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Mục tiêu và đối tượng nghiên cứu của luận án - Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Luận án nghiên cứu quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp trên cơ sở tích hợp giữa quy hoạch cư trú với việc nâng cao các chỉ số sinh kế bền vững cho người lao động và tạo lập các không gian thúc đẩy các hoạt động phát triển cộng đồng, để từ đó đề xuất các mô hình, giải pháp quy hoạch cũng như đưa ra một số công cụ hỗ trợ cho quy hoạch phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. - Đối tượng nghiên cứu: Đối tượng nghiên cứu bao gồm: quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp, sinh kế bền vững, phát triển cộng đồng, và mối quan hệ giữa các đối tượng trên. 2. Các phương pháp nghiên cứu đã sử dụng - Phương pháp tổng hợp, kế thừa, phân tích, đánh giá các tài liệu có liên quan (cả lý luận và thực tiễn) trong và ngoài nước. - Phương pháp khảo sát thực địa: Thực hiện tại các khu vực có dự án khu nhà ở công nhân được xây dựng tập trung, một số khu xóm trọ công nhân. - Phương pháp điều tra xã hội học. Thực hiện với 400 phiếu hỏi với mục tiêu đánh giá thực trạng nhà ở, chỉ số sinh kế bền vững và mức độ phát triển cộng đồng của công nhân với phiếu hỏi theo cấu trúc, phương pháp lấy mẫu thuận tiện (convenience sampling) tại 7 khu công nghiệp trong khu vực nghiên cứu và sử dụng phương pháp phân tích định lượng để đưa ra kết quả đánh giá. - Phương pháp lấy ý kiến chuyên gia. Thực hiện việc lấy ý kiến chuyên gia về vấn đề nghiên cứu thông qua tổ chức 2 hội thảo về nhà ở xã hội, nhà ở công nhân và phiếu hỏi chuyên gia trong việc xây dựng tiêu chí đánh giá quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân. - Phương pháp dự báo. Dựa trên các dữ liệu về thực trạng phát triển, số lao động trong các khu công nghiệp cùng với xu hướng phát triển công nghiệp và việc làm để đưa ra các kịch bản dự báo về số lao động, thu nhập và nhu cầu về nhà ở công nhân trong giai đoạn đến năm 2030. 3. Nội dung nghiên cứu. Theo mục tiêu đề ra, luận án đã thực hiện các nội dung: - Tổng hợp, đánh giá quá trình hình thành và phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân trên thế giới, khảo sát, phân tích, đánh giá thực trạng phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH. Nhận diện những vấn đề cần giải quyết trong việc quy hoạch xây dựng các khu nhà ở công nhân hướng tới mục tiêu phát triển bền vững về mặt xã hội. - Tổng hợp, nghiên cứu các cơ sở quan trọng trong việc phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân, bao gồm: i) Tổng hợp, phân tích các cơ sở pháp lý có liên quan; ii) Tổng hợp, đánh giá các quan điểm lý luận liên quan đến lĩnh vực quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân, sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng; iii) Đánh giá các cơ sở thực tiễn trong phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH. - Đề xuất các mô hình và giải pháp quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH, các mô hình đầu tư và một số công cụ hỗ trợ cho phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân gắn với sinh kế bền vững và cộng đồng. 4. Những đề xuất mới. Trong nghiên cứu, tác giả có những đề xuất mới: - Quan điểm và nguyên tắc quy hoạch. Nghiên cứu đưa ra các quan điểm và nguyên tắc quy hoạch phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân gắn với sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng toàn diện và đa chiều, không chỉ giải quyết khía cạnh cư trú mà còn gắn với các vấn đề xã hội trong khu nhà ở cho người lao động. - Các mô hình quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân. Các mô hình quy hoạch được đề xuất với cách tiếp cận tích hợp giữa quy hoạch cư trú với quy hoạch gắn với sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng. Trên cơ sở tích hợp, tác giả đưa ra 3 mô hình lý thuyết về khu nhà ở công nhân: 1) Khu nhà ở công nhân là một phần trong khu đô thị mới; 2) Khu nhà ở công nhân phát triển độc lập; 3) Khu nhà ở công nhân phát triển gắn với các khu dân cư làng xã cũ. - Trình tự thực hiện quy hoạch chi tiết và việc phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân theo các giai đoạn. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra trình tự thực hiện quy hoạch chi tiết khu nhà ở công nhân, trong đó đề cao vai trò của các không gian công cộng dịch vụ trong việc nâng cao sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng ngay từ giai đoạn đầu. - Các mô hình đầu tư khu nhà ở công nhân. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra các mô hình đầu tư phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. Trong đó, với các mô hình hiện đã có, tác giả đưa ra đề xuất cách thức thực hiện với quan điểm tổng hòa giữa quy hoạch cư trú, sinh kế và phát triển cộng đồng. Nghiên cứu cũng đưa ra một số mô hình phát triển mới, hướng đến cộng đồng và người dân, làm tăng tính đa dạng cho các mô hình đầu tư phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. - Các công cụ hỗ trợ cho quy hoạch, phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra 2 công cụ hỗ trợ việc quy hoạch phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân, bao gồm: 1) Hệ thống cơ sở dữ liệu phục vụ cho phát triển và quản lý khu nhà ở công nhân; 2) Hệ thống tiêu chí đánh giá khu nhà ở công nhân.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING _ LE LAN HUONG PLANNING OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREAS FOR INDUSTRIAL ZONES WORKERS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA INTEGRATED WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Major: Regional and urban planning Code: 9.58.01.05 SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION HANOI - 2022 HANOI, 2022 Completed at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering Academic advisor: Dr Pham Dinh Tuyen Dr Phạm Quynh Huong Reviewer 1: Prof Nguyen Quoc Thong Reviewer 2: Dr Nguyen Xuan Hinh Reviewer 3: Dr Le Thi Bich Thuan The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Dissertation Evaluation Council at HUCE On hour date month 2022 For further information, please visit National Library and Library of NUCE PREFACE Research rationale Workers of industrial sites are one of the recipients of the NOXH policy According to a report from Ministry of Planning and Investment, until June 2021, there are 228 active industrial sites nationalwide with 4,077,000 direct employees, among which 60% (2,446,000 people) has demand for housing However, until September 2021, there are only 121 complete social housing projects which provide accommodation for 380 000 of these workers Most employees live in places with poor infrastructure Besides the lack of proper and qualified housing, factory workers struggle with multi-perspective challenges A project called Reporting Urban poverty conducted surveys among the migrated workers in Hanoi and concluded six main shortcomings, among which “high living cost” and “lack of social integration” are the most significant ones According to the 2016 results from Institute of Worker Union the average duration of working life of industrial workers is years It becomes common for factories to laid off employees who are above 35 years old This pattern is increasingly important in the Fourth Industrial Revolution where the rise of automation in chain production has been cutting down on human resources in Vietnam and other countries Therefore, how are we able to achieve industrial growth that provides sustainable social developments? How can former workers adapt to new jobs and changes after spending 10-15 years in industrial sites? With the aforementioned questions, the hypothesis of this dissertation is construction planning of a sustainable worker housing project aiming for not only increasing the quantity of accommodation but also motivating the development of human resources and sustainable livelihood The planning outcome also need to create connections within communities, in order for the workers to integrate into society and take part in constructing the values of their living area This vision is totally appropriate to the government agendas regarding sustainable developments as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable by the United Nations (UN) For that reason, conducting scientific researches and proposing planning models of residential areas for workers in industrial parks is a crucial and practical step The Red River Delta was selected in the research because it plays an important economical role This area consists of 25% of the industrial parks in Vietnam but it only meets 5% of the housing demand of workers, which is much lower than the national average Purpose of the study The purpose of study is to create standardized housing for industrial workers that provides a good living environment in which: i) Motivate sustainable livelihood which helps workers adapt to future career changes ii) Improve their integration and connection with the communities Objectives of the study - Principles and planning guidelines for worker housing models in industrial parks, which promote sustainable livelihood and community development and is the foundation for sustainable society within living spaces - Models and solutions for worker housing planning in industrial parks consisting of: 1) Planning with accommodation for industrial workers 2) Planning with improvements of sustainable household and individual livelihood parameters 3) Planning with constructing spaces promoting community activities - Investment models which develop worker housings with sustainable livelihood and social development; Supporting tools for housing planning for industrial workers Research subjects Planning of worker housing in industrial parks, sustainable livelihood, community development, and the relationships between the mentioned subjects Scope of the study 5.1 Spatial scope The study was conducted in housing areas for industrial workers in the Red River Delta including 11 provinces: Hà Nội, Vĩnh Phúc, Hà Nam, Hưng Yên, Bắc Ninh, Hải Dương, Thái Bình, Nam Định, Ninh Bình, Quảng Ninh 5.2 Duration of study The study is proposed to execute until 2030, and projected until 2050 Research methods i) Data collection, analysis and evaluation ii) Direct interviews and on-site surveys iii) Sociological surveys iv) Expert method v) Forecasting Novelty of the dissertation Authors selected a mix method approach with an aim of social development and stability This is a new approach in researching the planning of worker housing in industrial parks The outcomes of the study delivered following contributions: - Support scientific researches about housing planning for industrial workers with sustainable livelihood and community development - Propose perspectives and principles regarding housing planning for industrial workers in the Red River Delta are with sustainable livelihood and community development - Propose models and solutions for planning combining with accommodation, sustainable livelihood and community development - Clarify investment models for developing worker housings, in order to diversify social housings for industrial workers - Propose elementary content for the database and system of parameters evaluating the worker housing planning with sustainable livelihood and community development Explanation of concepts and terms 8.1 Worker housing in industrial parks Worker housing in industrial parks is a social housing project constructed for mainly industrial workers 8.2 Sustainable livelihood Livelihood and Sustainable livelihood: Livelihood consists of capabilities, capital and social assets, and essential activities in order to provide an income The livelihood is sustainable when it is able to adapt and recover from changing circumstances or to improve its capabilities and assets in the presence and the future Resources for sustainable livelihood: human capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, and natural capital Housing planning with sustainable livelihood: Housing planning with sustainable livelihood in which solutions reach for the growth of five resources of sustainable livelihood 8.3 Community development Community: In this study, community is a group of individuals living together in a specific area and having common psychological attributes which interact among each other, and using existing resources to achieve mutual goals Community development: Community development include progresses, contributed by the government and citizens, in order to improve the economy, society, culture of communities and achieve sustainable development goals Housing planning with community development: Housing planning with community development is when the planning solutions aim toward constructing spaces for activities that boosting community development, as well as when there are policies encouraging the community participation in developing and administrating the housing area Structure of dissertation The dissertation consists of 150 pages and the following parts: - Preface (7 pages) - Chapter 1: Overview of industrial worker housing planning with sustainable livelihood and community development (34 pages) - Chapter 2: Scientific basis of the housing planning for workers in the Red River Delta with sustainable livelihood and community development (40 pages) - Chapter 3: Proposal of housing models for workers in the Red River Delta with sustainable livelihood and community development (58 pages) - Conclusion and Recommendation (3 pages) - List of scientific researches by the author (2 pages) - Bibliography (6 pages) CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WORKER HOUSING PLANNING WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF WORKER HOUSINGS IN THE WORLD The study summarized the history of housing for industrial employees around the world, from the formation, large-scale expansion and re-establishment periods 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE WORKER RESIDENIAL AREAS IN VIETNAM 1.2.1 Community houses (nha tap the) constructed before 1986 The study provided an overview and analysis of the formation and changes of community houses for workers before 1986 1.2.2 Worker residential areas in industrial parks in Vietnam The author summarized the current situation of housing developments for workers worldwide, including several large-scale models in Binh Duong and Dong Nai The author also compared the status quo of worker’s housing areas developed by Vietnam Trade Union to the initial critera of the projects 1.3 THE STATUS QUO OF THE WORKER RESIDENIAL AREAS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA AREA 1.3.1 Worker residential areas in the Red River Delta area The author listed and compared current working housing models in the Red River Delta area based on nearly 20 active concentrated worker housing projects and several rental housing for industrial workers In conclusion, the current situation of industrial worker housings consists of types: a) Worker housing projects Current investment models of concentrated worker housing include: i) Government-funded housing; ii) Private housing invested by industrial infrastructure firms; iii) Private housing invested by property firms; iv) Private housing invested by industrial firms (mostly FDI firms) The author collected, analyzed, and compared these types of worker housings based on location, scale, planning solutions, accommodation type, mortgage or rental status, purchasing or rental cost, and public services within the living area b) Worker informal rental housing The author surveyed, collected, and analyzed the current informal rental housing model for workers of industrial parks It is seen that the spontaneous, unauthorized development and formation of rental housing for workers in nearby residential villages leads to different issues: i) Regarding workers: Most of the housings did not meet the criteria and lacked services which make a detrimental impact on the living standard; ii) Regarding residential villages: An increase in population density leads to problems of infrastructure, security, and environment 1.3.2 Status quo of the sustainable livelihood and community development among workers in industrial parks The current level of sustainable livelihood and community development among workers of industrial parks is relatively low The surveyed statistics clearly showed the pending problems: i) Most industrial workers are unskilled; ii) Low income; iii) Unstable jobs; iv) Difficulties in accessing social services; v) Lack of physical and entertainment activities 1.4 EXPERT PERSPECTIVE AND RELEVANT RESEARCHES The author outlined different perspectives from experts attending conferences about social housing and worker housing, as well as summarized scientific researches relevant to the study Besides that, the author also looked into applicable policies and guidelines 1.5 OVERALL ISSUES AND ATTEMPTED ISSUES IN THE STUDY 1.5.1 Overall issues The author analyzed, compared, and contrasted the current situation of worker housings in Vietnam with the international social housing development The results of other countries, including developed and developing ones, can be studied, modified and applied into the situation of Vietnam Furthermore, the author showed pending issues regarding the development of worker housing in industrial parks in Vietnam and in the Red River Delta area, including: a) Obstacles in developing worker housings - Lack of qualified housing resources - Lack of supervision regulations regarding the planning and construction of worker housing projects in the development of industrial parks The role of investors are relatively insignificant in the development of the development of worker housings - Lack of control and inspection regulations, leading to industrial firms constructing the housings within the factory area and not separated from the production activities - Lack of regulations which encourage property firms to enter the worker housing market b) Lack of investment policies regarding public infrastructure and social services There are clear “spaces” for responsibility in the development of public infrastructure and social services for workers c) Social problems in worker housings - Consequences of low living standards: Poor accommodation conditions and the lack of public infrastructure greatly influence the physical and mental health of workers It is common for children to live away from their laborer parents - Income: Reports showed that most workers of industrial park have a low level of income and high unemployment rate after 35 years old The livelihood resources, including human or physical capital, are not fully developed and even declines due to poor living quality, which prevents them from finding new jobs - Community problems: A lack of environment for communication, public space, policies and activities supporting the worker’s integration into the community d) Lack of criteria and specific standards for planning and developing housing for industrial workers - Lack of criteria for the planning of worker housings: There are currently no specific criteria for the planning of housing projects for industrial workers - Lack of regulations controlling the development of rental housings for workers in surrounding residential villages, including population density, architecture, safety guidelines, rental contracts 11 development stage (until the end of 20th century); 4) Digital technology development stage (21th century) 2.2.1.2 Theoretical bases of neighborhood regarding the planning of worker housings, sustainable livelihood and community development In the 20th century, the appearance of theories related to the spatial arrangement of housings and cities, based on spaces for public services and community activities The author summarized and analyzed the theories: a) Neighborhood unit principle, b) Unité d'Habitation de Marseille principle, c) New Urbanism, d) Other new principles of urban planning 2.2.2 Theoretical bases of sustainable livelihood The authored analyzed the approach to sustainable livelihood by UNDP, CARE, and DFID It is seen that the main content of the sustainable livelihood framework is human (and their livelihood) being the center of the development Accordingly, human depends on livelihood sources, including: human capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, and natural capital Another reasoning directly related to the household livelihood is income diversification 2.2.3 Theoretical bases of community development Reasonings: The author summarized and analyzed reasonings of community, including: Egan’s wheel of sustainable community, Elinor Ostrom’s tragedy of the common, reasonings of community and mixedincome housing It is seen that in order for a worker housing to be sustainable and prosperous, the diversity of inhabitants should be promoted and the active participation of inhabitants need to be enhanced Furthermore, the study also summarized factors that evaluate the connection and scale of community, and analyzed the relationship between community development and economic growth, as well as proposed characteristics of a community of industrial zone workers 12 2.3 PRACTICAL BASIS 2.3.1 General information about the socio-economic development, industrial zones, and employment in the Red River Delta area 2.3.1.1 General information about the Red River Delta area The author gave general information about natural conditions, employment, labor, technical infrastructure development, and social infrastructure of the Red River Delta area 2.3.1.2 Orientation of developing industrial parks in the Red River Delta According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade’s document 3892/QDBCT regarding the industrial development of the Red River Delta area until 2025, projected until 2035, the industrial sector comprises from 40 to 42% of the regional economy in 2025, and approximately 38-40% of the regional economy in 2035 2.3.1.3 Movements in the industrial labor market The author analyzed different labor movements in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which “smart factories”, “factories without light” become more popular According to International Labor Organization (ILO), it is projected that, in the ASEAN-5 country group (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam), 56% of jobs will be automated in 20 years, and greatest changes will occur after 2023 2.3.1.4 Projections of employment and housing demand in industrial parks in the Red River Delta area until 2030 According to the Ministry of Planning and Investment’s data on labor in industrial parks, the author proposed scenarios projecting the quantity of labor in industrial zones and the worker housing demand until 2030 The author suggested scenarios for the labor quantity of industrial zones, in which the demand for worker housing is 70%, 60%, 50%, respectively The demand is equivalent to 1,7 – 3,5 million workers, or 170-350 worker housings, each with a scale of 10 000 inhabitants 2.3.2 Survey outcomes regarding housing, sustainable livelihood, and 13 community development of industrial park workers in the Red River Delta area The author carried out 400 surveys at industrial zones According to the results, the Sustainable Livelihood Index was 0.299 Comparing to UNDP guidelines, the livelihood of workers only reached “limited sustainability” 2.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF WORKER HOUSINGS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 2.4.1 Factors of industrial parks The author analyzed the impact of industrial parks on the worker housings in different aspects: i) Location of industrial park; ii) Scale and characteristics of production; iii) Rental rate of industrial park 2.4.2 Urban factors and factors of nearby residential villages The author analyzed the impact of city and nearby residential villages on worker housings, and examine the location and scale of worker housing relative to nearby villages 2.4.3 Internal factors of the worker community The author analyzed internal factors of the worker community, including: i) Worker’s demands; ii) Characteristics of inhabitants living in worker housings in the Red River Delta area; iii) Characteristics of inhabitants and leisure activities; iv) Types of community organization and activity within the housing area in Vietnam 2.4.4 A relationship between housing – sustainable livelihood – community development in worker housings The planning of worker housings does not simply mean creating living spaces but needs to be perceived as a process of constructing sustainable living spaces economically and socially A sustainable worker housing model has main factors: Residence, Sustainable livelihood, and Community development In the relationship between them, spaces for 14 social service have a connecting role and can be considered as a core space for the connection of the factor 2.4.5 The approach to planning and developing worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development The author analyzed some aspects of the planning of worker housings, including: i) Combined planning; ii) Database of worker housings; iii) Criteria of planning solution of worker housings 2.5 EXISTING MODELS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSINGS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT The author analyzed different developed models including: i) Swedish community housing model; ii) Half-a-house models in several South American countries; iii) Resettlement housing project in Tan Hoa – Lo Gom From these examples, lessons on the development of housings with sustainable livelihood and community development can be concluded: i) Encouraging the participation of community in the formation and development of housings; ii) Supporting citizens in providing social services in housing areas to increase income; iii) In designing housing, prioritizing open public spaces (including transportation area) to motivating community interaction; iv) Housing space (including homes and common areas) can be utilized to support livelihood of inhabitants 15 CHAPTER 3: MODELS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE PLANNING OF WORKER RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3.1 PERSPECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF WORKER RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PLANNING OF WORKER HOUSINGS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3.2.1 The planning of worker housings in terms of residence 3.2.1.1 General issues in planning worker housing projects 3.2.1.2 Types of residence in worker housings The author suggested a classification method for worker housings based on: household status, ownership, householders, height, construction solution, and house structure The author also analyzed the suitability of each type of housing with the stage of development of worker housing projects 3.2.1.3 Public buildings 16 With the characteristic of a housing with young and single residents, education infrastructure (kindergartens, childcare, schools) should be decreased compared to normal standards In contrast, vocational training centers, sport facilities need to be prioritized 3.2.1.4 Proposal regarding land quota calculations for the initial state of worker housing construction In the study, the author presented calculation tables, and from those, proposed criteria for the minimum area of worker housing Depending on the housing type, it can be from 15 to 17 m2 per person for single households For a worker family, the standard land quota is 19.3 m2 per person The minimum quota for a housing unit of both single and multiperson (family) households is 18m2 per person Regarding mixed land use or commercial property, the quota is higher and can reach 28 m2/person, which is the minimum land standard for housing unit of a city grade III or IV Moreover, factors of nearby areas (number of workers living in private housing rentals, social infrastructure status also need to be considered when calculating the scale of worker housing 3.2.2 The planning of worker housings with sustainable livelihood 3.2.2.1 Strategy for sustainable livelihood The strategy for sustainable livelihood includes: i) Raising the awareness of the Government, Investor, Community, and Citizens regarding the role of sustainable livelihood in the development of worker housings; ii) Policies and solutions for sustainable livelihood along with urban development; iii) Step by step increasing the sustainable livelihood index of workers 3.2.2.2 Social service system of sustainable livelihood In developing worker housings with sustainable development, the public infrastructure system and social services play important roles in promoting sustainable livelihood in all aspects These systems need to be enhanced along with the growth of housing By constructing points of urban public space, attractive commercial 17 environments (formal and informal) are created These spaces can be called lines/points of livelihood in urban planning Besides arranging these spaces along transportation routes and ground floors, areas facing the inside of housing (with lower rent) can be utilized to develop small services by worker households 3.2.2.3 Housings with sustainable livelihood To increase the Sustainable Livelihood Index, worker housings need to aim for: i) A variety of housing type, area, and affordability for workers; ii) Favorable conditions for house ownership to increase physical capital; iii) An increase in social capital: through the formation of spaces for community interaction and activities in housing 3.2.3 The planning of worker housings with community development 3.2.3.1 Spatial structure of community development The author presented tables proposing spaces for community activity for high buildings, low-rise buildings (in concentrated construction projects), and private rental housings 3.2.3.2 Community activities related to the development of worker housings The author suggested levels of community participation in worker housings by categories: 1) Housing management; 2) Housing renovation; 3) Housing construction development; 4) Building commercial community 3.3 MODELS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE PLANNING OF WORKER HOUSINGS 3.3.1 Combination principle 3.3.2 Worker housings as a part of the urban area (Type 1) 3.3.2.1 Planning model In this type, worker housings are a part of new urban area, with 20% of the housing area inside the urban area, according to Decree 100/2015 18 - Distance and transportation between these urban areas and industrial parks play crucial roles - This type of worker housing is usually a building or cluster house built on one or few plots of land, which therefore only supplies a small part of worker housings Large industrial parks can consist of multiple worker housings at different cities - Inhabitants theoretically has a higher level of social integration when living in a complete urban area Public utilities and services are more diverse in order to serve different types of inhabitants, and laborers can have more job opportunities beside working in industrial parks - In reality, many of these projects only have 1-2 social housing clusters for workers, and lack commercial housing and other urban services due to little attraction for new residents In this situation, worker housings are considered as an urbanized factor 3.3.2.2 Planning solution a) Population size The population size of worker housing is not independently calculated but depends on the planning of its new urban area The number of worker resident is determined based on the land area for social housing and construction solutions (type of housing, number of floors,) b) Spatial scale The maximum area of worker housing is 20% the living area of a new urban area In the case there are social housings for other subjects, the worker housing project may consist of only or few building clusters c) Planning of spatial arrangement The worker housing has commercial areas facing local roads to connect to the commercial and service network of the city Community spaces face inside, toward the center of the cluster 3.3.3 Detached worker housings (Type 2) 3.3.3.1 Planning model This is the worker housing located in an industrial city or Industrial zone 19 – City – Service according to Decree 82 This model is theoretically the most well-planned, complete, and provide simultaneous solution for living and working spaces The relationship between functional spaces is tightly structured with appropriate distance 3.3.3.2 Planning solution a) Population size N = (L – Ldp – Lb) x I x K (3.1) In which: N: Number of residents in worker housing L: Total number of workers in industrial park Ldp: Number of local workers Lb: Number of workers using bus I: Index for dependents To develop sustainable worker housings, I is proposed to be minimally 1.2 – 1.5 (equivalent to 50% workers are single and 50% have 1-2 children) K: Index for non-industrial workers b) Spatial scale Calculating based on the National planning regulations with modification for the characteristics of worker housing (Section 3.3.1.4) c) Planning of spatial arrangement The author proposed several solutions for the planning of spatial arrangement, including habitation, public, commercial, and service spaces 3.3.4 Worker housings near residential villages (Type 3) 3.3.4.1 Planning model The worker housing is located adjacent to and has a close relationship with nearby residential villages Depending on the local land fund and development capability of the investor, the worker housing project can have the scale of cluster house or landing unit This model has a close interaction between existing residential villages and new housing units These two can be considered a unified whole in the calculation of functional components, especially social 20 infrastructures The development of worker housing along residential villages enhance the living quality for residents and promote the local urbanization 3.3.4.2 Planning solution a) Population size N = (L – Ldp – Lb – Lnt) x I x K (3.2) In which: N, L, Ldp, Lb, I, and K are the same as equation 3.1 Lnt: Number of workers living in rental housings in nearby residential villages b) Spatial scale Calculating based on the National planning regulations with modification for the characteristics of worker housing (Section 3.3.1.4) Note: The area of residential land with the quantity of worker residents (equation 3.3), areas of public, and service land, for both inhabitants and worker renters (equivalent to N in equation 3.1) c)Planning of spatial arrangement The author suggests some solutions for the planning of spatial arrangement of existing residential villages and new worker housing projects 3.4 STAGES OF DETAILED PLANNING AND DEVELOPING WORKER HOUSINGS 3.4.1 Stages of detailed planning of worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development 3.4.2 Developing worker housings in stages Priorities need to be determined in each stage of development of worker housings, based on demand, and especially investment resource However, factors of sustainable livelihood and community development need to be included from the initial stage 3.5 INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT MODELS OF WORKER HOUSINGS 3.5.1 Developing worker housings in concentrated construction 21 projects (Model A) - Worker housing project is partially or fully invested by government fund (A1) - Worker housing project is developed by industrial infrastructure firms (A2) - Worker housing project is developed by other construction and real estate firms (A3) 3.5.2 Citizens arrange construction based on the planning (Model B) - Community organizations and individuals participate in developing worker housing on planned land and rent to workers (B1) - Workers purchase land (with social benefits) and build houses (B2) 3.5.3 Worker housings projects in form of community fundraising (Model C) 3.5.4 Worker housings are developed on privately-owned land The author analyzed the characteristics of each model and presented a comparison table of worker housing investment models in following aspects: i) Location and scale; ii) Project planning and development; iii) Housing development; iv) Sustainable livelihood; v) Community development 3.5.5 Roles of stakeholders In the study, a sequence diagram of worker housing development with role of stakeholders is demonstrated, highlighting the role of Grade investor (which is usually the investor of industrial park) and local authorities in the project 3.6 SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORKER HOUSINGS IN INDUSTRIAL ZONES WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3.6.1 Database system for the development of worker housings 22 The author suggested the content of database system, including worker housing, method of construction, management, utilization, and research examples of the format of database system 3.6.2 Evaluation system for the planning of worker housing The author proposed guidelines and content for a system of evaluation criteria of the planning solution of worker housing with sustainable livelihood and community development 3.7 EXAMPLES The author carried out research examples The first example is the planning of Quang Minh worker housing project, which is a model type (adjacent to nearby residential villages) The second one is the renovation planning of Kim Chung worker housing project, demonstrating detailed planning solutions and urban structure for sustainable livelihood and community development 3.8 DISCUSSON OF THE STUDY RESULTS The author discussed viewpoints and principles in the planning of worker housing and new aspects of planning and developing model for worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development CONCLUSION CONCLUSION The study achieved its initial objectives: i) Summarize and evaluate the formation and development of worker housings worldwide; ii) Survey, analyze, and evaluate the current development of worker housings in the Red River Delta area; iii) Summarize and research important basis of worker housing development; iv) Propose planning models and solutions for worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development In the study, the author presented new proposals: 23 1) Viewpoints and principles in planning The author introduced viewpoints on the planning of worker housing with sustainable livelihood and community development and principles of planning in developing worker housings for sustainable income and community development This is a new, multilateral and holistic perspective, which solves both the housing problem and other social issues in the worker housing area 2) Planning models of worker housing Planning models are proposed with an integrated approach of both residence planning and planning with sustainable livelihood and community development From this basis, the author presented theoretical models of worker housing: 1) Worker housing as a part of new urban area; 2) Independent worker housing; 3) Worker housing adjacent to existing residential villages The 3rd model is predicted to undergo greatest growth since it is suitable for the current situation and investment resources of Vietnamese firms 3) Process of the detailed planning of worker housings and the development of worker housings in stages Through the analysis of the impact of public space and social service on worker housing development, the author determined a procedure of detailed planning for the development of worker housings It can be seen that by changing the priorities in development, the sustainable livelihood of workers can be promoted 4) Investment models of worker housing The author suggested investment models of the worker housing development with an integration of residence planning, sustainable livelihood, and community development The author also proposed role diagrams of stakeholders in the development and planning of worker housings 5) Supporting tools in planning and developing worker housings 24 The author presented: 1) Database system for developing and managing worker housing; 2) Criteria system of worker housing RECOMMENDATION Proposals from a perspective of government management - Changing awareness and development planning of worker housing in industrial zones not only supplies a quantity of affordable housing but also creates a living space supporting sustainable livelihood and community development - The government needs to implement social benefits policies to support different economic sectors take part in developing worker housings - Fully recognizing the role of service system and social infrastructure in the sustainable development of worker housing, then determining the targeted investing sector - Executing management regulations regarding housing rentals for workers - Local authorities have an important role in supervising an managing the development, so they need to recognize the balance between economic benefits of individual and community and the reservation of culture and living space of inhabitants Proposals from a perspective of research and education Introducing the knowledge of planning and developing worker and social housings with sustainable livelihood and community development in education Further in-depth researches of tools to manage and promote the development of worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES (Related to the dissertation) Published articles of domestic journals and scientific seminars Le Lan Huong, Nguyen Lan Phuong “Study on some social housing models in the world in stages and identify the current situation of social housing development in Vietnam” Collection of reports of the 17th Science & Technology conference of NUCE Construction Publishing House, 2016 Le Lan Huong, Nguyen Thi Van Huong “Worker housing database: The foundation for creating the National Real Estate Information System” Architecture Magazine, issue 04/2018 (53-57) Le Lan Huong, Nguyen Thuy Trang, Nguyen Thi Van Huong, Pham Thu Trang "Building a database of workers' housing in Hanoi's industrial zones" Journal of Construction Science and Technology, NUCE, issue 13/2019 (84-95) Published articles of international journals and scientific seminars Lan-Hương LE, Anh-Dung TA, Hoang-Quyen DANG, "Building a system of indicators to measure social housing quality in Vietnam" International Conference “Sustainable Development of Civil, Urban and Transportation Engineering", TP Ho Chi Minh City Journal article: Procedia Engineering (pp 115-122) Published by Elsevier; ISSN: 1877-7058 (2016) Le Lan Huong “The importance of public spaces to social integration for young migrant workers in Hanoi” Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering Vol 13, No2, 2019 (pp 111-120) Mai Thi Nguyen, Tho Tran, Chi Vu Linh Hoang, Lan-Huong Le, Jennifer Hoponick Redmon Social and Structural Determinants of Health: Studying Workers in Hanoi, Vietnam’s Industrial Zones Journal of Housing and Society: Special Issue: Housing and Health, 2021 DOI: 10.1080/08882746.2021.1918970 Lan-Huong Le, Thuy-Trang Nguyen Relation between Residential Building Types and Public Health of Migrant Workers in Industrial Parks – Case Studies from North Thang Long Industrial Park in Hanoi AIP Conference Proceedings 2428, 040002 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0070693 Le Lan Huong, Nguyen Anh Vu “Assessment of the capacity to ensure sustainable livelihoods among workers in industrial zones around Hanoi and planning orientation in housing development for workers towards sustainable livelihoods” SPRINGER BOOK, Volume 2021 (Accepted Paper) ... construction based on the planning (Model B) - Community organizations and individuals participate in developing worker housing on planned land and rent to workers (B1) - Workers purchase land (with social... issues in the worker housing area 2) Planning models of worker housing Planning models are proposed with an integrated approach of both residence planning and planning with sustainable livelihood... standards for planning and developing housing for industrial workers - Lack of criteria for the planning of worker housings: There are currently no specific criteria for the planning of housing