Reading b1 TEST 1 5

TEST 1 PASSAGE 1 It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important Education is much more open ended and all inclusive than schooling Education knows no bounds It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor It includes bot.

TEST PASSAGE It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling Education knows no bounds It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist Where as schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions People are engaged in education from infancy on Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, homework, take exams, and so on The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling What is the main idea of the passage? A The best school teach a wide variety of subjects B Education and schooling are quite different experiences C Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework D The more years students go to school, the better their education is What does the author probably mean by using the expression children interrupt their education to go to school (line 3)? A Going to several different schools is educationally beneficial B School vacations interrupt the continuity of the school year C Summer school makes the school year too long D All of life is an education The word bounds in line is closest in meaning to A rules B Experience C Limits D exceptions The word chance in line 12 is closest in meaning to A unplanned B unusual C lengthy D lively The word an integral in line 16 is closest in meaning to A an equitable B a profitable C a pleasant D an essential The word they in line 21 refers to A slices of reality B similar textbooks C boundaries D seats The phrase For example, line 23 introduces a sentence that gives examples of A similar textbooks D the boundaries of classroom B the results of schooling subjects C the workings of a government The passage supports which of the following conclusions? A Without formal education, people would remain ignorant B Education systems need to be radically reformed C Going to school is only part of how people become educated D Education involves many years of professional training The passage is organized by A listing and discussing several educational problems B contrasting the meanings of two related words C narrating a story about excellent teacher D giving examples of different kinds of schools 10 The writer seems to agree that A.schooling is more important C.shooling is unlimited and more than education informal B.educațion is not as important as D education is more influential schooling than schooling PASSAGE Just as optical fibers (n) [ˈɒp.tɪ.kl ˈfaɪ.bə] (sợi quang) have transformed (v) [trænsˈfɔːrm] (biến đổi) communication (n) [kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃən] (thông tin liên lạc), they are also revolutionizing (v) [rev.əˈluː.ʃən.aɪzɪŋ] (Cách mạng hóa) medicin (n) [ˈmed.ɪ.sən] (Y học) These ultra-thin (adj) [ˈʌltrə θɪn] (Siêu mỏng), flexible (adj) [ˈfleksəbl] (linh hoạt) fibers have opened a window into the living tissues (n) [ˈtɪʃuːz] (mô) of the body By inserting optical fibers through natural (v) [ˈnætʃrəl] (tự nhiên) openings or small incisions (n) [ɪnˈsɪʒn] (vết rạch) and threading (v) [ˈθredɪŋ] (luồng qua) them along the body's established (adj) [ɪˈstæblɪʃt] (thiết lập) pathways (n) [ˈpɑːθweɪ] (đường nhỏ), physicians (n) [fɪˈzɪʃn] (Bác sĩ) can look into the lungs (n) [lʌŋ] (phổi), intestines (n) [ɪnˈtestɪn](ruột), heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible (adj) [ɪnỉkˈsesəbl] (khơng thể tiếp cận) to them Giống sợi quang học biến đổi thông tin liên lạc, chúng cách mạng hóa y học Những sợi siêu mỏng, linh hoạt mở cửa sổ vào mô sống thể Bằng cách chèn sợi quang học qua lỗhở tự nhiên vết rạch nhỏ luồn chúng dọc theo đường dẫn thiết lập thể, bác sĩ nhìn vào phổi, ruột, tim khu vực khác mà trước chúng tiếp cận The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope (n) [ˈfaɪ.bə skəʊp] (kính sợi quang), which consists of two bundles (n) [ˈbʌndl] (bó) of fibers One, the illuminating (adj) [ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ] (Chiếu sáng) bundle, carries light to the tissues It is coupled (v) [ˈkʌpld] (được kết hợp) to a high-intensity (adj) [haɪɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ] (cường độ cao) light source (n) [sɔːs] (nguồn) Light enters the cores (n) [kɔː(r)] (lõi) of the high-punity (adj) [haɪ ˈpjuːnəti] (độ bền cao) silicon(n) [ˈsɪlɪkən] (silicon) glass and travels along the fibers A lens (n) [lenz] (thấu kính) at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses (v) [fəʊkəsɪz] (hội tụ) it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle Each fiber in the bundle transmits [trænzˈmɪt] (truyền) only a tiny (adj) [ˈtaɪni] (nhỏ xíu) fraction (n) [ˈfrỉkʃn] (Phần nhỏ) of the total (adj) [ˈtəʊtl] (Tồn bộ) image (n) [ˈɪmɪdʒ] (Hình ảnh) The reconstructed (v) [riːkən ˈstrʌktɪd] (dựng lại) image can be viewed through an eyepiece (n) [ˈaɪpiːs] (thị kính) or displayed (v) [dɪˈspleɪ] (hiển thị) on a television screen (n) [skriːn] (màn hình) During the last five years, improved methods (n) [ˈmeθəd] (phương pháp) of fabricating (v) [ˈfæbrɪkeɪtɪŋ] (chế tạo) optical fibers have led to a reduction (n) [rɪˈdʌkʃn] (giảm) in fiberscope diameter(n) [daɪˈỉmɪtə] (đường kính) and an increase in the number of fibers, which in tum (n) [tʌm] (dạ dày) has increased resolution (n) [rezə ˈluːʃn] (độ phân giải) Hệ thống sợi quang gọi kính sợi, bao gồm hai bó sợi Một, bó chiếu sáng, mang ánh sáng đến mơ Nó kết hợp với nguồn sáng cường độ cao Ánh sáng vào lõi thủy tinh silicon có độ bền cao truyền dọc theo sợi Một thấu kính cuối gói thu thập ánh sáng hội tụ ánh sáng vào gói cịn lại, gói hình ảnh Mỗi sợi bó truyền phần nhỏ tổng số hình ảnh Hình ảnh dựng lại xem qua thị kính hiển thị hình tivi Trong năm năm qua, phương pháp chế tạo sợi quang học cải tiến dẫn đến việc giảm đường kính ống soi tăng số lượng sợi, điều làm tăng độ phân giải dày Optical fibers can also be used to deliver (v) [dɪˈlɪvə] (phóng ra) laser light By use of laser beams (n) [biːm] (chùm), physicians can perform (v)[pə ˈfɔːm] (tiến hành) surgery (n) [ˈsɜːdʒəri] (phẫu thuật) inside the body, sometimes eliminating (v) [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪtɪŋ] (loại bỏ) the need for invasive (adj) [ɪnˈveɪsɪv] (xâm lấn) procedures (n) [prəˈsiːdʒə] (thủ thuật) in which healthy tissue must be cut through to reach the site of discase Many of these procedures not require (v) [rɪˈkwaɪə(r)] (cần đến) anesthesia (n) [ˌænəsˈθiːziə] (gây mê) and can be performed in a physician's office These techniques (n) [tekˈniːk] (kĩ thuật) have reduced the risk (n) [rɪsk] (rủi ro) and the cost of medical care Sợi quang học sử dụng để phóng ánh sáng laser Bằng cách sử dụng chùm tia laser, bác sĩ tiến hành phẫu thuật bên thể, loại bỏ cần thiết thủ thuật xâm lấn, mơ khỏe mạnh phải cắt qua để tiếp cận vị trí bị thối hóa Nhiều thủ thuật số không cần gây mê thực phịng khám bác sĩ Những kỹ thuật làm giảm rủi ro chi phí chăm sóc y tế WORDS PRONOUNCE MEANING optical fibers (n) /ˈɒp.tɪ.kl ˈfaɪ.bə/ Sợi quang transformed (v) /trænsˈfɔːrm/ Biến đổi Revolutionizing (v) /rev.əˈluː.ʃən.aɪzɪŋ/ Cách mạng hóa Medicine (n) /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/ Y học ultra-thin (adj) ˈʌltrə θɪn Siêu mỏng Flexible (adj) ˈfleksəbl Linh hoạt Tissue (n) ˈtɪʃuː Mô (tế bào) Incisions (n) ɪnˈsɪʒn Vết rạch Threading (v) ˈθredɪŋ Luồng qua Established (adj) ɪˈstæblɪʃt Thiết lập Pathway (n) ˈpɑːθweɪ đường nhỏ Physician (n) fɪˈzɪʃn Bác sĩ Lung (n) lʌŋ Phổi Intestines (n) ɪnˈtestɪn Ruột Inaccessible (adj) ɪnỉkˈsesəbl Khơng thể tiếp cận Fiberscope (n) ˈfaɪ.bə skəʊp Kính sợi quang Bundle (n) ˈbʌndl bó Illuminating (adj) ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ Chiếu sáng coupled ˈkʌpld Được kết hợp high-intensity (adj) [haɪ ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ] Cường độ cao Source (n) sɔːs Nguồn Core (n) kɔː(r) lõi high-punity (adj) haɪ ˈpjuːnəti Độ bền cao Silicon (n) ˈsɪlɪkən silicon lens (n) lenz Thấu kính Focuses (v) ˈfəʊkəsɪz Hội tụ transmit (v) trỉnzˈmɪt Truyền tiny (adj) ˈtaɪni Nhỏ, nhỏ xíu xìu xiu Fraction (n) ˈfrỉkʃn Phần nhỏ total (adj) ˈtəʊtl Tồn Reconstruct (v) riːkənˈstrʌkt Dựng lại Image (n) ˈɪmɪdʒ Hình ảnh Eyepiece (n) ˈaɪpiːs Thị kính, kính mắt Display (v) dɪˈspleɪ Hiển thị Screen (n) skriːn Màn hình Improve (v) ɪmˈpruːv Cải tiến Method (n) ˈmeθəd Phương pháp Fabricating (v) ˈfæbrɪkeɪtɪŋ Chế tạo Reduction (n) rɪˈdʌkʃn Sự giảm bớt Diameter (n) daɪˈỉmɪtə Đường kính Tum (n) tʌm Dạ dày Resolution (n) ˌrezəˈluːʃn Độ phân giải Deliver (v) dɪˈlɪvə Phóng Beam (n) biːm Tia, chùm Perform (v) pəˈfɔːm Tiến hành Surgery (n) ˈsɜːdʒəri Phẫu thuật Eliminate (v) ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt Loại bỏ Invasive (adj) ɪnˈveɪsɪv Xâm lấn Procedure (n) prəˈsiːdʒə Thủ thuật Anaesthesia (n) ˌænəsˈθiːziə Gây mê technique (n) tekˈniːk Kỹ thuật Risk (n) rɪsk Rủi ro 11 What is the main subject of the passage? A The role of optical fibers in medicine B New surgical techniques C The invention of optical fibers D A revolution in communication 12 In line 2, the author uses the expression have opened a window to indicate that the use of optical fibers _ A has been unknown to the general public quite recently B sometimes requires a surgical incision C allows doctors to see inside the body without major surgery D has enabled scientists to make amazing discoveries 13 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word formerly in line 6? A previously B usually C theoretically D completely 14 The word them in line refers to _ A physicians B optical fibers C pathways D other areas of the body 15 According to the passage, what is the purpose of the illuminating bundle in the fiberscope? A To reconstruct images B To perform surgery inside the body C To carry light into the body D To collect and focus light he body 16 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word cores in line 9? A clusters B lines C tips D centers 17 According to the passage, how the fiberscopes used today differ from those used five years ago? A They are larger in diameter B They use brighter lights C They are longer D They contain more fibers 18 The word resolution in line 16 is closest in meaning to which of the following? A efficiency B sharpness C inconvenience D strength 19 Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as one of the advantages of laser surgery techiques? A They are safer than conventional surgery B They are relatively easy to teach to physicians C They can be performed in a physician's office D They can often be performed without anethesia 20 Where in the passage does the author provide a basic description of a fiberscope? A Line 1-3 B Line 11-13 C Line 7-9 D Line 15 PASSAGE Ever wondered what it feels like to have a different job? Here, four people with very different careers (/ kəˈrɪə (r) /, nghề nghiệp) reveal(/ rɪˈviːl /, tiết lộ) the trade secrets of their working day Luc: My day typically starts with a business person going to the airport, and nearly always ends with a drunk I don’t mind (/ maɪnd /, ý) drunk people Sometimes I think they're the better version of themselves (/ ðəm ˈselvz /): more relaxed, happier, honest Only once have I feared (/ fɪə (r) /, nỗi sợ) for my life A guy ran out at a traffic light and so I sped (/ sped /, tăng tốc)up before his brother could run, too He seemed embarrassed(/ ɪm ˈbærəst /, lúng túng) and made me drop him at a car park When we arrived, the first guy was waiting with a boulder(/ ˈBəʊldə (r) /, tảng đá), which went through the windscreen(/ ˈWɪndskriːn /, kính tơ), narrowly(/ ˈNærəʊli /, gang tất, nữa) ( missing my head But the worst people are the ones who call me “Driver!” Harry: I not only provide appearance(/ əˈpɪərəns /) for my client(/ ˈKlaɪənt /, khách hàng), I also damage control(/ ˈDỉmɪdʒ / kənˈtrəʊl /, kiểm sốt thiệt hại) / We've had clients involved in lawsuits(/ ˈLɔːsuːt / kiện cáo), divorces(/ dɪˈvɔːs /, ly hôn) or drugs(/ drʌɡ /, mai túy) One mistakenly(/ mɪ ˈsteɪkənli /, nhầm lẫn) took a gun to an airport On the red carpet(/ ˌRed ˈkɑːpɪt /, thảm đỏ) - at the Academy Awards or the Golden Globes - I'm the person making my client look good The other day at an Oprah Winfrey event, the carpet wasn't put down properly and my clients almost went flying - I had to catch them They can make some strange(/ streɪndʒ /, lạ lùng) requests, too At a black-tie gala at the White House, two clients hated the dinner and insisted(/ ɪnˈsɪst /, khăng khăng) that we circle(/ ˈSɜːkl /, vòng quanh) around Washington DC to find a KFC open at la.m I had to go in wearing a gown(/ ɡaʊn /, áo choàng) and order so they could eat it in the Jennifer: I could teach you to a basic(/ ˈBeɪsɪk /, bản) brain operation (/ ˌⱰpəˈreɪʃn /, hoạt động) in two weeks But what takes time and experience (/ ɪkˈspɪəriəns /, kinh nghiệm) is doing it without wrecking(/ Rekɪŋ/, phá hủy) the brain of the patients(/ ˈPeɪʃnt /, bệnh nhân) – earning your limitations(/ ˌLɪmɪˈteɪʃn /sự hạn chế, giới hạn) takes years I ended up working as a pediatric(/ ˌPiːdiˈætrɪk /, nhi khoa) neurosurgeon(/ ˈNjʊərəʊsɜːdʒən/, giải phẫu thần kinh) because children make better recoveries(/ rɪˈkʌvəri /, phục hồi) from brain damage(/ ˈDæmɪdʒ /, chấn thương) than adults So it's more rewarding(/ rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ /,xứng đáng) in terms of outcome(/ ˈAʊtkʌm /, kết quả) and I find their resilience(/ rɪ ˈzɪliəns /, khả phục hồi) really inspiring(/ ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ /, cảm hứng) It's taken me a decade (/ ˈDekeɪd /, thập kỉ) to become comfortable discussing(/ dɪˈskʌs /, bàn luận) an operation(ca phẫu thuật) with children, but they have to be able to ask questions You have to show them respect Sometimes their perspective(/ pəˈspektɪv/,quan điểm, góc nhìn) is funny; most teenage girls just want to know how much hair you'll shave off 10 D The electric light was invented in the 19th century 35 The word which in the third paragraph refers to A masking the symptoms C reaching a point B the world's population D caffeine consumption 36 Which of the following is TRUE, according to the last paragraph? A Sleep deprivation has negative effects on both individuals and society B Doctors 'on night call' not need more than three hours of sleep a day C Thousands of people are killed every day by drunken drivers D Our motivation decreases with the bigger number of hours we sleep 37 The word catastrophic in the last paragraph probably means A bound to bring satisfaction C likely to become worthless B becoming more noticeable D causing serious damage or loss 38 Which of the following would the writer of the passage approve of? A Both drunken drivers and sleep-deprived people should be criticized B There is no point in criticizing irresponsible people in our society C Our world would be a much safer place without drinkers D We certainly can function well even when we hardly sleep 39 All of the following are mentioned as those whose performance is affected by ‘sleep debt' EXCEPT A biologists B doctors C engineers D drivers 40 Which of the following could best serve as the title of the passage? A A Well-known Biologist B A Society of Sleepless People C Sleep Deprivation: Causes and Effects D Accident Prevention: Urgent! TEST PASSAGE The Creators of Grammar 47 No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I' In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we' Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar? At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch Amazingly, however, this is possible Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did whatto whom [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a 48 pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for thedeaf Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua, Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home It was basically a pidgin Each child used the signs differently, and there wasno consistent grammar However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way A new creole was born Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first The English past tense -ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do' 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did' Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the 49 world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language? A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language? A It contained complex grammar B It was based on many different languages C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves D It was created by the landowners All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT: A The language has been created since 1979 B The language is based on speech and lip reading C The language incorporates signs which children used at home D The language was perfected by younger children In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed? It included standardized word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers A [A] B [B] C [C) D [D] From scratch in paragraph is closest in meaning to A from the very beginning C by copying something else B in simple cultures D by using written information 50 Make-shift in paragraph is closest in meaning to A complicated and expressive B simple and temporary C extensive and diverse D private and personal Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT A All children used the same gestures to show meaning B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language C The hand movements were smoother and smaller D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities Which idea is presented in the final paragraph? A English was probably once a creole B The English past tense system is inaccurate C Linguists have proven that English was created by children D Children say English past tenses differently from adults 10 Look at the word consistent in paragraph This word could best be replaced by which of the following? A natural B predictable C imaginable 51 D uniform PASSAGE Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods) Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes It also overlooks what is one of the world's finest large farming regions These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City's importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation Philadephia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York's location at the western end of one of the world's most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easyaccess functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland This account does not alone explain New York's primacy, but it does include several important factors Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly 52 applicable Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later 11 What does the passage mainly discuss? A The development of trade routes through United States cities B Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States C Historical differences among three large United States cities D The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities 12 The word ingenuity in line is closest in meaning to A wealth B resourcefulness C traditions D organization 13 The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a city's soil type part of its A hinterland B situation C site D function 14 According to the passage, a city's situation is more important than its site in regard to the city's A long-term growth and C possession of favorable prosperity weather conditions B ability to protect its citizenry D need to import food supplies 15 The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago's location EXCEPT its A hinterland C position in regard to transport B neamess to a large lake routes D flat terrain 16 The word characteristics in line 16 is closest in meaning to A choices B attitudes C qualities 53 D inhabitants 17 The primary purpose of paragraph is to A summarize past research and introduce a new study B describe a historical period C emphasize the advantages of one theory over another D define a term and illustrate it with an example 18 According to the passage, Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in A size of population D availability B age transportation of rail C site 19 The word functional in line 22 is closest in meaning to A alternate B unknown C original D usable C connection D hinterland 20 The word it in line 24 refers to A account B primacy PASSAGE HOME COMFORT It was a lazy Sunday afternoon, the lull before the storm of Monday morning madness of alarm clocks, traffic jams and deadlines The clock struck three andRebecca's elbow still rested on the arm of the tapestrycovered sofa With herfingertips she began caressing the rough piping that ran along its seams Simultaneously, the toes of her left foot moved back and forth across the edges of the sheepskin rug This action Rebecca found comforting; it reminded her of being at home as a child when she used to sit in the family sitting room, her toes playing with the fringes of another kind of rug Her mother would snap at her to stop it, so of course she did it all the more Rebecca had a sudden whiff of the glue that Katy was applying to make one of 54 her artistic creations Her daughter was seated on a cushion right in the middle of the room, looking like an island, surrounded by a sea of cardboard cut-offs, sequins, felt-tip pens, and pristine sheets of white A4 paper that she had disobediently pinched from her father's study She really should be working at the kitchen table, Rebecca thought, but I don't have the appetite for the outburst that might happen if my genius-daughter-atwork is disturbed Every three minutes and 50 seconds Katy got up to replay Kylie Minogue's version of "The Locomotion’’ "Why don't you listen to the CD all the way through, Katy?" her dad said, who was sprawled out on the other sofa "You'd like the other songs as well." "Nah, too boring." Rebecca glanced at David and then said, "I could with something to perk me up." Her words trailed off with a heavy sigh, and then a yawn It was the first in a series of hints that she would like him to get up and make her a cup of On the lamp table next to the sofa, she noticed a letter that had been delivered a week ago, advertising exercises classes and a slimming club She had kept it on the table as a reminder, or perhaps to conjure up the same kind of magical effect that people believe in when they splash out on membership to a fancy gym without going near the place more than once every two months "Have you seen this flyer?" she said to her husband "Just the thought of going for a workout makes me want to go and lie down." Once more she didn't get a response "Who's going to make the tea then?" was her third and most blatant attempt to get a drink before she died of thirst He stood up "I suppose it's my turn Again." He went off into the kitchen while Rebecca, the victor, snuggled a bit further into the sofa Charlie, who'd been asleep on the sheepskin rug, now started up with his own brand of baby chatter He was attempting to cover the whole repertoire of vowel 55 sounds this afternoon, like a singer performing warm-up exercises Then, occasionally, he jammed his fingers into his mouth to make a sound approaching an elongated 'w' He lay underneath a baby gym, which consisted of a tubular frame in patriotic colours of red, white and blue and a top bar, from which dangled two clowns, one on a swing and one in a position that Rebecca thought was called a pike, (It was a long time ago that she had achieved her gold star award in the trampoline)Once Charlie made eye contact with Rebecca, his happy babbling began to turn into a grizzle "Does Charlic want feeding again?" Rebecca asked in the baby voice that “Mum, he doesn't want feeding again You've only just fed him,” Katy said "I'll try - just in case he's hungry." In the kitchen she warmed through the mush of potatoes and broccoli that Charlie liked and took it back through to be with Katy Luckily, the baby was actually ready for a feed, which meant that Rebecca not only saved face with her daughter, but showed that she had no need to feel guilty about sending her husband to make the tea David walked back in the sittingroom that very minute, her cup of Earl Grey with its delicate scent of bergamot wobbling in its saucer In his other hand he clutched a large mug Rebecca gave him a warning look that dared him not to put the cups down on the oak blanket box that served as their coffee table Its surface was already scarred by two rings where hot drinks had been carelessly placed directly onto it "Thanks You're a treasure." She settled down to feed Charlie, knowing that her tea would be the perfect temperature to drink in one go by the time he had had enough "Where's Katy got to?" David said, after a few minutes The answer came fromupstairs as they heard the sound of their older child passing through the curtain in the doorway of her bedroom It was like those beaded 56 curtains that used to be in fashion when Rebecca was a child, but instead of beads this one was formed from a dazzling collection of pink, purple and silver shimmering plastic squares She couldn't remember which one of them had named it the 'jingle-jangler' but it was very apt 21 Rebecca's mood at the start of the story is A calm and reflective C restless and agitated B cross and iritable D sad and upset 22 In passage 1, what does Rebecca mean when she compare her daughter as an island? A She is lazy C She is alone B She rarely gets away from her D She loves visiting an island seat 23 What action does Rebecca take with her daughter? A She reprimands Katy for making a mess on the floor B She asks David to speak to Katy C She appeals to Katy to play a wider range of music D She does nothing in order to avoid a fuss 24 What is Rebecca's attitude to the letter lying on the table? A The adverb's claims are misleading B She hopes it will prompt her to take up exercise C It makes her feel more motivated D She thinks the slimming club is good value for money 25 What does the saying I could with something to perk me up mean? A She needs to relax B She would like to make her a cup of tea C She would like her husband to something for her D She needs to sleep for a while 26 Why does Rebecca pay no attention to the letter before? 57 A It includes unimportant C She has no time to read content D She put it in unnoticed place B It is an advertising letter 27 When David first leaves the sitting room, Rebecca is A relieved that her baby is awake C guilty that she's being lazy B surprised to hear her baby D glad to have got her own way chattering 28 Rebecca is worried when her husband brings in the drinks because A he might trip over Katy's equipment B he doesn't like the smell of her tea C tea is dripping from the saucer D he might damage an item of furniture 29 The curtain referred to in Katy's bedroom A is identical in design to one from a previous generation B makes a tinkling sound C is made up of unusual colours D keeps out the light at night 30 At the end, who made tea? A Rebecca B Her husband C Her daughter D No one PASSAGE Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or to adjust to the effects of global warming Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to temperatures With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevation Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts Species that 58 find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct Species living in the unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere farther to go Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult Some scientists have estimated that 20 or 50 percents of species could be committed to extinction with or Celsius degree of further warming The rate of warming, not just the magnitude but, is extremely important for plants and animals Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to "bleach", a state which if prolonged will lead to the death of the coral Scientists have estimated that even Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death coral reefs around the world Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean waters 31 Scientists have observed that warmer temperatures in the spring cause flowers to A bloom earlier B lose color C die instantly D become lighter 32 According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer, animals tend to move A south-castwards and down mountainsides toward lower elevations B north-westwards and up mountainsides toward higher elevations C toward the north pole and down mountainsides toward lower elevations 59 D toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations 33 The pronoun those in paragraph refers to A species B ecosystems C habitats D areas 34 The phrase dwindling sea ice in paragraph refers to A the frozen water in the Arctic C the violent Arctic Ocean B the cold ice in the Aretic D the melting ice in the Arctic 35 It is mentioned in the passage that if the global temperature rose by or Celsius degrees, A water supply would decrease by 50 percent B the sea level would rise by 20 centimeters C 20 to 50 percent of species could become extinct D half of the earth's surface would be flooded 36 According to the passage, if some species are not able to adjust quickly to warmer temperatures, A they may be endangered C they will certainly need water B they move to tropical forests D they can begin to develop 60 37 The word fragile in paragraph most probably means A very large B pretty hard C easily damaged D strong 38 The bleaching of coral reefs as mentioned in paragraph indicates A the slow death of coral reefs B the quick growth of marine mammals C the blooming phase of sea weeds D the water absorption of coral reefs 39 The level of acidity in the ocean is increased by A the rising amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean B the extinction of species in coastal areas C the loss of acidity in the atmosphere around the earth D the decrease of acidity of the pole waters 40 What does the passage mainly discuss? A Effects of global warming on animals and plants B Global warming and species migration C Global warming and possible solutions D Influence of climate changes on human lifestyles rather ... the passage does the author provide a basic description of a fiberscope? A Line 1- 3 B Line 11 -13 C Line 7-9 D Line 15 PASSAGE Ever wondered what it feels like to have a different job? Here, four... contrast clipper ships and 18 40s steamships 12 Which of the following is closet in meaning to the word swiftest in line 1? A fastest B most expensive C largest 20 D best armed 13 According to the passage,... American Medical Association In 19 54 , a mass field trial was held, and the vaccine, injected by needle, was found to safely reduce the incidence of polio On April 12 , 19 55 , the vaccine was released