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(Ví dụ về trang mục lục của một luận án) MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ĐỖ CAO PHÚC CHANGES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN HO CHI MINH CITY (2000 2015) Specializ[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ĐỖ CAO PHÚC CHANGES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN HO CHI MINH CITY (2000-2015) Specialization: Viet Nam History Code: 62 22 03 13 SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS IN HISTORY HO CHI MINH CITY - 2022 The study was completed at: HCMC University of Education Science Instructors: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyễn Đức Hòa PhD Lê Văn Đạt Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof PhD Trần Thuận Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City University of Social sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyễn Thị Thanh Hương Quy Nhơn University of Education Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Colonel Hồ Sơn Đài Military Region The dissertation will be defended from Thesis committee at: ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… in …….hours… .date …… month…… years The thesis can find at the library: ………………………………………………………………………… INTRODUCTION Reasons for selecting the topic In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the French colonialists carried out colonial exploitation in Indochina, leading to the birth of the Vietnamese working class Through the vanguard of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the working class is the main force associated with the struggle for national liberation and the process of building socialism The fundamental achievement of the Đổi process is to create an important turning point for Vietnam, from a country where agriculture is the main focus, it has transformed into a modern industrialized country When the country accelerated the cause of industrialization and modernization, the Vietnamese working class had positive changes: rapid increase in quantity, diversity in structure, quality and sense of enlightenment, politics is elevated Along with other classes, the Vietnamese working class makes a great contribution to the economic development of the country The development of the Vietnamese working class is a key factor in bringing the Đổi process to victory The goal of building the working class by 2020 is clearly stated in Resolution No 20-NQ/TU (January 28, 2008) as: "building a strong working class in quantity and improving in quality, solve pressing and urgent problems of the working class, improve the material and spiritual life of workers (about housing in industrial zones, salary and income, etc.) Ho Chi Minh City is an industrial center, Southern economic zone Tan Son Nhat international airport, a system of 42 river and sea ports, large and small (Saigon, Tan Cang ) so this place is considered as a hub for goods transshipment, strongest consumption among localities, provinces across the country and internationally At the same time, Ho Chi Minh City is the most vibrant labor market in the southern region with the strong development of industries Therefore, the city advocates the establishment of export processing zones and industrial zones to orient and plan the economy towards industrialization and modernization The establishment of export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City from 1991 to 2015 created a large market to attract migrant workers, on the spot to find jobs, and attracted many businesses, domestic and foreign investment From 2000, the influence of the national renewal process, the process of accelerating industrialization and modernization has created changes in the number of industrial workers in export processing zones and industrial parks in Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, which is rapidly increasing in quantity and improving in quality, makes a very important contribution to the city's economic growth Since 2008, the Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee has identified industrial workers as "the vanguard force in the cause of construction, defending socialism, building and defending the city is the main force in the city." operate and use modern production tools; a part of workers with high education and skills can meet the requirements of industrialization, modernization and international economic integration; have working style and skills in a modern industrial environment, quickly adapting to the socialist-oriented market mechanism…” (Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee, 2008, page 1) In 2009, the impact from the global recession partly affected the economic development of Vietnam in the international arena, especially the labor market in Ho Chi Minh City, making the industrial workers many changes Against this background, the Ho Chi Minh City government continues to affirm and identify the leading roles and tasks of industrial workers to have reasonable policies to promote positive changes From 2010 to 2015, the process of international integration and globalization took place strongly, the economic position of Ho Chi Minh City was gradually affirmed in Southeast Asia, this is an important premise for the development Industrial workers gradually adapted and changed in accordance with the new historical context Therefore, research the changes of the industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City during this period to clearly see the basic nature of the changes, to better appreciate the positives and limitations that the team has revealed In addition, another reason for our research on this issue may be that the previous studies only studied the changes of the industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City before 2000, so there is still a gap in this area From 2000 to 2015 when the cause of industrialization and modernization continued to be promoted, the market economy developed in the direction of socialism, globalization took place on a large scale, the global impact and fundamental transformation of the industrial workforce remains unclear From the above reasons, we choose the topic "Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000-2015)" as the doctoral thesis in historical science Research objectives and tasks 2.1 Research objectives The purpose of the thesis is to clarify the changes of industrial workers working in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City The thesis gradually elucidates the impact of changes of industrial workers on a number of fields (economic, cultural - social, political, national defense and security) At the same time, the thesis contributes to raising awareness about the role of industrial workers in the economic development of the country in modern times 2.2 Tasks First, an overview of the research situation directly related to the topic of the thesis Thereby, we absorb and select previous works and identify the content that the thesis needs to further clarify Secondly, the analysis of the characteristics of natural and socio-economic conditions of Ho Chi Minh City affects the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000 2015) Thirdly, from data sources, statistics the thesis reproduces and restores in an objective and scientific way the changes in quantity, quality, material and spiritual life of public industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000 - 2015) Fourth, draw salient features of these changes and their impacts on the economic, cultural - social, political, defense and security fields in the sustainable development of the Ho Chi Minh City Subjects and scope of research 3.1 Research subjects: The research object of the thesis is the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2015 As a part of the Vietnamese working class, industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City are the core production force, which is growing strongly However, the thesis only focuses on studying salaried workers in various types of industrial production enterprises in the region: state-owned, non-state, foreign-invested (excluding foreign-invested enterprises, business owners, experts and foreign workers) in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City 3.2 Research scope The research content of the thesis on the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City includes many constitutive factors, this is a problem with very broad connotations Within the scope of the thesis, we focus on four key issues in the transformation of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in terms of quantity and structure, education level and technical expertise art, material and spiritual life of industrial workers, activities of trade unions - About time: the thesis researched from 2000 to 2015, the year 2000 was chosen because this is the year of the 7th Congress of the Party Committee of Ho Chi Minh City (December 2000), creating strong orientations for public development City Industry; The second is marking the time when Ho Chi Minh City ends the twentieth century and prepares to enter a new era of the twenty-first century in the context of regional cooperation In 2015, the 9th Party Congress of Ho Chi Minh City ended, and at the same time, it aimed to evaluate the historical period in which the industrial workers had changes and the impact of the changes on the development General Ho Chi Minh City - In space: industrial workers are working in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City 4 Theoretical foundations, sources and methodology 4.1 Theoretical foundations The thesis is based on the theoretical basis of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought and the lines, views and policies of the Vietnamese Party and State on the working class On the basis of the theory of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the perspective of the working class in the period of accelerating industrialization, modernization and international integration, the thesis inherits to closely follow the study of changes in the world economy, industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2015 According to the Party's view: “Vietnam's working class is a huge and growing social force including manual and labor workers, intellectual activity, salaried work in the production, business and industrial services or production, business and services of an industrial nature” 4.2 Methods of research When researching the thesis, we use two methods suitable for history major: historical method combined with logical method The historical method used in this thesis is to restore and reproduce a panorama, a scientific perspective on the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City The thesis is divided into two historical periods: 2000 to 2007, 2008 to 2015 For each period, we present the historical process and give specific historical context At the same time, it combines technical manipulations such as analysis and synthesis of logical methods to draw out and draw laws, movement trends, etc In addition, the division into two specific historical periods ensures the use of diachronic and synchronous methods in the thesis We combined documentation work: using qualitative and quantitative methods to describe clearly the qualitative characteristics of these changes; combining the application of statistical methods, comparison, fieldwork, survey We conducted a survey on the material and spiritual life of industrial workers who are working in a number of enterprises operating in export processing zones and industrial parks in Ho Chi Minh City to see these changes clearly 4.3 Sources To complete this research work, the thesis has exploited and used a combination of many different sources: - Documents, Resolutions, Policies of the Party and State on the construction and development of Vietnam working class This is an important source of material to help us have the right perspective and research direction on the issues posed by the thesis topic - Political reports and summaries of the Party Committee, the People's Council, the People's Committee and departments and agencies in Ho Chi Minh City; documents published by the Ho Chi Minh City Statistics Office from 2000 to 2015, the Management Board of Export Processing Zones and Industrial Parks of Ho Chi Minh City This is a very important source of material as a basis for us to exploit, process and use in the thesis - Research works, monographs, reference books, scientific research articles, theses Vietnamese working class, on the trend of change and development of workers in Ho Chi Minh City have been published, publications related to the topic This is a reference to help us compare and contrast with the research results of the thesis - Resources on the websites of the Government, Departments, Departments, Branches, newspapers and media in Ho Chi Minh City reported and data was collected through our field survey New contributions to the science of the thesis 5.1 Scientifically - Present and clarify research works and add documents, data and updates related to the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2015 - From the research results, the thesis draws some comments about the changes of the industrial workers and the impact of the changes on the general development of Ho Chi Minh City 5.2 In terms of practice - The results of the thesis are the scientific basis to provide reference for policy makers to develop industrial workers in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City - The thesis may be a source of materials for research, compilation and teaching of social science subjects related to the Vietnamese working class in general, and the industrial workers of Ho Chi Minh City in particular Thesis structure In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis content is presented in chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of resources and the situation of studying problem Chapter 2: Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of industrialization - modernization (2000-2007) Chapter 3: Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of accelerating industrialization - modernization and international integration (2008-2015) Chapter 4: Some comments on the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000 - 2015) CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESOURCES AND THE SITUATION OF STUDYING PROBLEM 1.1 Research works related to the topic 1.1.1 These studies refer to the theoretical basis of the concept of the working class Working class concept As a part of the modern working class, the Vietnamese working class also has the following basic characteristics: the working class forms and develops along with the development of industrial production - that is, material production labor associated with modern industrial processes, is the basic and advanced production force of society; have basic interests consistent with the basic interests of the working people and the nation; is the class with advanced ideology, science is Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, the vanguard is the Communist Party of Vietnam; has a high sense of organization and discipline, and has a radically revolutionary spirit; capable of organizing and leading the nation to carry out the revolutionary process towards socialism However, the Vietnamese working class in the period of renovation and integration has its own characteristics compared with the working class in the nineteenth century; or the early years of the twentieth century, or in terms of the working class in highly developed capitalist countries On the basis of deeply grasping and creatively applying theoretical and methodological views of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's ideology and our Party on the concept of the working class, broadening the scope of the working class, consult more or less related opinions of domestic and foreign scientists In this thesis, we follow the view of the Party: “The Vietnamese working class is a huge and growing social force, including manual and mental workers, wage earners and wage earners in the types of production, business and industrial services or production, business and services of an industrial nature” The concept of industrial worker mentioned in this thesis is an employee who is working in the industrial production industries (mechanical, electronic, plastic chemical, textile, service, food, building materials), packaging, leather, household appliances, jewelry), of an industrial nature, which we base on the statistical list of occupations of the Management Board of Export Processing Zones and Industrial Parks of Ho Chi Minh City grant Approach to industrial workers' changes The concept of change: is the most common form of existence of all things and phenomena Transformation includes all movements and interactions, the transition from one state to another; is a verb used to show a change to something before" According to this concept, we think that change means that things and phenomena in the process of movement and development have changed, and at the same time, there are new manifestations and characteristics that are added or removed compared with the previous time Below, we approach the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2015 in the historical context of objective and subjective reality in which the city is gradually transforming to integrate with the international economy, globalization process, global supply chain… 1.1.2 Working class research project group Research works on the working class have been translated into Vietnamese Some classic works include: “C Marx and Ph Engels Complete” consists of 50 volumes published by the National Political Publishing House, The Truth is translated based on the Russian version of the complete collection of C Marx and Ph Engels and a number of instructional documents issued by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Soviet Union (formerly); The "Complete Lenin" published by Progressive Publishing House, Moscow has explained the development movement of society In particular, the working class in the stage of craft-site capitalism is fragmented, dispersed in production, and structurally heterogeneous, which has hindered the "perfecting" of production relations Those struggles of the workers were still spontaneous The new stage of the development of the working class is closely associated with the development of capitalism in industry, marked by the industrial revolution at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century When the industrial working class appeared In this period, the industrial working class was fundamentally different from the wage workers of the manual construction period, who were directly producers completely separate from the means of production Thus, the works of C Marx and Ph Engels and Lenin are considered theoretical bases when studying the world working class Research projects on the working class in the Vietnam The leader Ho Chi Minh in the "Complete Ho Chi Minh" published by the national political publishing house in 2000, a collection of Ho Chi Minh's articles on research on the Vietnamese working class, Ho Chi Minh said that: “Only the working class is the bravest, the most revolutionary, always courageously facing the colonial imperialists With the pioneering revolutionary theory and experience of the international proletariat movement, our working class has proved to be the worthiest and reliable leader of the Vietnamese people”; He especially emphasized the role of workers in the industrial sector, this is the main force, representing the working class, “the key of that class is the workers in factories such as: factories, mines, trains Handicraft workers, shop workers, farmers also belong to the working class But only technology workers fully represent the character of the working class” The work “Working class in capitalist developed countries from the end of the cold war to the present - the current situation and prospects" analyzed the Marxist-Leninist conception of the working class, the new context of the modern era influence on the working class in developed capitalist countries That is the development of modern science technology; globalization trend; the development of the knowledge economy; adjustments of the bourgeoisie and the capitalist state; the change of the world situation after the cold war and the movement of communist and workers' movements in developed capitalist countries; social democratic movement On that basis, analyze the actual situation of the working class in the capitalist developed countries from 1991 up to now in terms of: changes in quantity, structure, quality; level of enlightenment, organization and choice of the path of peaceful democratic revolution From there, it points out the basic characteristics and prospects of the working class in developed capitalist countries in the next two decades, still being the "spiritual driving force, intellectual and moral strength", the executor of the working class, transition from capitalism to socialism From there, the meaning is drawn for the construction of the Vietnamese working class today 1.1.3 Group of research projects on the Vietnamese working class When researching about the Vietnamese working class in the pre- and postrenovation period, historians with elaborate research works must be mentioned Typically, two massive works (nearly 2000 pages) of the late Professor Tran Van Giau: "Vietnamese working class - Its formation and development from the "self" class to the self-serving class" and “The Vietnamese working class from the founding of the Communist Party to the successful August revolution” In each work, the author dedicates a chapter to describe in detail the life of the working class under the colonial - feudal regime, showing very bad working and living conditions such as: Working hours are too long, wages, famine, widespread unemployment, widespread abuse and abuse, illness and tragic death However, due to the author's research scope, it is limited to about approx, the period from the birth of the working class to the August Revolution in 1945, so these two works cannot speak of the cultural life and the transformation of the working class under the new regime Criticizing the Party's distortion of the working class nature, the article "Discussing the so-called criticism of the working class nature of the Vietnamese Communist Party", gave arguments to criticize the wrong view, antiscientific of the opinions that oppose the working class nature of the Party According to the author, in order to maintain and improve the class nature of the Party, it is necessary to be consistent in the goals and ideals of socialism and communism; the Party's ideological foundation is Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's Ideology; The close relationship between the Party and the people must be firmly consolidated Regarding the need for new research on the working class today, the authors: Nguyen Trong Chuan in the article "The need for basic research on the working class in the 11 from those trends, identify directions and propose some key solutions to build building and promoting the active role of workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the current period The Doctor of Philosophy thesis of Tran Thi Nhu Quynh "Intellectual workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization", stated new concepts of the modern Vietnamese working class, which deeply mentions about knowledge workers with their own characteristics and situation in Ho Chi Minh City in the process of industrialization and modernization of the country At the same time, the author of the thesis has presented the current situation and solutions for the knowledge workers in the integration period and the role of the knowledge workers in the general development of the City 1.2 The thesis issues inherited from the above studies From the studies mentioned above, the following can be drawn: Firstly, the works and articles have studied the working class in general, the Vietnamese working class and the industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in particular in many aspects both in theory and practice, farewell In which, there are a number of very elaborate works, in-depth analysis, referring to the birth and development of the working class in association with the development of the international communist and workers' movements Many works have mentioned the point of view of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought on the working class and the application and development of our Party's theory in the process of building a team of workers in Ho Chi Minh City In particular, the city is a large industrial center, the locomotive for the development of the southern economic region Second, many research works mention the development trend of Ho Chi Minh City's workers through specific periods Objective and subjective factors have clearly affected the changes of industrial workers, including team structure, quantity, quality These are references for us to clarify the substance of The process of industrialization and modernization, the development of the market economy, especially the international integration of Ho Chi Minh City, affects the changes of the industrial workers Third, many works investigate the cultural and material life of the Vietnamese working class and the workers of Ho Chi Minh City in the process of industrialization, modernization and international integration These research results are valuable references for the author to use as a basis for analyzing changes in the material and spiritual life of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City 1.3 Issues to be clarified Firstly, the thesis presents and continues to clarify the factors affecting the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2015 12 Secondly, compared with previous research on the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City before 2000, the thesis restores and presents a comprehensive picture in a scientific and objective manner The changes of the industrial workforce are determined through two specific phases: phase (2000 to 2007); Phase (2008-2015) At each stage, the thesis clarifies the historical context and outlines changes (quantity, educational level and technical expertise, material and spiritual life, trade union activities), corresponding to for each transformation content, the thesis identifies criteria to evaluate, analyze, and clearly outline the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City Third, the thesis draws out characteristics of the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City on the basis of drawing conclusions from the analyzed content At the same time, explain the impact of this change on the fields of economy, culture - society, politics and defense in sustainable development in Ho Chi Minh City CHAPTER CHANGES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN HO CHI MINH CITY IN THE STAGE OF INDUSTRIAL INSTRUCTION - MODERNIZATION (2000 - 2007) 2.1 Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City before 2000 Before 1986, when talking about industrial workers, people often immediately thought of a homogeneous group of workers that was state-owned workers From after 1986 to before 2000, a new economic mechanization was implemented - a market mechanism with many economic sectors, besides the state-owned sector, a new economic sector was formed that is the economic sector non-state This area attracts more and more industrial workers involved in production In the industrial sector, the number of workers in the non-state sector is increasing, 1995: 191,737 people; 1996: 206,463 people Along with the growth of the occupational structure and economic structure, the social structure - industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City has been undergoing a great change, with social mobility, re-orientation on the value of the profession, the value of labor In the non-state economic sector, industrial workers become hired workers, but not to become a dominant relationship leading to the division of society into two opposing poles Those are the social changes of the city's workers, from a working class of a centralized, subsidized economy to a working class suitable for a multi-component commodity economy, operating according to the market mechanism, with the state management according to the socialist orientation The impact of the labor market, in the market economy, the structural shift in the number of employees took place in the locality It is the movement of the number of industrial workers from the state sector to the non-state sector The main reason is that the non-state sector pays workers higher wages than the state sector 13 2.2 Historical context and factors affecting the changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000-2007) 2.2.1 Historical context While Vietnam has been carrying out the Đổi National Renovation since 1986, the world situation has changed a lot The collapse of the system of socialist countries in the Soviet Union and the trend of détente and cooperation taking place are opportunities and challenges that coexist, having a profound impact on the process of socio-economic development of Vietnam in general and Ho Chi Minh City in particular Facing those historical conditions and expecting Ho Chi Minh City to be an important growth engine for the development process in the South as well as the whole country, the Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee implemented the solutions of the Project "Urban development planning " and " Socio-economic development planning of Ho Chi Minh City for the period 19962010" That result is from a post-war city with poor infrastructure, low proportion of the economic structure of industries and services field; economic structure shifts towards reducing agriculture, increasing industry, construction and services; many new urban areas (Phu My Hung, Thu Thiem ), many modern residential areas, many commercial centers and high-class services, combined with an expanded and completed urban traffic structure; The material and spiritual life of the majority of residents is constantly improving… has fundamentally changed the face of a modern city on the rise Therefore, when implementing industrialization and modernization, Ho Chi Minh City is not separate from the urbanization process; proactively and creatively, taking the lead in many models to promote economic industrialization in the direction of modernity such as: building export processing zones (Tan Thuan, Linh Trung, Linh Trung 2), concentrated industrial parks Center (Hiep Phuoc, Tan Tao, Le Minh Xuan, Tan Binh, Tan Thoi Hiep, Northwest Cu Chi, Binh Chieu, Cat Lai ), hi-tech park, Quang Trung Software Park, hi-tech agricultural park … 2.2.2 Factors affecting the transformation of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City 2.2.2.1 From geographical, economic - social conditions Natural condition Different from localities, in the province, nationally, the location of Ho Chi Minh city is on the international roads from north to south, from east to west, which is the focal point of the southeast Asian continent and the country of southeast Asia; the southern gateway of the country, an important road connection The connection between the city and the outside takes place smoothly through the largest international airport in Vietnam, Tan Son Nhat, Mien Dong bus station, Mien Tay bus station, Saigon railway station and 42 major seaports such as: Ports of Saigon, Tan Cang, Hiep Phuoc through direct roads connecting North South and roads connecting economic regions such as: North - South railway, National 14 highway 1A The favorable Ho Chi Minh City has had a great impact on the process of socio-economic and cultural development Socio-economic characteristics From 2000 to 2007, Ho Chi Minh city' s economy stood in front of a great opportunity and challenges due to the impact of the world' s situation However, thanks to the acumen, the policy of the city leadership has helped improve economic growth, step into the developing countries of middle income Ho Chi Minh City defines a general and basic goal of becoming a modern industrial country; socio - political stability, democracy, discipline, consensus; ensure social security for the people; independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity Continuing to confirm the position of ho chi minh city on international schools is raised; a strong foundation for higher development in the following period Thus creating important factors to develop and dramatically transform, comprehensively in the structure of the ho chi minh city industrial worker 2.2.2.2 The breakthrough development of Ho Chi Minh City industry Ho Chi Minh city is a major industrial center and the most dynamic development in the southern key economic region In 1975, the service economy was mainly (60% GDP) From 2000 to 2007, the city' s industry played a ship' s head and has a huge impact on the country's economic development, especially in the promotion of industrialization, modernization In the process of globalization, the world economic integration, especially when Vietnam enters the WTO, has positively affected the economic sectors, including the Ho Chi Minh city industry The economic structure of Ho Chi Minh city's industrial economy shall be shifted to the positive, consistent with the assignment of social workers The city's industry translates to a strong development in terms of great advantages and comparative advantages, towards export The expansion of investment cooperation with foreign countries creates conditions and promotes the city to develop new industries with high technology techniques, suitable to the development needs of the time In 2000 - 2007, the strong city' s strength was to develop food processing sectors, garment, leather shoes 2.2.3 Policy of Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee In 2003, Directive No 13-CT/TU dated July 28, 2003 on a number of tasks to build the City's working class, assessing the successes and limitations of the 17-CTr/TU program of the City Party Committee - Course V on building the working class in the city… The policies of the leaders of Ho Chi Minh City from 2000 to 2007, affecting the changes of industrial workers Proving and affirming that these changes have a great impact on the transformation of the socio-economic situation in Ho Chi Minh City in the context of historical change, step by step affirming the contribution importance of this team 15 2.3 Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City (2000-2007) 2.3.1 About the number and structure of the team The number of industrial workers in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City increases year by year, if in 2000 it was 76,920 people, then in 2007 it was 246,525 people This drastic change in quantity is consistent with the objective trend of the Party, State and Government when planning Ho Chi Minh City as the industrial center in the South The number of industrial workers has changed markedly when the Vietnam - US Trade Agreement was officially approved from 14/7/2000 and after more than a year has brought great benefits 2.3.2 About education and technical expertise During the period 2000-2007, the educational level of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City did not have a clear distinction compared to the whole country The rate of industrial workers graduating from high school in the whole country is 60%, this number in Ho Chi Minh City is 56.7% In the structure of labor qualifications, industrial workers with professional high school degrees’ account for 20.5-26.6%; college from 5.6-7.6%; university from 3.21-3.82%; Industrial workers with a university degree account for 0.91.1% The remaining 71.69% are at the elementary level of unskilled labor (with a vocational certificate but not yet a degree) Considering the growth rate, the skill level of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City has increased compared to the whole country: from 20.2% (in 2000) to 24.3% (in 2005) (this rate is nationwide), during the same period was 3.5%) In which, the number of technical workers increased from 63.6% to 80.3% of skilled workers In the export processing zones and industrial zones of Ho Chi Minh City in the period from 2000 to 2007, the educational level of industrial workers has changed but is not clear, most of them have a high level of education, especially at level II and III 2.3.3 About material and spiritual life Employment and working conditions Compared to big cities across the country such as Hanoi, Da Nang, Can Tho Ho Chi Minh City is always a low-lying place for immigration and migration flows We believe that the main reason is that Ho Chi Minh City has many job opportunities and relatively stable jobs; easy to make money and high income, easy to change jobs; the best quality of life such as education system, health care, development services, modern means of transport, mass media, personal ability Salary and income Ho Chi Minh City is an easy place to find a job, concentrated many industrial workers with low- skilled labor but low income It is a fact that many businesses operating in the city have a common difficulty, which is the crisis of productive forces In the period from 2000 16 to 2007, the turnover of industrial workers between foreign companies increased to a high rate (43%), workers in the textile and garment and footwear industries had the highest turnover This impact leads to a shift in workplaces, emerging demand for skills The shortage of skilled production force leads to the fact that enterprises have to pay wages higher than the real value to be able to recruit industrial workers with professional and technical qualifications In fact, the price that enterprises pay for industrial workers with unskilled labor is lower than the real value Therefore, along with efforts such as overtime, overtime and frugality to survive, it only takes a certain business with a slightly higher salary to make workers move Housing situation Since 2000, the City Party Committee and Government have paid attention to the housing needs of industrial workers, initially developed a plan to develop housing and accommodation for workers, ensuring that workers are "safe" Notice No 16/TB-UB, dated January 30, 2002 of the City People's Committee on directing the construction of investment project to build accommodation for workers in industrial zones Coordinating the implementation of this project includes the following units: Department of Planning and Investment, Department of Land and Land, Department of Finance and Pricing, Chief Architect, City Labor Union On April 23, 2003 City People's Committee issued Directive No 7/2003/CT-UB, on building houses for low-income people, in order to attract resources in the society to implement this program Housing is closely related to saving expenses, ensuring a stable standard of living, ideology and industrial lifestyle of urban workers in general The "Housing Program" of Ho Chi Minh City, especially housing for foreign industrial workers in industrial zones and export processing zones, has not actually been promoted Industrial workers outside the province not have housing suitable for their income and living standards Spiritual life An investigation by the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor and the Sports and Physical Education Committee in February 2006 revealed that the living situation of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City was due to cramped accommodation, lack of space for cultural activities, so in their leisure time, 83.3% of industrial workers were asked to gather with friends to drink and sing karaoke; 65.7% sleep; 55.9% housework The healthy entertainment facilities for industrial workers (bookcases, sports grounds, green areas, computer rooms ) are also very rare to find in dormitories and dormitories Many industrial workers live in a three-zero environment: no television, no radio, no communication with the outside world The main form of entertainment after work is very simple: talking, walking around the neighborhood, watching videos or "drinking" together 17 2.3.4 About the activities of Organized labour During the 2000-2007 period, the Trade Union of IZs and EPZs in Ho Chi Minh City established 375 grass-roots trade union organizations, the total number of union members was 109,413, introduced 224 sympathizers to the Party, and were accepted In addition, the Trade Union paid attention to propaganda The change in the number of trade unionists in export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City partly shows that industrial workers are initially enlightened with their consciousness and roles However, during the research process, we found that the trade union activity of the Trade Union of IZs and EPZs in Ho Chi Minh City (established in 1997) is still limited by the incomplete organizational model and the team The full-time trade union staff is not enough to meet the number of grassroots trade unions, the labor law is incomplete, the campaigning for the establishment of grassroots trade unions as well as the law observance of enterprises and workers The business has not been complied with, especially the salary policy has not been paid attention to by the enterprise, complicated labor relations, and constant disputes Because of the above reasons, industrial workers are also not eager to join the Union because they have not seen the rights and benefits when joining CHAPTER CHANGES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN HO CHI MINH CITY IN THE PERIOD OF ACCELERATING INDUSTRIALIZATION MODERNIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION (2008-2015) 3.1 Context and factors that make up the transformation of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City 3.1.1 Historical background The year 2008 marked an important milestone in the development of Vietnam's working class The Executive Committee of the Party Central Committee issued Resolution 20, dated January 28, 2008 on continuing to build the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country In addition, the Prime Minister's Decision No 589/QD-TTg, (May 20, 2008) on approving, identifying and promoting the role, position and potential of the region according to the model of multipolar concentration, with Ho Chi Minh City is a nuclear city and aims to be a developed city on a regional and international level To develop high-tech industrial zones, concentrated industries for specialization Forming industrial and service economic corridors, creating a driving force for the provinces in the region to develop quickly and sustainably 3.1.2 The policy of Ho Chi Minh city for the development of industrial workers The City's policy is to always grasp the reality of the industrial workers in a timely manner, and to absorb the direction of the Party Central Committee on continuing to build a workforce of workers in the new context, Ho Chi Minh City issued the "action plan No 38 18 CtrHD/TU (July 8, 2008) of the City Party Committee" on the implementation of Resolution No.20-NQ/TW of the 6th Conference of the Party Central Committee Session X on continuing to build the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country In particular, leaders of Ho Chi Minh City assessed that in the period 2000-2007, the industrial workforce developed strongly, rapidly increased in quantity, diversified in structure and gradually improved in quality The stance and consciousness of the city's industrial workers believe in the Party's renewal line, pioneer in the cause of construction, defend socialism, build and protect the city, patriotic, and actively learning to improve 3.2 The transformation of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the period 2008 - 2015 3.2.1 Change the number and structure of the team The process of urbanization took place parallel to the period of the country's industrialization and international integration The strong development of science and technology, the global supply chain affects the industrial economy in Ho Chi Minh City At the same time, the number of industrial workers continued to increase but at a slower rate than in the previous period In 2008, the rate accounted for 8.2%, by 2015 the rate was 7.3%, the reason was explained that the process of accelerating reform of state-owned enterprises led to a fact that workers in this area had to move to the sector Meanwhile, industrial workers in non-state enterprises accounted for the highest proportion, with a clear increase, if in 2008 the rate was 55.2%, by 2015 the rate was 69.7% The strong development of non-state enterprises when the City policy encourages this object, has the most preferential policies Therefore, drastically changing the number of industrial workers in non-state enterprises Compared with the state sector, foreign-invested industrial workers have decreased, if in 2008 the rate was 36.6%, by 2015 it was only 23.3% With this, we believe that industrial workers in the foreign-invested enterprise sector step by step go into depth, when product quality requires workers' skill level to meet the operation of production lines Therefore, the number of foreign-invested industrial workers tends to decrease and shift to non-state groups 3.2.2 Changes in educational attainment and technical expertise The educational level of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City has changed positively compared to the previous period, but it still does not meet the human resource needs of the City, workers with level II and III literacy For example, if the level of secondary education was 33.99% in 2008, it will be 42.44% in 2015 and the level of high school has not changed much, fluctuating at 37% Level I education in 2015 reached a high rate compared to the previous year, in 2008 it was 3.10%, then by 2015 it will account for 8.28% We think that, 19 with such an education level, it is difficult to access the achievements of science and technology when the awareness of the workers is still limited In addition, many schools provide undergraduate and postgraduate training, but only focus on occupations that the city has not really had a need for, such as majors in the fields of social, accounting - auditing, finance - banking without really paying attention to vocational training, especially in the industrial sector This is a huge waste of talent 3.2.3 Transforming physical and spiritual life Employment and working conditions From 2008 to 2015, the working conditions of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in enterprises were more fully equipped and safer than in the previous period In part, business owners are also aware of their role in maintaining the health of workers when participating in industrial production operations, and are more dedicated to their responsibilities and assigned tasks However, there are still some businesses where the working environment of industrial workers has not been improved, the working area is cramped and not properly regulated, and the lighting and noise at the workplace exceed the allowable level Since then, workers' occupational diseases have occurred in the long run The majority of industrial workers today are young and have good stamina, so business owners in EPZs and industrial zones with labor-intensive industries mainly invest in fields with many unskilled workers When their business term expires at that time, industrial workers are susceptible to occupational diseases at old age The enterprise has expired or moved to another field, another place or went bankrupt Occupational diseases add burden to family, self and society Salary and income The salary of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City from 2008 to 2015 tends to increase because the minimum wage is adjusted by the Government to increase every year, in line with the economic growth rate, the increase in labor productivity and the growth of the economy, addition of other macroeconomic indicators In 2015, the average salary/person/month of salaried workers in Ho Chi Minh City was 5,991 thousand VND, an increase of 1.37 times compared to 2010 and an increase of 3.28 times compared to 2006 However, from 2012 to 2015 the salary of industrial workers did not increase much compared to previous years Housing situation Since ancient times, our forefathers have concluded, having "settle down to have a new career", with stable accommodation, workers will have the conditions to stick with their work and the career they are pursuing Industrial workers have been taken care of by the city government together with businesses, so they can work and produce with peace of 20 mind, creating motivation for workers to devote themselves and increase labor productivity For low-income industrial workers, the City government together with the business community (mainly real estate businesses) create many incentives for workers Spiritual life The spiritual life of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City has undergone profound changes The majority of industrial workers who work directly at the factory have improved incomes, increased awareness levels, many learning opportunities and communication skills, the satisfaction of entertainment and recreational needs Stress release takes many forms For example, workers' living centers are: Tan Thuan EPZ, Hiep Phuoc IZ and Linh Trung I EPZ These centers have classrooms, reading rooms, internet rooms, karaoke rooms, multi-purpose gyms, balls; tables and stages to organize cultural and artistic activities; organize many fun and healthy activities for workers such as: legal advice, free health advice for youth and workers; organize weekend playgrounds and cultural exchange programs; sports for young workers, mobile movie show, singing program with workers, sales program with preferential prices 3.2.4 Changes in the activities of Organized labour Trade union activities in Ho Chi Minh City from 2008 to 2015, there was a strong change in both content and mode of operation to adapt to the new context, while having great opportunities and advantages both difficulties and challenges are intertwined Action Program No 38 CtrHD/TU dated July 8, 2008 of the City Party Committee on the implementation of Resolution No 20-NQ/TW of the XI Conference of the 10th Party Central Committee on continuing building the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization; Directive No 10-CT/TU (January 18, 2013) of the Standing Board of the City Party Committee on continuing to promote the building of the party, socio-political organizations in enterprises outside the state sector and non-business units public CHAPTER SOME COMMENTS ON THE CHANGES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN HO CHI MINH CITY (2000 - 2015) 4.1 Characteristics of changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City 4.1.1 In terms of number, team structure The difference of Ho Chi Minh City compared to other provinces in the country is the process of economic mechanism transformation, strong international integration, making industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City have changes deep 4.1.2 About the level of education and access to science and technology Compared with other localities and provinces across the country, industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City have many advantages for a positive change: Ho Chi Minh City is 21 identified by the Central Government as the locality to go leading in the cause of industrialization and modernization associated with the market economy and international integration; because Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee has the attention when identifying as the core force of the cause of industrialization and modernization in the city; Because there are many foreign-invested enterprises, they have received many scientific and technical achievements 4.1.3 About the composition Ho Chi Minh City is a pioneer in the process of industrialization and modernization associated with urbanization, knowledge economy and international integration, which has promoted concentration of labor inside and outside the city The team of industrial workers as industrial production and service workers Migration is the driving force for economic development in Ho Chi Minh City, a strong rural-urban migration flow has contributed significantly to the urbanization process and migrants are mainly young people The workforce in Ho Chi Minh City is replenished and rejuvenated 4.1.4 About material life, spiritual and political awareness The spiritual life of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City is generally more concerned by businesses In the period 2000-2007, industrial workers worked without days off, working overtime a lot, even in some state-owned enterprises In the period 2008-2015, there was a bond between the employer and the worker, the business owner required workers to work all day off according to the provisions of the law and pay fair wages For industrial workers, they also want a part-time job to increase their income and overtime to improve their lives 4.1.5 Tradition, dynamism, creativity, income and best life Industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City are dynamic, creative and have a tradition of adapting and adapting to science - high technology This is a particularly necessary quality for the 21st century - the century of knowledge civilization, the knowledge economy and the trend of globalization, which requires the high promotion of capacity, intelligence and spirit creativity and cultural bravery of the modern working class in the process of international integration, exploiting all potentials and motivations for sustainable development 4.1.6 The ability to ally with the class In the history of formation and development of Ho Chi Minh City, industrial workers, originally from the peasantry, have a continuity from the past to the present In the context of economic integration and development, industrial workers are considered as the center of a tight link between farmers and intellectuals Three main pillars including: 22 workers, farmers, and intellectuals will form a solid strength to contribute to the economic development of Ho Chi Minh City throughout its history 4.1.7 Strike of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City The protests or strikes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City all have three common characteristics: spontaneous, not following the legal process, and not led by the grassroots trade union Strikes are mainly about interests, then both about rights and interests In export processing zones and industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City, industrial workers' strikes are mainly at foreign-invested enterprises (Taiwan, Korea, Japan ), on textile, mechanical, leather and footwear industries, seafood processing 4.2 The transformation of industrial workers affects social life in Ho Chi Minh City 4.2.1 Impact on the economic sector - Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City affect the economic development of Ho Chi Minh City - Changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City affect the cause of innovation, building and perfecting the market economy in Ho Chi Minh City 4.2.2 Impact on the field of culture - society - The changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City created a breakthrough in the emulation movement for good and creative labor - The changes of industrial workers contribute to making Ho Chi Minh City become a civilized, modern and loving city 4.2.3 Impact on politics, security - The changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City create the social foundation, the core of the political system - The changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City strengthen the connection of workers, farmers, intellectuals, the foundation of the great solidarity block in the city - The changes of the industrial workers help strengthen the shock force, participate in defense and security work at the enterprise, denounce reactionary and hostile forces 23 CONCLUDE Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are considered as the two largest industrial centers in the country Due to its strategic geo-economic location, Ho Chi Minh City concentrates many domestic and foreign companies and enterprises for production Therefore, the transformation of the city's industrial workers into high quality is an important requirement in the construction and development of the city As a multi-faceted center of the country, the training and development of industrial workers in the city not only serves the needs of the city but also contributes to the supply of human resources for the provinces, other cities and for labor export needs Therefore, it is required to improve the operational capacity and quality of human resource training in Ho Chi Minh City In the first 10 years (1975-1985) when the country was in the subsidy period, industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City continued to play a pioneering role in activities to increase production in industries It is essential to serve the people's life, as well as actively participate in the organization of peacekeeping and protection of the Fatherland's borders Since the late 70s of the twentieth century, Ho Chi Minh City has been active in breaking barriers in the economy By 1986, when the country's Đổi was officially started, it contributed to changing the economic situation of Ho Chi Minh City The most transparent transformation of the city's industrial workers in the period 2000-2015 is the decrease in the number of state-owned industrial workers, a sharp increase in non-state industrial workers and foreign investment capital, this is a change in line with objective laws in the conditions of developing a socialist-oriented market economy Grasping and understanding the movement of the inevitable laws of politeness and natural phenomena, since the late 70s of the twentieth century, the city has taken steps to break barriers to revive the economy, revive the spirit of stagnation and dependence of a part of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City Identifying a multi-sectoral economy in line with the new social orientation will bring prosperity and happiness to the industrial workers in particular and the people of the city in general In the era of international economic integration, the loosening of ties and freedom have made the industrial workers' team have obvious changes Compared with other provinces and cities across the country, industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City have both the common characteristics of the Vietnamese working class, but also the most distinctive features of a crowded city most populous in the country The changes of industrial workers in Ho Chi Minh City in the period 2000 - 2015 have continued the characteristics of the previous industrial workers Those characteristics in the past and present are always continued to promote the highest spiritual values, affirm the glorious revolutionary tradition, rich in patriotism, passion for learning, and at the same