UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2001 UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2003 Annual Report for submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change Main authors Baggott SL, Brown L, Miln[.]
ISBN 0-9547136-5-6 UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2003 Annual Report for submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change Main authors Baggott SL, Brown L, Milne R, Murrells TP, Passant N, Thistlethwaite G, Watterson JD With contributions from Adams M, Dore C, Downes, M, Goodwin J, Hobson M, Lawrence H, Manning A, Smith A, Walker, C April 2005 This work forms part of the Global Atmosphere Research Programme of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2003 Annual Report for submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change Main authors Baggott SLa, Brown Lb, Milne Rc, Murrells TPa, Passant Na, , Thistlethwaite Ga, Watterson JDa With contributions from Adams Ma, Dore Ca, Downes, Ma, Goodwin Ja, Hobson Ma, Lawrence Ha, Manning A d, Smith A a, Walker, Ca April 2005 a b c d National Environmental Technology Centre (NETCEN), AEA Technology plc, Building 551, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon., OX11 0QJ, UK Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Pennicuik, Midlothian, EH26 OQB, UK The Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, UK Title UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 to 2003: Annual Report for submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change Customer Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Customer reference RMP/2106 Confidentiality, copyright and reproduction Copyright AEA Technology plc All rights reserved Enquiries about copyright and reproduction should be addressed to the Commercial Manager, AEA Technology plc Published by AEA Technology plc File reference NAEI contacts database reference N:\naei03\8_ghgi\2_NIR 2005\1_Report_and_appendices\ukghgi_9003_Issue 1.1.doc Reference number ISBN AEAT/ENV/R/1971 ISBN 0-9547136-5-6 Issue number Issue 1.1 48209101/2003/CD3393/JW AEA Technology National Environmental Technology Centre (NETCEN) Building 551 Harwell Didcot Oxon OX11 0QJ Telephone Facsimile 0870 190 6594 0870 190 6607 AEA Technology is the trading name of AEA Technology plc AEA Technology is certified to ISO9001 Report Manager Name JD Watterson Approved by Name JD Watterson Signature Date UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) 29.04.2005 netcen Page iii Preface This is the United Kingdom’s National Inventory Report (NIR) submitted in the year 2005 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) It contains national greenhouse gas emission inventories for the period 1990 to 2003, and the descriptions of the methods used to produce the estimates A CD on the back flap of the report contains tabular data in the Common Reporting Format (CRF) covering the United Kingdom’s greenhouse gas emissions for the same period The report is compiled in accordance with the new UNFCCC Inventory Reporting Guidelines agreed by the Conference of Parties at its eighth session (COP8), which took place in New Delhi from 23 October to November 2002 As agreed at COP8 in Decision 18/CP8, 2004 was the first year during which Parties were expected to use these Guidelines, which are set out in document FCCC/CP/2002/8 The UK used these Guidelines for its NIR submitted in the year 2004 and the present report follows the same reporting structure as that used in the 2004 NIR The greenhouse gas inventory (GHGI) is based on the same data sets used by the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for reporting atmospheric emissions under other international agreements The GHGI is therefore consistent with that of the NAEI where they overlap This inventory is compiled on behalf of the UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) Global Atmosphere Division, by the National Environmental Technology Centre (NETCEN) We acknowledge the positive support and advice from Defra throughout the work, and we are grateful for the help of all those who have contributed to this NIR A list of the contributors can be found in Chapter 12 The GHGI is compiled according to IPCC Good Practice Guidance (IPCC, 2000) Each year the inventory is updated to include the latest data available Improvements to the methodology are made and are backdated to ensure a consistent time series Methodological changes are made to take account of new data sources, or new guidance from IPCC, relevant work by CORINAIR, new research, or specific research programmes sponsored by Defra UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page iv Units and Conversions Emissions of greenhouse gases presented in this report are given in Gigagrammes (Gg), Million tonnes (Mt) and Teragrammes (Tg) GWP weighted emissions are also provided To convert between the units of emissions, use the conversion factors given below Prefixes and multiplication factors Multiplication factor Abbreviation 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000,001 kilotonne (kt) = Million tonne (Mt) = 103 tonnes 106 tonnes Gigagramme (Gg) = Teragramme (Tg) = kt Mt = = Prefix Symbol peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro P T G M k h da d c m 1,000 tonnes 1,000,000 tonnes Conversion of carbon emitted to carbon dioxide emitted To covert emissions expressed in weight of carbon, to emissions in weight of carbon dioxide, multiply by 44/12 Conversion of Gg of greenhouse gas emitted into Gg CO equivalent Gg (of GHG) * GWP = Gg CO2 equivalent The GWP is the Global Warming Potential of the greenhouse gas The GWPs of the greenhouse gases are given in Table 1.1 of Chapter UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page v Abbreviations for Greenhouse Gases and Chemical Compounds Type of greenhouse gas Formula or abbreviation Name Direct Direct Direct CH4 CO2 N2O Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Direct Direct Direct HFCs PFCs SF6 Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons Sulphur hexafluoride Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect CO NMVOC NOX SO2 Carbon monoxide Non-methane volatile organic compound Nitrogen oxides (reported as nitrogen dioxide) Sulphur dioxide HFCs, PFCs and SF6 are collectively known as the ‘F-gases’ UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page vi Executive Summaries ES.1 The United Kingdom ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 1993, and the Convention came into force in March 1994 Parties to the Convention are committed to develop, publish and regularly update national emission inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) This report is the UK’s National Inventory Report (NIR) submitted in 2005 It contains greenhouse gas emissions estimates for the period 1990 to 2003, and describes the methodology on which the estimates are based The report and the attached Common Reporting Format (CRF) have been compiled in accordance with UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories contained in document FCCC/CP/2002/8 and Decision 18/CP8 of the Conference of Parties The UK’s greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is compiled under contract to the UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) by the National Environmental Technology Centre (NETCEN) of AEA Technology NETCEN also compiles the UK’s National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, used for reporting emissions to other international agreements Most of the underlying information is held on common databases and this helps ensure consistency between the inventories Emissions from the agricultural sector (Sector 4) are provided by Defra’s Land Management Improvement Division on the basis of a contract with the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), and estimates for Land-use Change and Forestry (LUCF) (Sector 5) are produced on behalf of Defra by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Defra also funds research contracts to provide improved emissions estimates for certain sources such as fluorinated gases, landfill methane, and to provide estimates for previously unreported sub-sectors such as methane from closed coal mines, included for the first time in the UK inventory in this submission The inventory covers the six direct greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol These are: Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) These gases contribute directly to climate change owing to their positive radiative forcing effect Also reported are four indirect greenhouse gases: Nitrogen oxides (reported as NO2) Carbon monoxide Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Sulphur dioxide The structure of the 2005 National Inventory Report follows that of the 2004 report Chapter provides an introduction and background information on greenhouse gas UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page vii Executive Summaries inventories Chapter provides a summary of the emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions by source and gas Chapters to discuss each of the main source categories in detail and Chapter 10 presents information on recalculations, improvements and a summary of responses to review processes There are also Annexes to provide key source analysis and other detailed information as set out in the Guidelines The UK’s inventory is used to provide historical data consistent with projections of GHG emissions for the UK’s Climate Change Programme, most recently updated in the Consultation Paper produced for the Review of the UK Climate Change Programme published in December 2004 The programme sets out policies to ensure that the UK delivers its legally binding target under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions of the basket of the six greenhouse gases to 12.5% below 1990 levels over the first commitment period 2008-2012, and to move the UK towards its domestic goal of a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions below 1990 levels by 2010 The Energy White Paper published in 2003 announced the goal of putting the UK on a path to cut CO by 60% by 2050, with real progress by 2020 The programme is currently under formal review and is expected to be revised by summer 2005 UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page viii Executive Summaries ES.2 Tables ES1 and ES2 summarise the emissions of each greenhouse gas expressed in terms of carbon dioxide and carbon equivalent emissions respectively Table ES Mt CO equivalent Base year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 % changes 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CO2 (Emissions including LUCF 606.3 606.3 613.1 597.5 582.9 575.7 567.1 588.7 564.5 566.6 556.4 560.3 577.1 559.8 572.2 emissions) CH4 77.5 77.5 76.7 75.6 73.0 66.3 66.0 64.1 61.0 57.6 53.7 49.9 47.0 45.0 40.6 N 2O 67.9 67.9 66.0 59.1 55.4 58.6 57.1 59.1 60.8 58.1 45.0 44.9 42.6 41.0 40.4 HFCs 15.5 11.4 11.9 12.3 13.0 14.0 15.5 16.7 19.2 17.3 10.8 9.1 9.7 10.4 10.7 PFCs 0.5 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 SF6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 Total (Emissions) 768.9 765.6 769.9 746.3 726.1 716.3 707.3 730.4 707.3 701.4 667.8 666.6 678.3 658.2 665.8 CO2 (Removals) -14.9 -14.9 -15.1 -15.3 -15.6 -15.9 -15.9 -15.9 -15.8 -15.8 -15.9 -15.8 -15.9 -16.0 -16.3 CO2 (Net Emissions) 591.4 591.4 598.0 582.1 567.3 559.8 551.1 572.8 548.7 550.8 540.4 544.5 561.3 543.8 555.9 Total (Net Emissions) 754.0 750.6 754.9 731.0 710.4 700.4 691.4 714.6 691.4 685.5 651.9 650.8 662.5 642.2 649.6 CO2 (Emission excluding LUCF) 588.8 588.8 595.4 580.1 566.4 559.1 550.3 572.2 548.4 551.2 541.0 545.3 562.3 545.3 557.5 Total (Emissions excluding LUCF) 751.4 748.0 752.3 728.9 709.5 699.7 690.6 713.9 691.2 685.9 652.4 651.5 663.5 643.7 651.1 CO2 emissions from LUCF 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.4 15.0 14.9 14.5 14.7 CO2 removals from LUCF -14.9 -14.9 -15.1 -15.3 -15.6 -15.9 -15.9 -15.9 -15.8 -15.8 -15.9 -15.8 -15.9 -16.0 -16.3 CH4 emissions from LUCF 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.014 0.015 0.027 0.020 0.021 0.016 0.013 N2O emissions from LUCF 0.0015 0.0015 0.0013 0.0010 0.0012 0.0012 0.0015 0.0017 0.0014 0.0015 0.0028 0.0021 0.0021 0.0017 0.0013 Under Kyoto Protocol Article 3.7 CO2 (Emissions) (see footnote 4) Total (Emissions) (see footnote 5) 19902003 Base year2003 -5.6% -5.6% -47.6% -40.5% -5.9% -72.9% 44.1% -13.0% 9.1% -6.0% -13.5% -47.6% -40.5% -30.9% -17.6% 20.8% -13.4% 9.1% -6.0% -13.9% 0.74 0.76 One Mt equals one Tg, which is equal to 1012 g (1,000,000,000,000 g) or one million tonnes The base year is the sum of 1990 totals for CO 2, CH4 and N2O and 1995 totals for HFC, PFC and SF Net Emissions are reported in the Common Reporting Format Under Article 3.7 of the Kyoto Protocol the UK must include emissions due to deforestation in its base year gross emissions For CO these emissions (0.20 MtC) are a subset of all LUCF emissions (4.8 MtC) in the base year The deforestation emissions cannot be derived from other values in this table and is entered here for information Includes additional non-CO emissions due to deforestation UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page ix Executive Summaries Table ES Mt C equivalent Base year CO2 (Emissions including LUCF emissions) CH4 N 2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Total (Emissions) CO2 (Removals) CO2 (Net Emissions) Total (Net Emissions) CO2 (Emissions excluding LUCF) Total (Emissions excluding LUCF) CO2 emissions from LUCF CO2 removals from LUCF CH4 emissions from LUCF N2O emissions from LUCF Under Kyoto Protocol Article 3.7 CO2 (Emissions) (see footnote 4) Total (Emissions) (see footnote 5) 165.4 1990 165.4 1991 167.2 1992 162.9 1993 159.0 1994 157.0 1995 154.7 1996 160.6 1997 153.9 % changes 1998 154.5 1999 151.7 2000 152.8 2001 157.4 2002 152.7 2003 19902003 Base year2003 156.1 -5.6% -5.6% 21.1 21.1 20.9 20.6 19.9 18.1 18.0 17.5 16.6 15.7 14.7 13.6 12.8 12.3 11.1 18.5 18.5 18.0 16.1 15.1 16.0 15.6 16.1 16.6 15.8 12.3 12.2 11.6 11.2 11.0 4.2 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.2 4.7 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 209.7 208.8 210.0 203.5 198.0 195.4 192.9 199.2 192.9 191.3 182.1 181.8 185.0 179.5 181.6 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.4 -4.4 161.3 161.3 163.1 158.8 154.7 152.7 150.3 156.2 149.6 150.2 147.4 148.5 153.1 148.3 151.6 205.6 204.7 205.9 199.4 193.8 191.0 188.6 194.9 188.6 187.0 177.8 177.5 180.7 175.2 177.2 160.6 160.6 162.4 158.2 154.5 152.5 150.1 156.1 149.6 150.3 147.5 148.7 153.3 148.7 152.0 204.9 204.0 205.2 198.8 193.5 190.8 188.3 194.7 188.5 187.1 177.9 177.7 180.9 175.6 177.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.4 -4.4 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0008 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 -47.6% -40.5% -5.9% -72.9% 44.1% -13.0% 9.1% -6.0% -13.5% -47.6% -40.5% -30.9% -17.6% 20.8% -13.4% 9.1% -6.0% -13.9% 0.20 0.21 One Mt equals one Tg, which is equal to 1012 g (1,000,000,000,000 g) or one million tonnes The base year is the sum of 1990 totals for CO 2, CH4 and N2O and 1995 totals for HFC, PFC and SF Net Emissions are reported in the Common Reporting Format Under Article 3.7 of the Kyoto Protocol the UK must include emissions due to deforestation in its base year gross emissions For CO these emissions (0.20 MtC) are a subset of all LUCF emissions (4.8 MtC) in the base year The deforestation emissions cannot be derived from other values in this table and is entered here for information Includes additional non-CO emissions due to deforestation UK NIR 2005 (Issue 1) netcen Page x