SIF Baseline Review A Global State-of-the-Art Review of Seafood Industry Innovation April 2020 Contacts Suzanna Neville – Project Manager Cefas Dr Michala Techau - Director Strategic Innovation Ltd Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 0HT Temple Way Bristol BS2 0BY UK E: suzanna.neville@cefas.co.uk E: m.techau@strategic-innovation.co.uk Preface from the SIF Executive Board The £10 million UK Seafood Innovation Fund (SIF) is supporting the UK’s fishing, aquaculture, and seafood industries to deliver cutting-edge technology and innovation Launched in 2019, for an initial three-year period, the overall aim of the SIF programme is to kick-start a stepchange in the productivity and sustainability of UK seafood into the future This SIF programme is administered by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) The governance of SIF is provided through the Cefas secretariat, a Steering Group comprising of experts across the UK seafood and innovation sectors, and an Executive Board that includes members from Defra, Cefas, and representatives from the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Governments with expert knowledge in the UK seafood sector At the commencement of SIF, the Executive Board commissioned, through an open tender process, a Baseline Review of innovation in the seafood sector The output from the review is given in this report The content of this report does not necessarily reflect the views of Defra or Cefas The report includes a brief overview of UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industry and a review of the state-of-the-art technologies and innovations from around the world which are relevant to the UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industries, in the context of the challenges faced by these sectors This work was carried out prior to the COVID-19 outbreak and the effect of the COVID-19 lock-down on the industry or markets has not been considered This report is intended to be used by those making applications to SIF, to help inform them of the relevance to SIF of the project being considered It will also be made available to the independent assessors performing evaluations of SIF proposals to help with their assessments Applying the review in this way is intended to increase the confidence that funding is awarded to truly innovative projects The review will also form part of the overall evaluation of the success of the SIF programme in meeting its objectives It should be noted that, due to the wide scope of the commissioned task, the review was not anticipated to include all innovations in all sectors The approach that was agreed in producing the review has generated extensive examples of innovations across a wide range of different topics These examples highlight the main areas where innovation is currently occurring It is expected that a successful innovation programme will fund projects associated with known © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 areas of innovation, but also lesser known areas and completely new ideas Therefore, the inclusion or exclusion of a specific innovation in this report does not determine the outcome of applications to the SIF programme © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 Contents Preface from the SIF Executive Board Introduction to the SIF Baseline Review Brief overview of UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industry Methodology 22 Innovation in the seafood sector 29 Theme 1: Marine and land-based aquaculture 47 Environment and ecosystem monitoring and impacts 48 Farmed animal health and welfare 71 Genetic improvement 110 Nutrition and feeding 141 Pests and disease management 184 10 Production and handling technologies 218 11 Species diversification 263 12 Waste management and valorisation 287 Theme 2: Marine and diadromous fisheries 303 13 Fishing effort and fuel consumption 304 14 Fish welfare in wild-capture marine fisheries 318 15 Ghost fishing and marine litter from fishing gear 337 16 Habitat, environment and ecosystem impact 360 17 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and vessel monitoring 392 18 Onboard processing 415 19 Selectivity of gear and avoidance of unwanted catches 432 Theme 3: On-shore supply chains and added value production 458 20 Packaging technologies 459 21 Primary processing technologies 486 22 Quality and food safety management systems and accreditations 505 23 Sustainability accreditations and labels 535 © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 24 Waste reduction and valorisation 542 Theme 4: Climate change 572 25 Climate change adaptation 573 26 Climate change mitigation 608 27 Summary and conclusions 634 © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 Introduction to the SIF Baseline Review Background This report presents a global state-of-the-art review of seafood industry innovation The report has been prepared in the context of the Seafood Innovation Fund (SIF), a £10 million UK Government fund to support seafood research and innovation The SIF aims to foster, encourage and financially support innovative technologies to support more sustainable and productive fisheries, aquaculture and seafood production Through stimulating the development of new transformative technological innovation, it will contribute to both the government’s ambition for UK world-class sustainable fisheries and aquaculture and, more broadly, contribute to economic growth by improving the productivity of the sector and helping create new markets and products from innovative and sustainable fisheries both in the UK and overseas The SIF is administered by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) on behalf of Defra Further details of the SIF can be found at: https://www.seafoodinnovation.fund/ Aims, objectives and scope of this review The overall aim of this review – the ‘SIF Baseline Review’ - was to generate an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies and innovations from around the world that are relevant to the UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industries The outputs of the SIF Baseline Review are intended to: Guide the assessment of submitted SIF proposals through providing wider context on the state of innovation Inform on priority areas for funding Ensure funding is awarded to truly innovative projects Identify gaps in specific topics on which proposals will be encouraged The scope of the review covered 22 topics within four themes: ‘marine and land-based aquaculture’, ‘onshore supply chains and added value production’, ‘climate change’ and ‘marine fisheries’ Innovations from around the world since 2015 were captured for each of the © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 challenge areas Further details of the challenge areas and scope definition can be found in the methodology chapter Structure of this report Chapter of this report provides a brief overview of the UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industry and identifies links to ‘challenges’ discussed in the report Chapter provides details of the research methodology applied during the SIF Baseline Review Chapter provides background information on how innovation is defined and evaluated and goes on to explain how this was applied during the assessment of innovations within the SIF Baseline Review Chapters to 26 present the review results for the 22 challenge areas, organised alphabetically within the four themes To aid navigation and quick reference, each challenge area includes: • A table of contents for the chapter • A ‘blue box’, which summarises the challenge for the UK, the most promising innovation categories identified and any significant knowledge gaps • An ‘innovation matrix’, which summarises all the innovations captured for the challenge and their rating in terms of potential performance impact and technical risk (see chapter for further details of the innovation matrix) • Brief descriptions of each of the innovations identified • References, providing details of the source from which the innovation was identified Chapter 27 presents a top-level summary and the conclusions © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 Brief overview of UK fisheries, aquaculture and seafood industry Seafoods are some of the most traded food items in the world today The world's largest fish producer and exporter is China, whereas the world's largest consumer market of fish and fish products is the European Union, followed by the United States and Japan (FAO 2018) In 2016 the global fish production from marine capture fisheries was around 90 million tonnes, of which about 35% entered international trade in various forms for human consumption or for nonedible purposes (FAO 2018) The value of this fish production export was around £110 billion Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at £188 billion (FAO 2018) This chapter seeks to give a top-level overview of marine wild-capture fisheries and the aquaculture industry in the UK Wild-capture marine fisheries The Marine Management Organisation published the following figures for marine fisheries in the UK 2018 A total of around 698,000 tonnes of fish and shellfish were landed in 2018 and sold into the UK market and abroad with a value of £989 million This equates to a 4% decrease in quantity of fish and shellfish landed by UK vessels compared to 2017 In 2017 the UK exported fish and fish-derived products for around £1.3 billion In 2018 exports fell by 12,000 tonnes to 448,000 tonnes and imports of fish and shellfish into the UK were also down by 31,000 tonnes to 674,000 tonnes (Marine Management Organisation 2019b; 2019a) The UK fleet landings abroad fell to 272,000 tonnes compared with 291,000 tonnes in 2017, almost entirely down to a decrease in mackerel landings Mackerel landings fell to 191,000 tonnes from 227,000 thousand tonnes in 2017, but still made up a substantial 27% of UK fleet landings The Scottish and Northern Irish fleets caught mainly pelagic fish The English landed mainly demersal species and the Welsh caught mostly shellfish (Marine Management Organisation 2019a) In 2019, around 12,000 fishermen were active in the UK, of which approximately 2,400 were part-time The UK fishing fleet remained seventh largest in the European Union (EU) in terms of vessel numbers, with the second largest capacity and fourth largest engine power In January 2020, a total of just over 3400 licensed vessels of 10 metres and under overall length © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 and just over 1000 licensed vessels of over 10 metres overall length were registered in the UK (excluding islands) In 2018 there were 4,512 active registered vessels in the UK fishing fleet In addition, there were 1,733 inactive vessels, most of which were smallscale vessels under 10m in length The number of active and low activity vessels decreased in 2018 by 3.7% and 5.1% respectively, compared to 2017 (Seafish 2018a) In comparison, in 2014, the UK fishing industry had around 4,600 active vessels Based on the 2012-14 average and rounded to the nearest £10m, these vessels earned £800m in revenue each year from landing fish into the UK and abroad (House of Commons Committee 2017) England has the largest number of vessels (49%) followed by Scotland (32%), although Scotland has the highest share of capacity due to having larger vessels on average The UK fleet is very diverse, with considerable variety in the size of vessels, the fish species they catch and their routes to market Scottish vessels accounted for 64% of the quantity of landings by the UK fleet while English vessels accounted for 27% A total of 74% of the quantity landed by the UK fleet was caught by vessels over 24 metres in length which accounted for 4% of the total number of UK vessels These vessels tend to catch lower value pelagic fish (Marine Management Organisation 2019b) Table 2-1 below from the Marine Management Organisation (Marine Management Organisation 2019a) shows the top five species landed by UK vessels in each of the four major zonal divisions in 2018 Mackerel from UK waters is by far the largest with an estimate of 186,000 tonnes live weight © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 Table 2-1: UK top five species by major zonal division in 2018, by tonnage (Marine Management Organisation 2019a) Table 2-2 below shows the same as above but for landed value instead of tonnage; e.g illustrating the lower value pelagic species herring being overtaken by higher priced Nephrops, crabs, scallops and cod (Marine Management Organisation 2019a) © Strategic Innovation Ltd 2020 10