Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 Goals
2 Methodology
3 The database
4 Contents
Procedures:
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Arabic
2 Phonology and script
1 The alphabet
2 Names and shapes of the letters
3 Consonants: pronunciation and description
3.1 Phonemic chart of MSA consonants
3.2 Description of Arabic consonants
3.3 hamza rules: orthography and pronunciation
3.4 taa' marvyyta…
3.4.1 Spelling
3.4.2 Meaning and use
3.4.3 Pronunciation
3.5 Consonant doubling (gemination): tashdiid…
4 Vowels
4.1 Phonemic chart of MSA vowels
4.2 Long vowels
4.3 Short vowels and sukuun…
4.4 Diphthongs and glides
4.4.1 Diphthongs
4.4.2 Glides
5 MSA pronunciation styles: full form and pause form
5.1 Full form
5.2 Pause form
6 MSA syllable structure
7 Word stress rules
8 Definiteness and indefiniteness markers
3 Arabic word structure: an overview
1 Morphology in general
2 Derivation: the Arabic root-pattern system
3 Word structure: root and pattern combined
4 Dictionary organization
5 Other lexical types
6 Inflection: an overview of grammatical categories in Arabic
7 Distribution of in.ectional categories: paradigms
8 MSA inflectional classes
9 Case and mood: special inflectional categories in Arabic
4 Basic Arabic sentence structures
5 Arabic noun types
1 Verbal noun…
1.1 Triliteral root verbal nouns
1.1.1 Form I
1.1.2 Form II
1.1.3 Form III
1.1.4 Form IV
1.1.5 Form V
1.1.6 Form VI
1.1.7 Form VII
1.1.8 Form VIII
1.1.9 Form IX
1.1.10 Form X
1.1.11 Forms XI–XV
1.2 Quadriliteral root verbal nouns
1.2.1 Form I:…
1.2.2 Form II:
1.2.3 Form III:
1.2.4 Form IV:
1.3 Special characteristics of verbal nouns in context
1.3.1 Verbal noun as equivalent to gerund or infinitive
1.3.2 Verbal nouns in iDaafas or with pronoun sufflx
1.3.3 Verbal noun and preposition
1.3.4 The cognate accusative:…
2 Active and passive participle
2.1 Form I active participle
2.2 The extended Form II–X AP nouns
2.3 Quadriliteral AP nouns:
2.4 Passive participles (PP)
3 Noun of place…
4 Noun of instrument
5 Nouns of intensity, repetition, profession
6 Common noun…
7 Generic noun…
8 Diminutive…
9 Abstraction nouns ending with-iyya
9.1 Derivation from a singular noun
9.2 Derivation from a plural noun
9.3 Derivation from an adjective
9.4 Derivation from a particle or pronoun
9.5 Derivation from a participle
9.6 Derivation from a borrowed word
10 Nouns not derived from verb roots
11 Common nouns from quadriliteral and quinquiliteral roots:…
12 Collective nouns, mass nouns, and unit nouns…
13 Borrowed nouns
14 Arabic proper nouns
14.1 Geographical names
14.2 Personal names
15 Complex nouns, compound nouns, and compound nominals…
15.1 Complex nouns
15.2 Compound nouns
6 Participles: active and passive
7 Noun inflections: gender, humanness, number, definiteness, and case
8 Construct phrases and nouns in apposition
9 Noun specifiers and quantifiers
1 Expressions of totality
2 Expressions of limited number, non-specific number, or partiality
2.1 ba…
2.2 biD…
2.3 idda…
2.4 shattaa…
2.5 muxtalif…
2.6 adad-un min…
2.7 kathiir-un min…
3 Expressions of “more,” “most,” and “majority”
4 Scope of quantifier agreement
4.1 Agreement with quantifier
4.2 Agreement with specified noun
4.3 Ambiguous agreement
4.4 Mixing of number agreement
5 Non-quantitative specifiers
5.1 Expression of identity or reflexivity
5.1.1 nafs…
5.1.2 dhaatiyy…
5.2 Expression of ‘any; whichever’…
5.2 Expression of ‘any; whichever’…
5.2.1 Masculine form of ayy + noun
5.2.2 Feminine ayya + noun
5.2.3 ayy as independent noun
10 Adjectives: function and form
Part one: Function
1 Attributive adjectives
2 Predicate adjectives
3 Adjectives as substantives
4 Arabic adjective inflection
4.1 Inflectional categories: gender, number, case, definiteness
4.1.1 Masculine singular adjectives
4.1.2 Masculine dual adjectives
4.1.3 Masculine plural adjectives
4.1.4 Feminine singular adjectives
4.1.5 Feminine dual adjectives
4.1.6 Feminine plural adjectives
4.1.7 Non-gendered adjectives
4.2 Adjective in.ection for comparative and superlative…
4.2.1 Comparative adjective:…
4.2.2 Inflection and use of comparative
4.2.3 The periphrastic or phrasal comparative
4.2.4 The superlative
5 The adjective iDaafa, the “false” iDaafa…
Part two: Adjective derivation: the structure of Arabic adjectives
1 Derivation patterns from Form I triliteral roots
1.1 The CaCiiC or…
1.2 The CaCCiC or…
1.3 The CaCiC or…
1.4 The CaCC / CuCC or…
1.5 The CaCaC or…
1.6 The CaCCaan or…
1.7 The CaCCaaC or…
2 Quadriliteral root adjective patterns
3 Participles functioning as adjectives
4 Derivation through suffixation: relative adjectives…
4.1 Nisba from a singular noun
4.2 Nisba from a plural noun
4.3 Nisba from a participle or adjective
4.4.1 Countries
4.4.2 Cities
4.4.3 Geographical areas
4.4.4 Exceptions
4.5 Names of nationalities or ethnic groups
4.6 Nisba from biliteral nouns
4.7 Nisbas from quadriliteral nouns
4.8 Nisbas from quinquiliteral nouns
4.9 Nisbas from borrowed nouns
4.10 Nisbas from borrowed adjectives
4.11 Nisbas from particles and pronouns
4.12 Nisbas from set phrases or fixed expressions
4.13 Nisbas from compound words
4.14 Special use of nisba
4.15 Nisba plurals
4.15.1 Truncated nisba plural
4.15.1 Truncated nisba plural
4.15.2 Broken nisba plural
5 Color adjectives
5.1 Pattern-derived color adjectives
5.1.1 Masculine phrases
5.1.2 Feminine phrases
5.1.3 Plural phrases
5.2 Physical feature adjectives
5.3 Nisba color adjectives
5.4 Borrowed color adjectives
6 Non-derived adjectives
7 Compound adjectives
7.1 The active participle muta addid…
7.2 The noun ghayr non-; un-, in-, other than’
11 Adverbs and adverbial expressions
12 Personal pronouns
1 Independent personal pronouns…
2 Suffix personal pronouns (Damaavir muttaSila…
2.1 Possessive pronoun suffixes
2.1.1 Vowel shift pronouns
2.1.2 Plural pronoun suffix helping vowel
2.1.3 Noun + pronoun suffix + adjective
2.1.4 Pronoun suf.xes on dual and sound masculine plural nouns
2.2 Object pronoun suffixes
2.3 Pronoun objects of prepositions and semi-prepositions
2.3.1 One-letter prepositions:…
2.3.2 Two-letter prepositions: .i, min, an
2.3.3 Defective three-letter prepositions: ilaa, alaa and semi-preposition ladaa
2.3.4 Semi-prepositions + pronoun suffixes
3 Reflexive expressions with nafs plus pronouns
4 Independent possessive pronoun: dhuu + noun
4.1 Masculine
4.2 Feminine
13 Demonstrative pronouns
1 Demonstrative of proximity: ‘this; these’…
2 Demonstrative of distance: ‘that; those’…
3 Functions of demonstratives
3.1 Independent use
3.2 Demonstrative phrases
3.3 Demonstrative with second term of iDaafa
3.4 Demonstrative with first term of iDaafa
3.5 Demonstrative with possessed noun
3.6 Demonstratives with proper names
3.7 Demonstrative clauses
3.8 Demonstrative clause with pronoun of separation (copula)
4 Other demonstratives
4.1 dhaaka…
4.1.1 As an independent word
4.1.2 As a sufix
4.2 Demonstrative dhaat-a…
4.3 Use of haa…
4.4 Locative demonstrative pronouns:…
14 Relative pronouns and relative clause
1 Definite relative pronouns
2 Definite relative clauses
2.1 Singular relative pronoun
2.2 Dual relative pronoun
2.3 Plural relative pronoun
3 Indefinite relative clauses
4 Resumptive pronouns in relative clauses
5 Indefinite or non-specific relative pronouns:…
5.1 Use of man as indefinite pronoun
5.2 Use of maa: ‘whatever; that which’
5.3 maa and man + resumptive pronoun
5.4 maadhaa as relative pronoun
5.5 Use of maa for approximation
5.6 maa ‘a certain; some, one’
5.7 mimmaa…
5.8 bi-maa fii…
15 Numerals and numeral phrases
16 Prepositions and prepositional phrase
17 Questions and question words
1 ayn-a…
2 ayy-un…
3 kam…
4 kayf-a…
5 li-maadhaa…
6 maa…
6.1 maa ‘what’…
6.2 maadhaa…
7 man…
8 mataa…
9 hal and a-…
18 Connectives and conjunctions
1 wa-‘and’…
2 fa-…
3 Contrastive conjunctions
4 Explanatory conjunctions
5 Resultative conjunctions
5.1 idh…
5.2 idhan…
5.3 Hattaa…
6 Adverbial conjunctions
6.1 Adverbial conjunctions of place: Hayth-u…
6.2 Adverbial conjunctions of time
6.2.1 bayn-a-maa…
6.2.2 ba d-a-maa…
6.2.3 ba d-a an…
6.2.4 Hiin-a-maa…
6.2.5 ind-a-maa…
6.2.6 ind-a-idhin…
6.2.7 qabl-a an…
6.2.8 thumm-a…
6.3 Adverbial conjunctions of similarity
6.3.1 ka-maa…
6.3.2 mithl-a-maa…
6.4 Adverbial conjunction of equivalence:qadr-a-maa…
6.5 Adverbial conjunction of reference or attribution:Hasab-a-maa…
6.6 Adverbial conjunctions of potential or possibility…
7 Disjunctives
8 Sentence-starting connectives
8.1 Participle or adjective starters with min-a l-
8.2 Passive and passive-like starters
8.3 Other idiomatic starters
19 Subordinating conjunctions: the partic innaand her sisters
1 Introduction
1.1 Grammatical effect
1.2 Overt noun subject
1.3 Separated subject
1.4 Reduplicated pronoun subject
1.5 Equational clause
1.6 With invariable pronoun or noun
1.7 With buffer pronoun:…
2 The particles
20 Verb classes
21 Verb inflection: a summary
22 Form I: The base form triliteral verb
23 Form II
1 Basic characteristics
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form II
4 Hamzated roots in Form II
4.1 Initial hamza
4.2 Medial hamza
4.3 Final hamza
5 Assimilated roots in Form II
6 Hollow roots in Form II
7 Defective roots in Form II
8 Doubly weak roots in Form II
9 Examples of Form II verbs in context
10 Form II verbal nouns
11 Form II participles
24 Form III triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form III
4 Hamzated roots in Form III
4.1 Initial hamza
4.2 Medial hamza
4.3 Final hamza
5 Assimilated roots in Form III
6 Hollow roots in Form III
7 Defective roots in Form III
8 Doubly weak roots in Form III
9 Examples of Form III verbs in context
10 Form III verbal noun
11 Form III participles
25 Form IV triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root:…
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form IV:…
4 Hamzated roots in Form IV
4.1 Initial hamza
4.2 Medial hamza
4.3 Final hamza
5 Assimilated roots in Form IV:…
6 Hollow roots in Form IV:…
7 Defective roots in Form IV:…
8 Doubly weak roots in Form IV
8.1 Hamza-initial, hollow, and defective
8.2 Hamza-medial and defective
8.3 Hamza-.nal and hollow
9. Exclamatory Form IV…
10 Examples of Form IV verbs in context
11 Verbal noun of Form IV:…
12 Form IV participles
12.1 Form IV active participle (AP):…
12.1.1 Sound/regular root
12.1.2 Geminate root:…
12.1.3 Hamzated root
12.1.3.1 Hamza-INITIAL
12.1.3.2 Hamza-FINAL:
12.1.4 Assimilated root:…
12.1.5 Hollow root: mu.il…
12.1.6 Defective root: muf.in…
12.1.7 Examples of Form IV APs in context
12.2 Form IV passive participle (PP): muf.al…
12.2.3 Hamzated root
12.2.4 Assimilated root:…
12.2.5 Hollow root: mufaal…
12.2.6 Defective root:…
12.2.7 Examples of Form IV PPs in context
26 Form V triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form V
4 Hamzated roots in Form V
4.1 Initial hamza
4.2 Medial hamza
4.3 Final hamza
5 Assimilated roots in Form V
6 Hollow roots in Form V
7 Defective roots in Form V:…
8 Doubly weak roots in Form V
9 Examples of Form V verbs in context
10 Form V verbal nouns:…
11 Form V participles
11.1 Form V active participle (AP):…
11.2 Form V passive participle (PP):…
11.3 Form V participles in context
27 Form VI triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form VI
4 Hamzated roots in Form VI
4.1 Initial hamza
4.2 Medial hamza
4.3 Final hamza
5 Assimilated roots in Form VI
6 Hollow roots in Form VI
7 Defective roots in Form VI
8 Examples of Form VI verbs in context
9 Form VI verbal noun: tafaa…
10 Form VI participles
28 Form VII triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Regular (sound) triliteral root
2.1 Intransitive
2.2 Passive/reflexive
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form VII
4 Hamzated roots in Form VII
5 Assimilated roots in Form VII
6 Hollow roots in Form VII infaal-a…ya-nfaal-u…
7 Defective roots in Form VII
8 Examples of Form VII verbs in context
9 Form VII verbal noun:…
10 Form VII participles
10.1 Form VII active participle (AP):…
10.2 Form VII passive participle (PP):…
10.3 Examples of Form VII participles in context
29 Form VIII triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
2 Regular or sound roots
3 Geminate (doubled) root Form VIII
4 Hamzated roots in Form VIII
4.1 Hamza-initial
4.2 Hamza-medial
4.3 Hamza-final
5 Assimilated roots in Form VIII
6 Hollow roots in Form VIII iftaal-a…
7 Defective roots in Form VIII
8 Examples of Form VIII verbs in context
9 Verbal nouns of Form VIII
10 Form VIII participles
30 Form IX triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
2 Sound/regular roots in Form IX: if.all-…
3 Geminate (doubled) roots in Form IX
4 Hamzated roots in Form IX
5 Assimilated roots in Form IX
6 Hollow roots in Form IX
7 Defective roots in Form IX: rare
8 Form IX verbs in context
9 Verbal nouns of Form IX
9.1 Sound/regular root:…
9.2 Hollow root:…
10 Form IX participles
31 Form X triliteral verb
1 Basic characteristics
1.1 Pattern:…
1.2 Meaning
1.3 Transitivity
1.4 Inflection
2 Sound/regular root
3 Geminate (doubled) roots in Form X
4 Hamzated roots in Form X
5 Assimilated roots in Form X
6 Hollow roots in Form X
7 Defective roots in Form X
8 Examples of Form X verbs in context
9 Form X verbal nouns:…
10 Form X participles
32 Forms XI–XV triliteral verb
1 Form XI:…
2 Form XII:…
2.1 Verbal noun:…
2.2 Active participle:…
3 Form XIII:…
4 Form XIV:…
5 Form XV:…
33 Quadriliteral verbs
1 Basic characteristics of quadriliteral verb roots…
2 Form I:…
2.1 Pattern
2.2 Transitivity
2.3 Regular quadriliterals
2.4 Reduplicated quadriliterals
2.5 Complex roots
2.5.1 Acronymic roots
2.5.2 Compound roots
2.6 Borrowed quadriliterals
3 Form II quadriliterals:…
3.1 Pattern
3.2 Meaning
3.3 Denominals
3.4 Verbs of comportment
4 Form III: if.anlal-a…
5 Form IV: if.alall-a…
6 Examples of quadriliteral verbs in context
7 Quadriliteral verbal nouns
7.1 Form I quadriliteral verbal nouns
7.1.1 fa.lala…
7.1.2 fu.laal…
7.2 Form II quadriliteral verbal nouns:…
7.3 Form III quadriliteral verbal nouns:…
7.3 Form III quadriliteral verbal nouns:…
7.5 Quadriliteral verbal nouns in context
8 Form I quadriliteral participles
34 Moods of the verb I: indicative and subjunctive
35 Moods of the verb II: jussive and im p
36 Verbs of being, becoming, remaining, seeming...
37 Negation and exception
38 Passive and passive-type expressions
39 Conditional and optative expressions
Appendix I: How to use an Arabic dicti
Using an Arabic dictionary
Using the Wehr Dictionary
Using an Arabic–Arabic dictionary
Appendix II: Glossary of technical term
References
Index