Geraint f lewis, luke a barnes, brian schmidt a fortunate universe life in a finely tuned cosmos cambridge university press (2016)

A Fortunate Universe Life in a Finely Tuned Cosmos Over the last 40 years, scientists have uncovered evidence that if the Universe had been forged with even slightly different properties, life as we know it – and life as we can imagine it – would be impossible Join us on a journey through how we understand the Universe, from its most basic particles and forces, to planets, stars and galaxies, and back through cosmic history to the birth of the cosmos Conflicting notions about our place in the Universe are defined, defended and critiqued from scientific, philosophical and religious viewpoints The authors’ engaging and witty style addresses what fine-tuning might mean for the future of physics and the search for the ultimate laws of nature Tackling difficult questions and providing thought-provoking answers, this volume challenges us to consider our place in the cosmos, regardless of our initial convictions geraint f lewis is a professor of astrophysics at the Sydney Institute for Astronomy, part of the University of Sydney With an undergraduate education at the University of London, and a Ph.D in astrophysics from the world-renowned Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, Professor Lewis is an internationally recognized astrophysicist, having published more than 200 papers in a diverse range of fields, including gravitational lensing, galactic cannibalism, cosmology and large-scale structure As well as being an accomplished lecturer, he regularly engages in public outreach through public speaking, articles in the popular press, and through social media, on twitter as @Cosmic_Horizons and on his blog at cosmic-horizons.blogspot.com luke a barnes is a postdoctoral researcher at the Sydney Institute for Astronomy His university medal from the University of Sydney helped Dr Barnes earn a scholarship to complete a Ph.D at the University of Cambridge He has published papers in the field of galaxy formation and on the fine-tuning of the Universe for life He has been invited to speak at the 2011 and 2015 St Thomas Summer Seminars in Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology, the University of California Summer School for the Philosophy of Cosmology, and numerous public lectures He blogs at letterstona ture.wordpress.com and tweets@lukebarnes83 ‘My colleagues, Geraint and Luke, take you on a tour of the Cosmos in all of its glory, and all of its mystery You will see that humanity appears to be part of a remarkable set of circumstances involving a special time around a special planet, which orbits a special star, all within a specially constructed Universe It is these sets of conditions that have allowed humans to ponder our place in space and time I have no idea why we are here, but I know the Universe is beautiful A Fortunate Universe captures the mysterious beauty of the Cosmos in a way that all can share.’ Brian Schmidt, Australian National University, Canberra; Nobel Laureate in Physics (2011) ‘Geraint Lewis and Luke Barnes provide a breath-taking tour of contemporary physics from the subatomic to the cosmological scale Everywhere they find the Universe to be fine-tuned for complex structure If the quark masses, or the basic forces, or the cosmological constant had been much different, the Universe would have been a sterile wasteland It seems that the only reactions are either to embrace a multiverse or a designer The authors have constructed a powerful case for the specialness of our Universe.’ Tim Maudlin, New York University ‘The Universe could have been of such a nature that no life at all could exist The anthropic question asks why the constants of nature that enter various physical laws are such as to permit life to come into being This engaging book is a well-written and detailed explanation of all the many ways these physical constants affect the possibility of life, considering atomic, nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology It then discusses in an open minded way the variety of explanations one might give for this strange fine-tuning, possible solutions ranging from pure chance, existence of multiverses, or theistic explanations The book is the most comprehensive current discussion of this intriguing range of issues Highly recommended.’ George Ellis, University of Cape Town, South Africa ‘Lewis and Barnes’ book is the most up-to-date, accurate, and comprehensive explication of the evidence that the Universe is fine-tuned for life It is also among the two most philosophically sophisticated treatments, all the while being accessible to a non-academic audience I strongly recommend this book.’ Robin Collins, Messiah College, Pennsylvania A Fortunate Universe Life in a Finely Tuned Cosmos geraint f lewis University of Sydney luke a barnes University of Sydney Foreword by brian schmidt Australian National University University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107156616 © Geraint F Lewis and Luke A Barnes 2016 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Lewis, Geraint F | Barnes, Luke A., 1983– | Schmidt, Brian, 1967– A fortunate universe : life in a finely-tuned cosmos / Geraint F Lewis, University of Sydney, Luke A Barnes, University of Sydney, Brian Schmidt, Australian National University Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017 | Includes bibliographical references and index LCCN 2016029411 | ISBN 9781107156616 LCSH: Pattern formation (Physical sciences) | Pattern formation (Biology) | Life – Origin | Universe | Cosmology – Philosophy LCC Q172.5.C45 L4845 2017 | DDC 576.8/3–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016029411 ISBN 978-1-107-15661-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Geraint To slightly misquote The Mamas and the Papas, this is dedicated to the ones we love Luke To slightly misquote R.E.M., this is dedicated to the ones we love Contents Foreword page xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvi A Conversation on Fine-Tuning I’m Only Human! 33 Can You Feel the Force? 65 Energy and Entropy 95 The Universe Is Expanding 129 All Bets Are Off! 182 A Dozen (or So) Reactions to Fine-Tuning 237 A Conversation Continued 290 Further Reading 358 References 362 Index 370 scientific review articles 359 The Ambidextrous Universe by Martin Gardner A fascinating look at the importance of symmetry and asymmetry in the Universe The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: Why the Universe is Not Designed For Us and God and the Multiverse by Victor Stenger This book’s antiparticle Stenger defends the view that physics, without needing a multiverse, has already has solved all the problems of fine-tuning Luke’s review paper (below) is in part a response to this book, and finds many flaws books: advanced The Cosmological Anthropic Principle, by John Barrow and Frank Tipler The standard in the field Even if you can’t follow the equations in the middle chapters, it’s still worth a read as the discussion is quite clear It becomes rather speculative in the final chapters, but it’s obvious where to apply your grain of salt Universe or Multiverse, edited by Bernard Carr A great collection of papers by most of the experts in the field scientific review articles The field of fine-tuning grew out of the so-called ‘large number hypothesis’ of Paul Dirac, and related research by Hermann Weyl, Arthur Eddington, George Gamow and others These discussions led to the recognition of fine-tuning when Robert Dicke explained the large number coincidences using the anthropic principle Dicke’s argument is examined and expanded in these classic papers of the field: • Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology, Carter (1974) • The Anthropic Principle and the Structure of the Physical World, Carr and Rees (1979) • The Anthropic Principle, Davies (1983) A number of papers, while not discussing fine-tuning, show how the macroscopic features of the Universe depend on the values of 360 further reading fundamental constants They are great fun to work through if you don’t mind a bit of maths • Dependence of Macrophysical Phenomena on the Values of the Fundamental Constants, Press and Lightman (1983) • The Eighteen Arbitrary Parameters of the Standard Model in Your Everyday Life, Cahn (1998) Here are a few good review papers, arranged in order of increasing technical level • Understanding the Fine Tuning in Our Universe, Cohen (2008) A nice introduction to the fine-tuning of nuclear binding and nucleosynthesis in stars, aimed at undergraduate physics students • Numerical Coincidences and ‘Tuning’ in Cosmology, Rees (2003) • Why the Universe Is Just So, Hogan (2000) An excellent overview and update of the field, and one of the first papers to extend anthropic constraints to grand unified theories • The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life, Barnes (2012) Luke’s comprehensive review of the important work done in the field since Hogan’s review in 2000 • Life at the Interface of Particle Physics and String Theory, Schellekens (2013) A wide-ranging review from the standpoint of a string theorist • Varying Constants, Gravitation and Cosmology, Uzan (2011) The scientific field of fine-tuning overlaps with investigations of variations of fundamental constants in this Universe, for obvious reasons – both ask ‘what would happen if the fundamental constants were different?’ Uzan gives a thorough overview of this field philosophical articles and books Universes by Leslie (1989) is a tremendously clear exposition of what conclusions we can and should draw from fine-tuning More general reviews of some of the many philosophical issues raised by modern cosmology, including fine-tuning, are ‘Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology’ by Ellis (2006) and ‘Philosophy of Cosmology’ by Smeenk (2013) philosophical articles and books 361 Part of the reason why the fine-tuning of the Universe for life is of such interest to philosophers is that it is often used as a premise in an argument for the existence of God A lot of the literature on the fine-tuning argument, pro and con, misses the mark by a large margin, in our opinion Some of the better ones include Modern Physics and Ancient Faith (Barr, 2003), The Existence of God (Swinburne, 2004), Theism and Ultimate Explanation (O’Connor, 2008), and ‘The Teleological Argument: An Exploration of the Fine-Tuning of the Universe’ (Collins, in Craig and Moreland, 2009) Unsurprisingly, such claims have not gone unchallenged: Logic and Theism (Sobel, 2009), Arguing about Gods (Oppy, 2009), and ‘Does the Universe Need God?’ (Carroll, 2012) References Adams, Fred C (2008) Stars in Other Universes: Stellar Structure with Different Fundamental Constants Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 08, 010 Adams, Fred C and Gregory Laughlin (1997) A Dying Universe: The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects Reviews of Modern Physics, 69(2), 337–372 Aguirre, Anthony (2001) Cold Big-Bang Cosmology as a Counterexample to Several Anthropic Arguments Physical Review D, 64, 083508 Albert, David Z (2000) Time and Chance Cambridge, MA; 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(2013) Origins of the Expanding Universe: 1912–1932 ASP Conference Series 471, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific Weinberg, Steven (1987) Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant Physical Review Letters, 59, 2607–2610 Weinberg, Steven (1993) Dreams of a Final Theory London: Vintage Books Weinert, Friedel (2004) The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries New York: Springer Wheeler, John (1994) At Home in the Universe New York: American Institute of Physics White, John D (1979) God and Necessity International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 10, 177 Williams, Bernard (1978) Descartes: The Project of Pure Reason New York: Penguin Winsberg, Eric (2012) Bumps on the Road to Here (from Eternity) Entropy, 14(3), 390–406 Wolfram, Stephen (1984) Universality and Complexity in Cellular Automata Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 10(2), 1–35 Wolfram, Stephen (2002) A New Kind of Science Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media Zurek, Wojciech H (2002) Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical: Revisited arXiv:quant-ph/0306072 Zuse, Konrad (1969) Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space) Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Index Adams, Fred, 109–112, 122, 258 Aguirre, Anthony, 242, 261 Albrecht, Andreas, 170, 320 anthropic principle, 15–21, 117, 255, 274–278, 305–308, 353–354, 358, 359, 360 Aquinas, Thomas, 324–325, 328, 336, 342 Aristotle, 16, 24, 324, 325, 328, 330, 344 atoms, 3, 29, 35, 36–39, 40–42, 44, 50–51, 53–58, 66, 86, 146, 164, 184–186, 190, 191, 197, 207, 222, 249, 258, 263 Barr, Stephen, 257, 259, 361 Barrow, John, 20–21, 241, 358, 359 baryon, 44, 48–50, 123, 205 Boethius, 266 Bohr, Niels, 219 Boltzmann Brains, 314–322, 354 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 40, 295, 313–322 Bose, Satyendra Nath, 54 boson, 54, 55, 62 gauge boson, 59, 66, 83 Brandenberger, Robert, 322 Carr, Bernard, 108, 241, 296, 359 Carroll, Sean, 180, 221, 320, 334, 361 Carter, Brandon, 16–21, 241, 255, 359 cellular automata, 228–234, 273 chemistry, 8, 18, 29, 33–34, 36–42, 47, 50–51, 55–57, 72–75, 86, 89–91, 92, 100, 107, 109, 112, 114, 126, 190, 197, 200, 245, 256, 258, 268, 269, 306, 323 See also life, biochemistry Conway, John, 228–234, 273 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 16, 17, 134 Corderman, Charles, 230 cosmological constant See cosmology, cosmological constant cosmology Big Bang, 125–128, 148, 157, 356 Big Bang nucleosynthesis, 78, 194, 360 cosmic microwave background, 141, 142–147, 148–149, 168–169, 176, 207, 212, 215, 264 cosmological constant, 139–141, 158, 163–164, 173, 246, 247, 249, 267, 308, 311, 321 dark energy, 12, 129, 132, 137, 139–142, 157–164, 166, 172, 173, 194 dark matter, 129, 130–131, 132, 137, 138, 141, 149–152, 158, 167, 169, 176, 349 expansion of space, 12, 77, 78, 134–136, 137–142, 158–167, 215 flatness problem, 164–167, 170, 172, 173, 179–180 geometry of space, 134–135, 164–167 horizon problem, 122, 167–170, 172, 180, 298, 355 inflation, 170–173, 179–181, 205, 292, 298–301, 305–307, 312, 313, 317–322, 345, 358 inhomogeneity, 144, 168–173, 246, 264, 319 matter/antimatter asymmetry, 204–208, 242 observable universe, 12, 161, 162, 272, 307, 318–319 Dawkins, Richard, 332 Dicke, Robert, 263, 359 Dirac, Paul, 66, 359 Dyson, Freeman, 69 Eddington, Arthur, 97, 140, 315, 359 Einstein, Albert, 8, 30–32, 48, 62, 71, 95, 132, 136–142, 160, 163, 167, 178, 180, 192, 193, 194, 204, 214, 215, 222, 227, 234, 249, 253, 254, 263, 280, 294–296, 303, 342, 344, 345 electromagnetism, 30, 40, 59, 65–75, 76, 79, 80–83, 87–92, 102–103, 105, 110–111, index 371 112, 116, 119, 138, 150–151, 195–196, 209, 212, 227, 242, 255, 303 electron, 3, 26, 29, 38, 39, 41–47, 51–53, 55–58, 66–71, 73, 81–82, 92, 114, 123, 125, 145–147, 151, 160, 163, 164, 184–186, 190, 201–204, 206, 209, 213–214, 222, 255, 256–261, 291, 299 elements See also chemistry beryllium, 76, 114–119, 268 carbon, 6, 11, 18, 35, 36, 40, 77, 85, 89, 91, 107–108, 112, 113–120, 138, 241, 242, 259, 267–270 helium, 13, 18, 50, 75–79, 92–93, 100, 103, 105, 107–108, 109, 112, 113–120, 121, 122, 129, 130, 138, 146, 164, 167, 213, 326 hydrogen, 11, 13, 15, 18, 36, 38, 50, 51, 75–79, 85, 88–91, 93, 100, 104, 105, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 130, 138, 144, 146, 148, 164, 167, 175, 186, 205, 213, 235, 258, 259, 268, 269 iron, 40, 83, 107, 108, 112, 121–122, 184, 203, 205 oxygen, 6, 11, 18, 35, 36, 38, 40, 74, 91, 93, 107–108, 112, 118–120, 138, 197, 242, 259, 268 energy, 10, 48, 53, 65, 73, 81, 83, 85, 95–128, 132, 135, 136–138, 171, 174, 180, 184, 186, 192, 193–195, 206 entropy, 95–128, 173, 217–221, 291, 313–322 free energy, 97, 121–128, 158, 220–221, 292 thermodynamics, 96–99, 127, 183, 217–220, 313, 315, 317 Euclid, 164 Fermat, Pierre de, 226–227 Fermi, Enrico, 54, 246 fermion, 54–56, 62, 86, 115 Feynman, Richard, 26, 40, 66–71, 204, 213 fine-structure constant See electromagnetism fine-tuning for life definition, 28–29 examples, 50–53, 55–56, 58, 61, 73–75, 77–79, 85, 90, 91, 108–109, 111, 112, 120, 126, 162–164, 166–167, 169–170, 177, 191, 222–223, 234, 256–261 multiple variables, 256–261 Fisher, Ronald, 285 Fowler, William, 106, 117 free parameter, definition, 28 Friedmann, Alexander, 133 fundamental constants of nature, definition, 29–32 fundamental forces, 65–71, See also electromagnetism; gravity; strong nuclear force; weak nuclear force; X-force galaxies, 129–132, 148–157 Galileo Galilei, 5, 16–18, 25, 183 Game of Life, 228–234 God See theism Gödel, Kurt, 249, 250 Goldblum, Jeff, 244 gravity, 8, 13, 17, 26, 30–32, 66, 71, 77, 78, 91, 98, 102–113, 121, 125–126, 130, 133, 136, 139, 149–151, 153, 156–157, 160, 163, 169–170, 176, 195–196, 222–224, 239, 248–249, 254, 255, 264, 296, 355 Grohl, Dave, 340 Guth, Alan, 170 Halley, Edmond, 239 Hawking, Stephen, 122, 148, 178, 180, 330 Heisenberg, Werner, 185 Higgs particle, 54, 58–63, 78, 92, 93, 120, 345, 358 Hoyle resonance, 113–120, 241–242, 259 Hoyle, Fred, 113–120, 242, 259, 272–274 Hubble, Edwin, 140 Hume, David, 328, 334, 346 information, 10, 11, 13, 38, 74, 75, 142, 191, 197, 210, 218, 221, 224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 268, 271, 284, 337, 342 Jaynes, Edwin, 283 Kaluza, Theodor, 303 Kepler, Johannes, 6, 25 Khan, Almas, 257, 259 Kinouchi, Osame, 234 Klein, Oskar, 303 Kolmogorov–Chaitin complexity, 235 Leibniz, Gottfried, 325 372 index Lemtre, Georges, 133, 140 life alternative forms, 267–274 biochemistry, 7, 11, 35, 64, 93, 114, 118, 197, 243, 245, 268–269 definition, 10–15 DNA, 11, 37–39, 58, 74, 91, 183, 242, 268 water, 11, 38, 77, 93, 104, 118, 119, 269, 323 Lightman, Alan, 256, 360 Linde, Andrei, 170, 320 Livio, Mario, 118 Macksville, 316 Maxwell, James Clerk, 97, 183, 189, 227, 295 Meißner, Ulf-G and collaborators, 120, 241 Minchin, Tim, 264 molecules See chemistry Moran, Dylan, 248 multiverse, 297–322, 324, 353–354 Boltzmann Brains, 314–322, 354 measure problem, 309–313 simulated, 348–352 naturalism, 334–347 neutrino, 46, 49, 51, 70, 76, 81, 105, 108, 123, 124, 145, 163, 173–177, 202–204, 308, 355 neutron, 41–44, 48–51, 55, 56, 60, 66, 76–83, 86–89, 111, 119, 123, 146, 202, 205, 206, 256–258, 262, 306 Newton, Isaac, 8, 17, 25, 26, 30–32, 71, 73, 183, 189, 191, 222, 227, 239, 249, 254, 279, 280, 321, 344 Noether, Emmy, 192 nuclei, 29, 38, 39, 41–44, 50, 51, 55, 56, 58, 66, 73–93, 100, 105, 110–120, 121, 125, 146, 184–186, 190, 195, 201–202, 207, 208, 258, 270 Penrose, Roger, 125–128, 148, 178, 318–320 Penzias, Arno, 263 photon, 46, 54, 66–70, 71, 72, 103, 137, 142–147, 151, 163, 186, 194, 204, 205, 242, 256 Planck mass, 52, 61, 106, 120, 161, 162, 163, 257, 261, 263 Planck, Max, 183 Plato, 325, 330 Pogosian, Levon, 176 Press, William, 256, 360 probability, 27, 71, 83, 126–127, 179–180, 216, 238–241, 251–253, 282–288, 309–310, 332–333, 337–339, 341, 342–343 Bayesianism, 24, 221, 282–288, 337, 342 frequentism, 283–285 proton, 41–51, 55, 56, 60, 78–87, 103, 106, 111, 119, 123, 124, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 255, 306, 345 Q See cosmology, inhomogeneity QED (quantum electrodynamics), 66–68 quantum physics, 26, 57, 58, 60, 63, 71, 81, 83, 86, 116, 122, 171, 175, 178, 183–191, 193, 195, 204, 209, 215–216, 226, 227, 296, 299, 303, 307, 322, 344 decoherence, 188–191, 218 fields, 58–59, 66–69, 132, 159–164, 171, 209, 281, 301, 321, 353 spin, 47, 53–56, 202–204, 304, 305 quantum vacuum, 12, 159–164, 172, 173, 311 quarks, 42–53, 56, 60, 61, 66, 70, 71, 76, 79, 81, 82, 92, 119–120, 123, 160, 163, 201, 202, 205, 206, 209, 242, 256–261, 262, 291, 321, 345 radioactivity, 79–91 Rees, Martin, 108, 241, 261, 296, 358, 359, 360 Reia, Sandro, 234 relativity, 17, 30, 66, 132–137, 163, 178, 193, 194, 210, 214, 215, 222, 224, 227, 253, 280, 303, 307, 312, 355, See also Einstein, Albert Robertson, Howard, 133 Sakharov, Andrei, 207 Schrödinger, Erwin, 186, 187, 188, 191, 216 Schwarzschild, Karl, 222 Schwinger, Julian, 67, 69 science definition, 21–27 Slipher, Vesto, 140 Slotnick, Murray, 69 Smolin, Lee, 354 spacetime dimensions, 135, 221–226, 231, 233, 236, 261, 302–305 index 373 geometry of space, 134–135, 164–167 time, 210–226 St Augustine, 210, 336, 347 Starobinsky, Alexei, 170 stars, 6, 13, 18, 77, 85, 100, 103–120, 121–122, 129–130, 138, 141, 142, 152, 153–157, 167, 169–170, 181, 196, 222, 224, 242, 256, 258–259, 270, 311, 354 string theory, 225, 226, 235, 296, 302–306, 320, 321, 345, 356 landscape, 305, 306, 321 strong nuclear force, 30, 65–66, 69, 71, 73, 76–92, 105, 109–112, 116, 118–120, 123, 146 supersymmetry, 62, 305, 345 Susskind, Leonard, 61, 120, 227, 305, 358 Swinburne, Richard, 327, 340, 361 symmetry, 24, 48, 164, 191–197, 204, 209, 215, 216, 226, 227, 257, 299, 359 asymmetry, 199–208, 211, 214, 217, See also cosmology, matter/antimatter asymmetry broken, 299–301 conservation laws, 48, 49, 96, 192–197, 201, 206–208, 227 parity, 197–204, 214 time-reversal, 214, 219 Tegmark, Max, 176, 177, 225, 261 theism, 323–348 Tipler, Frank, 20–21, 241, 359 Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 67, 69 triple-alpha process See Hoyle resonance Turok, Neil, 173, 180 vacuum energy See quantum vacuum Vilenkin, Alexander, 176 Walker, Arthur, 133 weak nuclear force, 30, 59, 65, 66, 71, 76–78, 81–84, 87, 92, 93, 105, 111, 112, 123, 195, 197, 200–204, 214, 242 weak-less universe, 92–93 Weinberg, Steven, 119–120, 192, 242, 311, 321 Wigner, Eugene, 208 Wilczek, Frank, 261 Wilson, Robert, 263 Wolfram, Stephen, 232, 233 X-force, 123–124, 207–208 Yukawa parameters, 61 ... Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Lewis, Geraint F | Barnes, Luke A. , 1983– | Schmidt, Brian, 1967– A fortunate universe : life in a finely -tuned cosmos / Geraint F Lewis,. .. the Cosmos in a way that all can share.’ Brian Schmidt, Australian National University, Canberra; Nobel Laureate in Physics (2011) ? ?Geraint Lewis and Luke Barnes provide a breath-taking tour of... Pennsylvania A Fortunate Universe Life in a Finely Tuned Cosmos geraint f lewis University of Sydney luke a barnes University of Sydney Foreword by brian schmidt Australian National University University