dai khoang hdn 350 nam Cdn neu tinh ca vua Trflc Thien Dan nfla, thi ngfldi An Do va chau hg da lam vua Phfl Nam khoang 400 nam, nghia la 4/5 thdi gian tdn tai cua n h a nflde Phfl Nam (cac vua ngfldi ban xfl, tflc cac vua hg P h a m chi tri vi Phfl Nam dfldc khoang tren dfldi 100 nam) Hdn the nfla, p h a n ldn nhflng t h a n h tflu quan trgng nha't ma nha nflde Phfl Nam dat dfldc ve mgi mat, dac biet la linh vfle chinh tri, xa hdi va van hda, deu thugc ve cac trieu dai cac vua la nhflng ngfldi B r a h m a n An Do va chau cua hg Va, chinh vi vay ma, khdng phai khac, chfnh nhflng ngfldi B r a h m a n An Do mdi la nhflng ngfldi quan trgng gdp phan tao lap nha nflde Phfl Nam va dfla nhflng Co the tham khao ve cac ly thuyet An Do boa trong; D.G.E Hall, L/c/i sd Dong Nam A, (ban dich tie'ng Viet), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ngi, 1997, tr 31-49 G.Coedes, Les etats Hindouises d'Indochine and d'Indonesie, Paris, 1989, tr.65 Dan theo: a Pelliot, Paul, Quelques textes chinois concernant Vlndochine hindouisee Et.A 2; 243-263 b Hgi Khoa hgc Lich sU Viet Nam, Vdn hoa Oc Eo vd vUOng qudc Phil Nam Nxb The gidi, 2008, tr 267- 290 Finot, L Sur quelques traditions indochinoises, B.C.A.I 11 (1911), tr.20-37 Pelliot P.Fou-Nan B.E (1903), tr 248-303 Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, 2006, tr 48 truyen tho'ng van hda An Do vao khu vilc Pelliot, P Sdd, tr 269; Vdn hda 6c Eo vd vUc/ng qud'c Phii Nam, Sdd, tr.275 ban dao Ddng Difdng cua Ddng Nam A Pelliot P Fu-Nan, Sdd, tr 252, 292 vao nifa ddu thien nien ky I sau CN 10 Coedes, G The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, East- West center press, Honolulu, 1968, tr.47 Tuy khong cd du'dc nhflng vj the lam de'n qud'c vfldng nhfl d Phfl Nam, nhflng cac ngfldi B r a h m a n va Ksatrya An Do d nhflng qud'c gia cd dai khac khu vfle Ddng Nam A cflng cd nhflng vi trf r a i quan trgng trieu dinh va r a i dfldc tdn kinh Dfl khdng dfldc lam vua, nhflng nhflng ngfldi An Do, dac biet la nhflng vi B r a h m a n , b a n phai cd nhflng vi tri quan 11 Theo; Lich sd che phong kien Viet Nam, Tran Quo'c VUdng- Ha Van Tan bien soan, Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi, 1960, tr 90 12 Raffles, T.8 The history of Java, Oxford University Press, 1964, 13 Theo: Coedes, G The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, East- West center press, Honolulu, 1968, tr.60 thiet trieu ciia cac nha vua, cflng nhfl ludn Theo: Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, 2006, tr 89-107 duoc cac vua Ddng Nam A mdi den dinh 15 Munoz, P.M Early Kingdoms , sdd, tr.47 trgng trieu dinh, nen mdi ludn cd mat tdi h a n g t r a m ngUdi cac budi 14 ... qud'c gia cd dai Hindu giao dau tien Ddng Nam A Trudc het, de hieu rd dUdc va'n de nay, can phai biet den vai trd ctia cac vi Brahman d tai An Do Theo cac nha nghien cflu, de tha'y ro vai trd... mdt thdi gian ngan Khdng hieu, Chien Dan cd phai la mgt Brahman khdng, the nhflng, vao thdi ky (the ky II- III), cac vi Brahman va cac cao tang ngfldi An Dg Nhuc Chi da cd mat va cd nhieu vai trd... ciia cac vi Brahman tai An Do Trong sudi lich sti An Do, cac Brahman, nhfl dflcic biet, cdn la cac nh^ cam quyen, cac chie'n binh Do v^y, khdng the la khdng cd chuyen, nhflng vi Brahman dflng