NHAN VAT SIP KIEN TCr PHONG TRflO CONG NHfiN THfiN HON Gfil DEN sa Rfi Ddl CHINH DflNG VO SflN TREN KHU MO D^U N^M 1930 GS DINH XUAN LAM K hu md tiian Hdn Gai (Quang Ninh) mdi bit d u dugc dieu tra va tiiam dd tii nhiing nam d u tiie ky XDC, nhung da cd siic hap dan ldn ddi vdi tu ban phuang Tay dang tren dudng banh trudng the lire ma rdng chiem ddng d t dai, ddc chiem tiij trudng va nguyen lieu Hau het cac nuac tu ban nhu Anh, P h ^ , Dire deu ra siic ddm ngd, mudn ddc chiem vimg dat "vang den"[.]
NHAN VAT - SIP KIEN TCr PHONG TRflO CONG NHfiN THfiN HON Gfil DEN sa Rfi Ddl CHINH DflNG VO SflN TREN KHU MO D^U N^M 1930 GS DINH XUAN LAM K hu md tiian Hdn Gai (Quang Ninh) mdi bit d u dugc dieu tra vatiiamdd tii nhiing nam d u tiie ky XDC, nhung da cd siic hap dan ldn ddi vdi tu ban phuang Tay dang tren dudng banh trudng the lire ma rdng chiem ddng d t dai, ddc chiem tiij trudng va nguyen lieu Hau het cac nuac tu ban nhu Anh, Ph^, Dire deu siic ddm ngd, mudn ddc chiem vimg dat "vang den", dac biet la tii ban Phap thdng qua boat ddng ngam eiia cac giao sT va nha budn cang ndn ndng mudn sdm thau tdm mdn Igi ldn Trong chuyen dua quan tir Sai Gdn danh chiem Bac Ky lan thii hai (1882), chi huy Phap la Henri Riviere sau chiem Ha Ndi (25-4-1882) da khdng dua quan danh chiem cac tinh vimg ddng bang nhu Francis Gamiertiinglam mudi nam ve truac (1873) ma lap tlie dua quan chiem ddng Hdn Gai (thang 3-1883) vi Riviere biet rd trieu dinh nha Thanh (ding sau la tii ban Anh) dang xiic tien viec tiiuongtiiuyetvdi triiu dinh Hul dl dugc tiiue * Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ndi 62 dai han vimg md Hdn Gai Ngay sau chiem ddng Hdn Gai, Riviere cho tau chien den chiem ludn Quang Yen, va nhu vay da "phdng tay tren" tu ban Anh dang dm kp tham vgng ldn ddi vdi toan vimg Rdi sau lai cho quan tir Ha Ndi xudng danh chiem cac tinh ddng bang, cudi cimg latiianhNam Djnh (27-3-1883), di lai dudng 10 nam trudfc Ganier da di Ngay sau chiem ddng Hdn Gai, khdng che ea mat bien Bac Ky va bao dam chu quyen ciia thuc dan Phap tren vimg md, nhanh ehdng bien khu md "Vuong quoc" ddc chiem cua bgn tu ban ddc quyen Phap, phong trao yeu nuac ehdng Phap cua nhan dan ta dang phat tiien ram rd ca nuac Hang loat cdng ty tu ban Phap khai thac md nhanh ehdng duge lap tren ca sa cac nhugng dja ma toan quyen Ddng Duong d t nhugng cho ehiing Cdng ty tiian ciia Phap df BIC Ky (Societefrancaisedes Charbonnages du Tonkin - SFCT) bao gdm nhiing nha tu ban kich xii ciia nuac Phap la cdng ty md Idn nhit Ddng Duong, tiianh lap sdm nhit, chilm nhiing nhugng dja beo bd nhit a khu vuc San TAP CHi LICH SLF DANG - SO 11/2009 NHAN VAT - SU' KIEN lugngtiianhing nam oia cdng ty chilm tu 70 den 85% san lugngtiiantoan xii E)dng Duong Sir ddi va boat ddng cang md rdng cua khu md than Hdn Gai ddi hdi mdt ddi ngQ cdng nhan cang ddng dao Sd lugng cdng nhan tiian Hdn Gai thudng xuyen chilm tir 65 den 70% sd lugng cdng nhan md Viet Nam, ngoai ciing cd mdt sd cdng nhan ngudi Hoa Rd rang la qua trinh hinh tiianh ting Idp cdng nhan md Hdn Gai gan 20 nam cuditiieky XDC gan lien vdi qua trinh xam lugc, tiiam dd va budc d u khaitiiacthan df vimg Ciing rd rang la hoan canh mdt nudfc ndng nghiep, ciing nhu cdng nhan nuac ta ndi chung, cdng nhan than Quang Ninh dai bd phan xuat than tir ndng dan Trudfc thuc dan Phap xam lugc nudc ta, hg la dan cay, mdt sd it la thg thu cdng bj ban cimg hda va pha san su chen ep va bdc lot rao riet cua tu ban Phap Cdng nhan vung md than Hdn Gai ciing nhu tang ldp cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung, tir mdi ddi da bj day dga cue nhgc "nhu nhung siic vat phai dieu khien bang roi vgt"' gilt da man nhiing tii nhan bdti-dn.Tinh hinh cho thay ting Idp cdng nhan md than Quang Ninh vira mdi ddi da bj ap biic va bdc lot tan nhan, ddi vdi nam cimg nhu nir, ngudi Viet ciing nhu ngudi Hoa, miic cang gay git, cang khdc Uet Vdi thue te cugc sdng bj ap biic, bdc lot cua ngudi dan mat nuac bj cha dap, ngudi thg md Quang Ninh tir mdi ddi da xac djnh dugc ddi tugng d u tranh, nhan rd dugc ban chat ke thii ciia minh mdt each cu the, ten tu ban cua ham md ciing chinh la ten chu thuc dan, ke ap biic day dga ngudi thg md ddngtiidiciing la ke thii cudp nudc, day xeo len toan dan tdc Tir thuc te cua hoan canh giai cap va dan tgc nhu vay, ngudi cdng nhan than Quang Ninh - cung nhu cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung - da cd dieu kien sdm nhan thiie ehan ly "lgi ich giai cap va lgi ich dan tdc la hoan toan nhat trf' Dac diem chu yeu cua chinh saeh khai thac cua tu ban Phap d khu md Quang Ninh la ddc quyen va siic vo vet tai nguyen bang each bdc lot tan te ngudi cdng nhan md nhim thu dugc Igi De cap den tinh hinh khai thac than cua md nhuan cang ldn Dac diem dd bao tnim sudt Ke Bao (Cai Bau) nam 1894, mdt tai lieu da thii ca thdi ky thdng trj cua chiing tren khu vuc nay, nhan nhiing thii doan bdc lot va each ddi xii tan va dd chinh la gdc re tao nen mau tiiuan ddi te cua bgn chu md ddi vdi ngudi thg md, nhu tra khangti"ongxa hdi khu md, la nguyen nhan ca luong khdng deu, dudi cdng nhan khdng cd ly ban cua mgi cugc diu tranh ciia ngudi thg md da Iam cho mdt sd ngudi bd viec, va bgn chu Tu ban Phap d y manh khai tiiac tren qi^ md vdi sir ddng Ida cua nha cam quyen Phap da md ldn tir d u the ky XX da lam cho co cau bat til nhan thay the; nhung rdi chinh cac tii kinh tl Viet Nam cd nhiing bien chuyen quan nhan ciing khdng chju dugc canh bdc lot, trgng Phuang thiic bdc lot mdi tiieo Idi tu ban hiep tan bao cua bgn chu nen hg ciing bd trdn chu nghia da dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam, bat D I ddi phd lai, bgn chu md da tien hanh viec d u xam nhap cac khu kinh te ndng, cdng, dudi bit cdng khai tren toan dao, tham chi ban thuong nghiep Ddngtiidi,phuong thiic bdc cii TAP CHi LICH SLF D A N G - SO 11/2009 63 NHAN VAT - SU' KIEN theo ldi phong kiln co tinyin ciing dugc tiiuc dan Phap cd tinh tii dl muu Igi Sir ket hgp giiia hai phuong thiic bdc lot dd da din tdi sir hinhtiianhphuangtiiiicbdc lottiiudcdja bao dam sieu Igi nhuan tdi cao chotiiucdan Phap va phong kiln tay sai Trong bdi canh do, xa hdi Viet Nam tir diu till ky XX ciing bit diu tiiay ddi kha nhanh Nhan dan lao ddng bj ban cimg hda, xa hdi phan hda cang sau sac, ndngtiidnva tiianh tiij deu cd nhung bien chuyen rd ret Nhiing bien ddi ve CO cau xa hdi tat yeu cd anh hudng den hinhtiiiicciing nhu tinh chit eugc dau tranh each mang cua nhan dan ta dang dien Trong bdi canh ljch sir dd, phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung, cua tang Idp cdng nhan md than Quang Ninh ndi rieng, ciing tren da phat trien d khu md Quang Ninh, sau mdt thdi gian dai tham dd va budc d u khai thac (1883-1897), din tiidi ky tu ban Phap da cd CO sd va dieu kien de tien hanh khai tiiac manh hon, tren quy md Idn hon Bieu hien d u tien CLia viec md rdng khai thac la cdng ty tiian va md cQ deu tang them vdn d u tu Cdng ty tiian ciia Phap df Bac Ky - sd vdn nam 1896 la trieu phorang vdi 12.000 cd phantiiichi mdt nam sau (1897), budc vaotiidiky khaitiiactiiudcdja lantiiurnhat, sd vdn da tang len trieu pharang va sd cd phan ciing tang len 16.000, tang hon 4.000' Cung tiidi ky nay, cdng nhan md da dung len d u tranh vdi nhieu hinhtiiiie,nhu bd trdn taptiie,cdng khai bd viec, d u tranh bao lire phdi hgp vdi cac phong trao yeu nuac, dua don td cao, cir dai bieu di khilu td, mit tinh truac van phdng chii md, dac biet la phat ddng dinh cdng va bai cdng la nhiing hinh tiiiic d u 64 ti-anh mdi chua tiing cd ljch sir Viet Nam, danh dau mdt lire lugng xa hdi mdi da ddi, tiy cdn dang a trinh "tu phat" chuati-dftiianhmgt lire lugng chinh tii ddc 1^, chua nhantiiiicdugc minh cd trien vgng va sir mang ljch sirrieng.Sau day la mdt sd cugc d u tranhtieubieu: - Nam 1906, cdng nhan mdi tuyen vao lam viee a md Ha Tu d u tranh khdng di lam, ddi chii phai tii tiln di dudng, cdng nhan cii da giiip tiln va gao chotiigmdi d uti:anhdentiiangIgi - Nam 1914, cdng nhan ting Deo Nai (md elm Pha) phan ddi chii phattiiieutiencdng, tiiieu gao, bantiiucphim gia dit, hg da ddngtinhtron 58 xe than lan dit da de bieu Id su phan khang - Nam 1916, cdng nhan dipd xe hda Ha Tu da tap tning lai danh bgn linh khd xanh, vi bgn tiiudng y tiie lam can (cudp giat hang hda, choc gheo phu nii, ham hiep vg thg) Cimg nam dd, chj em phu nir nha may sang Ke Bao (Cai Bau) (Ml cdng, ddi tangtienluong, giam gidf lam - Nam 1918, cdng nhan md than Ha Tu tap trung truac van phdng ddi chu tiia mdt cdng nhan bj bat vd ly Cimg nam dd, 700 cdng nhan lan Phuc, lan Nghe (Ha Tu) cimg vdi tiig lai tau hda keo den ddt nha ten bang ta Sam tiiudng hdng hach, danh dap cdng nhan - Nam 1919, mgt tdp nii cdng nhan nha may Sang Hdn Gai nghi viec mdt de phan ddi ddc cdng ngudi Phap va ten cai coi phan xudng tiiudng chgc gheo va lam nhuc hg Ciing nam nay, 500 cdng nhan md Cam Pha da lan cdng, phan ddi chu phat thieu gao - Nam 1922, mgt sd edng nhan Id md Mao Khe vay danh ten giamtiijTuan thudng an quyttienedng TAP CHi LjCH SLF D A N G - SO 11/2009 NHAN Nhan djnh danh gia cac cude d u tranh cua tiig md Quang Ninh, khdng Idn vl quy md, dien mdt pham vi hep, mdt tiidi gian ngan vdi nhung yeu saeh thiit thuc, nhung da la hinh thiic d u ti-anh mdi kha phd biin, chiing td ngudi thg md Quang Ninh da cdng khai true dien diing len ehdng lai bgn chu Tir cac cugc dau tranh tren ndi bat len hai dac diem CO ban phong trao cdng nhan khu md Quang Ninh thai ky Dd la tinh than doan ket, gan bd, giiip ddf d u tranh giira nhung ngudi thg md, xuat hien rat sdm, cugc dau tranh d u tien tinh than dd da bdc Id rd ret Dd la cac hinh thiic d u tranh cua ngudi cdng nhan hien dai nhu lan cdng, bai cdng da sdm xuat hien phong trao cdng nhan md Quang Ninh, thdng qua dd ngudi thg md Quang Ninh bat d u nhan rd hon lire lugng bantiianminh, giai cap minh, ca luc lugng CLia bgn chu, tren co sa dd hudng hg tdi mdt cude dau tranh chung Idn ban, manh me ban, de tren da dd phong trao cdng nhan khu md nhanh ehdng chuyen bien ve chat Bieu hien cua sir chuyen bien ay la cac cugc d u tranh cua ngudi thg md Quang Ninh dudi hinh thiic bai cdng din tra phd bien Tieu bieu cho phong trao d u tranh cua thg md Quang Ninh thdi ky 1925-1926 la cude bai cdng cua thg md Mao Khe nam 1925, cude d u tranh thg md da cd yeu saeh cu the nhu ddi tang luong tiig dan dng tir 0d20 len 0d30; tiig dan ba tir Odi len 0d25 tiln Ddng Duong thdi dd Phong trao cdng nhan khu md than Hdn Gai hda nhjp vdi phong trao cdng nhan ca nuac dang tren da phat trien nhanh len trinh "tu TAP CHi LICH SLF DANG - S6 11/2009 VAT - SU'KIEN giae", dugc danh dau bang cude bai cdng ciia cdng nhan ddng tau Ba Son (Sai Gdn) vao tiiang 8-1925 Cugc bai cdng Ba Son cham diit thang lgi da danh d u budc tien mdi cua phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam, danh d u giai cap cdng nhan nuac ta da budc d u di vao d u tranh "tii giae" de tren da dd vao khoang 1928-1929 thi phong trao da phat trien tdi miic "tii giae", va den 3-2-1930, vdi sutiianhlap chinh dang vd san thi hoan qua trinh chuyen bien tii "tu phat" len "tu giac"^ Tir sau dd, phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam - dd cd phong trao cdng nhan than Hdn Gai, din trd cai gdc cua phong trao each mang dan tdc dan chu, va phong trao cdng nhan da bat d u ldi keo dugc mdt sd cude d u tranh ciia nhieu ting ldp nhan dan khac Sir tang nhanh cang ddng dao va tap trung sd lugng cdng nhan md Quang Ninh, cimg vdi sir phat trien cang sau rdng phong trao d u tranh cua cdng nhan md Quang Ninh da tao nen nhung dieu kien co ban, tao nen "mieng d t tdt" de gieo hat gidng chii nghTa Mac - Lenin vao dja phuong Trong bdi canh dd, sau cac dang vien Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien day manh truyen ba tu tudng Mac - Lenin vao khu md Quang Ninh tir nam 1926, cho tdi cudi nam 1929 d u nam 1930, cac chi bd d u tien d khu md Hdn Gai mdi cd dieu kien ddi Trong khoang tiidi gian tirtiiang7 dentiiang12-1929, bdn chi bd cdng san d u tien d khu md Quang Ninh ddi Trudctienla chi bd Cam Pha - Cira Ong, rdi din ba chi bd khu vuc Hdn Gai: chi bd Udng Bi - Vang Danh, chi bd Mao Khe (Xemtieptrang 69) 65 NHAN VAT - SU'KIEN hoan thien co che lanh dao eua Dang, thuc Ttr PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN hien che mdt ngudi chi huy gan vdi thuc (Tiep theo trang 65) hien ehe ehinh uy, chinh tri vien Quan ddi nhan dan Viet Nam Sir ddi cua cac chi bd cdng san d u tien, - Xay dung Quan ddi nhan dan lay xay rdi sau dd la su ddi eua cac dang uy md va dung ve ehinh tri, cham lo xay dimg va phat su lap Dac uy khu md Quang Ninh, noi huy nhan td ngudi lam ca sa de nang cao ma bgn thuc dan chu md cho la "vuong qude" chat lugng tdng hgp va sire manh chien dau ddc tri cua chiing, la mdt bang chiing bimg - Tap trung xay dimg ddi ngii can bd chu tri, hdn cua su trudng va giae ngd cua cdng lanh dao, chi huy va ca quan cac cap cd pham nhan than Hdn Gai dudi anh sang tu tudng chat va nang lire toan dien, tinh chu ddng sang Mac - Lenin, vii tinh than vd djch cua giai tao td chiic, chi dao, chi huy, dieu hanh, cap vd san Phong trao cdng nhan khu md Hdn Gai tir day da cd mdt td chiic each mang hoan tdt cbiic traeh nhiem vu dugc giao 65 nam xay dung, chien d u cua Quan ddi lanh dao, td chiic each mang dd la Dang Cdng nhan dan Viet Nam la qua trinh d y hy sinh gian san Ddng Duong, san pham tat yeu cua sir ket khd, nhung ciing la qua trinh Quan ddi trudng hgp bien chimg cua chu nghia Mac - Lenm, tiianh nhanh ehdng ve mgi mat va gianh nhung phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao dan tdc chientiiangve vang Sir trudngtiianh,Idn manh Tir chinh dang vd san ddi da cham diit ciia Quan ddi la tit yeu, bdi Quan ddi ta dugc tinh trang khimg hoang lanh dao phong xay dung, phat trien tren co sd nhung nhan td trao each mang Viet Nam Dudi la cd ciia khach quan, chu quan ma it cd quan ddi nao cd Dang, phong trao each mang Viet Nam dugc Quan trgng hang d u la Quan ddi dugc dd cd phong trao cdng nhan khu md dat dudi sir lanh dao tuyet ddi, true tiep ve mgi tiian Hdn Gai, da budc vao mdt giai doan phat mat cua Dang Ngay nay, cdng cude xay dung trien mdi, vugt qua mudn trimg gian khd tra chu nghTa xa hdi va bao ve Td qude xa hdi chu ngai de di tditiianglgi nghTa ddi hdi Quan ddi tatieptuc phat huy tmyen tiidng "Nhiem vu nao cung hoan thanh, khd khan nao cung vugt qua, ketiiiinao ciing danh tiiang"^ nhu Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh khen nggi Nguyin Ai Quoc: Ddy "Cdng ly" ciia thuc ddn Phdp d Ddng Duang, ST, H, 1967 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Annuaire economique de Tlndochine (19251926) (Thdng ke kinh te hing nam ciia xir Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2001, T.2, tr.2 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Duong (1925-1926) Budc ngoat vi dgi ciia lich sic cdch mgng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T 12, tr 24 3.//d"C/s'A&2/7ro»7 47,CrQG,ii 1996,T1 l,lr.350 F/e7Vam,ST,H, 1956 TAP CHi LICH SLF D A N G - S6 11/2009 69 ... Viet Nam - dd cd phong trao cdng nhan than Hdn Gai, din trd cai gdc cua phong trao each mang dan tdc dan chu, va phong trao cdng nhan da bat d u ldi keo dugc mdt sd cude d u tranh ciia nhieu ting... cugc dau tranh tren ndi bat len hai dac diem CO ban phong trao cdng nhan khu md Quang Ninh thai ky Dd la tinh than doan ket, gan bd, giiip ddf d u tranh giira nhung ngudi thg md, xuat hien rat sdm,... 0d20 len 0d30; tiig dan ba tir Odi len 0d25 tiln Ddng Duong thdi dd Phong trao cdng nhan khu md than Hdn Gai hda nhjp vdi phong trao cdng nhan ca nuac dang tren da phat trien nhanh len trinh "tu