Nghiên cứu phương pháp viết sử của gử gia việt nam qua bộ quốc sử thời lê đại việt sử ký toàn thư TT TIENG ANH

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES YE SHAO FEI NGUYỄN KIM MĂN RESEARCH ON THE HISTORICAL WRITING METHODS OF VIETNAMESE HISTORIANS THROUGH DAI VIET SU KY TOAN THU BELONGS LE DYNASTY MAJOR: SINO-NOM STUDIES Code: 22 01 04 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI - 2022 The work was completed at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Supervisors: Prof Dr Dinh Khac Thuan Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Tuan Cuong Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Van Khoai Reviewer 2: Dr Trinh Ngoc Anh Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi My Hanh The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Defense Council at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At , 202 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences OPENING The significance and urgency of the topic The compilation of dynastic history was highly respected by the Dai Viet feudal courts Compilation of dynastic histories in Dai Viet began with the Tran dynasty court historian Le Van Huu In 1445, early Le emperor Le Nhan Tong ordered Phan Phu Tien to continue the compilation of Dai Viet su ki (Dai Viet historical records) from the reign of Tran Thai Tong until the time of the Ming withdrawal from Dai Viet (1427) In 1479, Ngo Si Lien, continuing the historical records of Le Van Huu and Phan Phu Tien, compiled previous dynastic histories into Dai Viet su ki toan thu (Complete Annals of Dai Viet), consisting of 15 fascicles Although the historical records compiled by Le Van Huu and Phan Phu Tien are nonextant, their content and ideas were inherited by Ngo Si Lien and recorded in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet In 1665, the Le restoration era historian Pham Cong Tru was assigned to compile the history of the Le Dynasty, based on the old histories to form the Complete Annals of Dai Viet This undertaking was continued by Le Hi who finished the compilation, totaling 24 fascicles, engraved and printed in the same year This was the Chinh Hoa edition- an edition of particular influence on posterity The Complete Annals of Dai Viet is not only a valuable text for researching the historiographical theory of Dai Viet, it is also an important source of historical documents for international scholarship on Dai Viet This compilation has received attention and been an object of study in many research projects by many Vietnamese and international researchers, from which many remarkable achievements have been made However, there are still many problems and issues that need to be further studied For many years, I have explored in-depth the ideas and thoughts behind the compilation of Sinitic histories Therefore I am deeply interested in studying Vietnam's famous dynastic history Complete Annals of Dai Viet with the aim of studying the text in-depth through the historiographical lens of its compilers For the reasons mentioned above, I have chosen the topic: " Research On The Historical Writing Methods Of Vietnamese Historians Through Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu Belongs Le Dynasty", as the subject of my doctoral thesis specializing in Sino-Nom studies Objectives and rationale of the thesis The purpose of the thesis is to clarify the textual layers of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, the views of each historian involved in compiling, editing, and completing this compilation, as well as the views of Le historians in particular and Dai Viet historians in general On that basis, the thesis aims to clarify the historiographical concerns guiding the court historians’ compilation as well as to understand the developmental process of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, as well as the theory of historical development of ancient Vietnam Objectives of the Thesis: Collect and systematize the documents of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, and select the master copy for research The Grand Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet archived at the Asia Society in France, printed into volume IV of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, translated by the Vietnam Social Science Publishing House in 2011 will be used as a base text In addition, other documents currently stored in the Sino-Nom archive of the Institute of Sino-Nom Studies were also used in this research The thesis clarifies the development of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet text, analyzes the styles and formats of compilations of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, as well as the historiographical methods of the compilers of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Object and Scope of the study 3.1 Object of the study The main object of the thesis is the historiographical methods of the authors of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, as well as of Vietnamese historians The concept of the historiographical methods here will not include specific skills and techniques of compiling history, but rather the format, register, and ideas of historians of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Because of the complexity of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet text in general, and the Grand Secretariat edition of Complete Annals of Dai Viet in particular, it is necessary to employ methods of textual scholarship At the same time, the thought of historians living in different eras, as well as the inheritance of thoughts in compiling this series will be studied in depth 3.2 Scope of the study The various texts of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet and related history books will be studied In addition, the thesis also studies how the ideas of those histories affect the Complete Annals of Dai Viet The time period covered by this thesis runs from the Ly dynasty (1010 1225) to the late 17th century Le restoration Building on previous scholarship, we delve deeper into the thought system of historians living in different eras Next, the thesis will study the unified thought expressed in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, in order to understand the historiographical concerns guiding the compilation of dynastic histories of the Le dynasty Theoretical basis and research methods 4.1 Theoretical basis This topic belongs to the field of history, and requires a firm grasp of ancient Sinitic and Vietic historical thought, as well as proficient application of the methodology of history and literature to study the texts and compare the different views of scholars The topic is also related to the field of philosophy, and it is also necessary to apply philosophical research methods to explain the views of middle period historians towards the Complete Annals of Dai Viet The PhD candidate learns and inherits the historical theoretical basis of Ha Van Tan to apply it to the analysis of different views and ideas of history books and historians of the past This understanding of historiography is oriented towards the method of historical research and explaining historical views and ideas in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet as well as its authors 4.2 Research Methods + Philology: this is a research method used for cultural documents, with specific techniques of editing and close reading of original documents, history, and ideas contained within the cultural documents + Textual scholarship: Applying methods of textual scholarship, the PhD candidate compares and studies the research problem + Applying some techniques of historical theory to clarify the relationships related to the Complete Annals of Dai Viet + Fieldwork method: Researching and collecting documents such as genealogical records, epitaphs, and at the same time studying directly the birthplace of each historian participating in the compilation of Complete Annals of Dai Viet Contribution of the thesis The thesis further clarifies a number of issues about the Grand Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Specifically, it systematically surveys the Complete Annals of Dai Viet documents, and on that basis identifies Paul Démiville's NCQB version as the version with traces of woodblocks of the Le Dynasty At the same time, the VHv.2330 -2336 version at the Institute of Sino-Nom Studies can be identified as the closest version to the NCQB version The transmission process of Complete Annals of Dai Viet was also identified In addition, the thesis also points out the outstanding historical writing method of this version of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, as well as the historical perspective of historians of the Le dynasty On that basis, the thesis explains the development process of cultural thought in Dai Viet Scientific and practical significance of the topic 6.1 Scientific significance The historiographical method of this dynastic record is reflected in the historical perspective and thought of Tran and Le dynasty historians who participated in editing and completing the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Studying the historiography of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet of the Le dynasty has helped us learn about this text and the thought of the previous eras 6.2 Practical value An in-depth study of the historiography of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet can help us to interpret the spirit and thought of our ancestors, thereby inheriting and promoting the values of historians, helping to create the spirit of the Vietnamese people today At the same time, the experiences and methods of historical writing of previous historians can be learned and applied in compiling history books of today Thesis layout In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References, List of published works of the author and Appendix, the content of the thesis is divided into chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Survey of the text and the transmission of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Chapter 3: The compilation modes of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Chapter 4: History writing thought in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the thesis summarizes the research achievements of scholars in Vietnam and abroad on Complete Annals of Dai Viet, reflected in the following issues 1.1 About Bibliography and Philology From the early years of the twentieth century, a number of French scholars at École franỗaise d'Extrờme-Orient in Vietnam began to pay attention to this book Among them are two French scholars, Léopold Cadière and Paul Pelliot, in 1904 in the article "Première étude sur les sources annamites de l'histoire d'Annam" (Primary study on the Annamese sources of the history of Annam), when surveying the source of ancient books of Vietnam, introduced on the development of Vietnamese history books In 1934, another French scholar, Emile Gaspardone, published the article "Bibliographie Annamite" about the evolution of Vietnam's ancient books, which introduced in-depth the compilation process of historians of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Vietnamese scholars, notably Tran Van Giap in 1936, translated Nghe van chi of Le Quy Don and Thu tich chi in Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi (Categorized Records of Institutes and Regulations of the Successive Dynasties) of Phan Huy Chu's into French with the name "Les Chapitres bibliographiques de Phan Huy Chu" In 1964, Tran Van Giap wrote Review of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, and in 1970, he continued to publish the work Understanding Sino-Nom book archives - Sources of Vietnamese historical literature, volume I This is a magnum opus ("tap dai thanh") in the field of philology and bibliography in Vietnam In 1984, Tran Nghia and Franỗois Gos (co-editors) compiled the Compendium of the Han-Nom Heritage Bibliography (Di san Han Nom Thu muc de yeu), which included an introduction to various versions of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet In 2008, Luu Ngoc Quan, in the work Research on ancient Vietnamese Sino-Nom literature mentioned above, introduced the process of compiling a table of contents of Vietnamese SinoNom books and published works that had compiled table of contents The simplified bibliography presents only the information of ancient texts and differs greatly from the bibliographic work The above-mentioned works of bibliography and simplified bibliography are the basis for the study of ancient Vietnamese bibliographies in general and dynastic histories like the Complete Annals of Dai Viet in particular 1.2 About the Text In 1983, Phan Huy Le brought back an inscription from the Library of Asia Society in Paris and published Complete Annals of Dai Viet: Author - text work, published in the journal Historical Research (Nghien cuu lich su) The article discusses more about the inscriptions, as well as the process of forming the Grand Secretariat edition Especially in 1988, the Social Science Committee (now the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences) organized a Workshop on the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Then, 16 of the presentations of this conference were published in the journal Historical Research, No 5-6, 1988 The content of these papers delves into research on groups of issues about chronology, the Le era Grand Secretariat, and the seal Finally, the conference came to an affirmation of the results of the dating assessment of the inscription of the Grand Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet: it is a very old inscription version made according to the 1697 system, it was reprinted during the Le - Trinh period, and this version is very valuable In addition, there are also a number of research articles on this edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, typically a number of articles dating the printed version of the Grand Secretariat under the Nguyen dynasty printed in the book "Doi thoai su hoc" (Historical dialogue) (Thanh Nien Publishing House, 1999) Some foreign scholars, such as Hasuda Takashi 蓮田隆志 (Japan), Guo Zhendao 郭振铎 (China) also participated in discussing the compilation process and content of Pham Cong Tru's version In 2008, Russian scholar A.L Fedorin published the monograph "New data on Vietnamese history writing", translated into Vietnamese by Ta Tu Cuong, and published in 2011 In 2021, the PhD candidate publishes the article "The process of compiling and copies of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet" to introduce the woodblocks of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet and the wood-block copies from the archival eras to the present 1.3 About the relationship of the history books with the Complete Annals of Dai Viet A number of articles by Japanese, Chinese, and Vietnamese scholars, notably Tran Van Giap, have commented that the Dai Viet historical record of Le Van Huu was inherited from the Viet chi of Tran Chu Pho In 2009, Nguyen Huu Tam defended his doctoral thesis in history with the title Dynastic History of the Nguyen Dynasty (1820-1945), which introduced in depth the historiographical composition structure of previous generations and the dynastic history of the Nguyen dynasty In 2009, Ngo Thu Yen completed her master’s thesis in Taiwan, titled Research on Vietnamese Sino documents in Chinese Archives in the Ming Dynasty /明代中國所見越 南漢籍研究 She believes that the author of Viet su luoc is Tran Chu Pho, that is, the book Viet chi recorded in An Nam chi luoc This view is completely consistent with that of Tran Kinh Hoa In 2015, the Chinese scholar Niu Jun Khai published the article “The First Steps in understanding the continued compilation of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet/《大越史記 全書》“續編”初探 The author studied historical writings after 1675, i.e., the Chinh Hoa edition From this, he researched the compilation process at the end of the Le restoration and the attitude of the Nguyen dynasty towards the continued compilation copies, and considered it as having great political influence 1.4 About the historiographical methodology Regarding historiographical methodology, a number of scholars, notably Nguyen Duy Hinh, have approached from the study of the historiographical thought, Buddhist and Confucian thought in each of Le Van Huu's comments, through which a comparison with Ngo Si Lien's comment was made In 1998, Vietnam National Political Publishing House released the book Ngo Si Lien and Complete Annals of Dai Viet, chaired by Phan Dai Doan, which collects research articles by Vietnamese historians on the career and compilation ideology of Ngo Si Lien 1.5 About historical content Vietnamese and foreign scholars highly appreciate the historical value of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, and at the same time deeply study the content, historical events, and typical historical figures recorded in this series 1.6 About the historians Some historians such as Le Van Huu, Ngo Si Lien, Le Tung, or Pham Cong Tru were researched and their historical contributions were introduced 1.7 About published revised documents In 1983, Phan Huy Le was instrumental in bringing the Complete Annals of Dai Viet from Paris to Vietnam, the Vietnam Social Science Committee then organized the translation and publication of the translation and original Sino version (volume IV) In 2015, the People's Publishing House in China published a new revision of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet However, this version cannot surpass Tran Kinh Hoa's Complete Annals of Dai Viet version (Hieu hop ban Dai Viet su ki toan thu) 1.8 Comments, evaluation and research direction The Complete Annals of Dai Viet is an extremely important dynastic history of the Le dynasty, inheriting the Dai Viet historical records from the Tran Dynasty, composed by Le Van Huu's group and officially compiled into the Complete Annals of Dai Viet in the Early Le Dynasty by Ngo Si Lien's group It continued to be supplemented, perfected, and printed under the reign of Chinh Hoa (1680-1705) - emperor Le Hy Tong Through the process of using and editing, compiling, supplementing, perfecting, printing and circulating for quite a long time, there have been many problems about chronology and textual transmission, as well as about the methods and ideological content of the authors through different periods Therefore, this text has received great attention by many researchers in Vietnam and abroad and in fact there have been many published studies as introduced above Opinions have varied regarding the printing date of the Great Secretariat edition Therefore, the research orientation of this thesis is to contribute to clarifying the problem of the text and the copies of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet The studying of the text is not purely based on a few details of the text; the thesis thoroughly analyzes each page of the book and each issue mentioned At the same time, it is also important to distinguish the woodblock edition from the printed paper edition Since wood-blocks can be dated far back in time, and printed books can be dated later, it is inevitable that there have been edits, additions, and subtractions for different versions SUB-CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER In this chapter, we have presented an overview of the research related to the Complete Annals of Dai Viet In particular, we focus on the research works surrounding the Grand Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet which was preserved in France and introduced in Vietnam in 1993 The evaluations of the text are somewhat inconsistent, but in terms of value, Tong 宗 and Thoi 時 with one stroke being cut out and the radicals The version at Thien Ly University has only fascicles of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet and the content in it is also available in the Démiville version The Thien Ly University version has no relation to the Viet su version To summarize, the development of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet can be diagrammed through the flowchart below DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLETE ANNALS OF DAI VIET (Tran Dynasty) Le Van Huu compiled the Dai Viet historical records In 1479, Ngo Si Lien compiled the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 15 fascicles, there was no engraving yet In 1665, Pham Cong Tru complied the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 23 fascicles In 1697, Le Hy compiled the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 24 fascicles Before 1763, the Complete Annals of Dai Viet was edited The NCQB Démiville version An engraved version that reprinted the NCQB (VHv.2330-2336) according to the Démiville version A version without the King's name and engraved version in Tu Duc period, Quoc Tu Giam version A.3/1-4 Supplemented Quoc Tu Giam version (VHv.179) A further supplemented VHv.179 version: stored at the National Library SUB-CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER By surveying the extent editions of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, we want to make the conclusion that the Démiville version, which is the NCQB 12 version, is the earliest and most important version in existence, and its content is incorporated from the Complete Annals of Dai Viet and Viet su The current archives show that the Complete Annals of Dai Viet was engraved and printed many times over the generations, as early as the 18th Chinh Hoa year (1697) Among the remaining copies of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, the NCQB archived in France is the best one; it was engraved on the basis of inheriting the inscriptions from Chinh Hoa's reign in the 18th century during the Le restoration period Currently, the Institute of Sino-Nom Studies has the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with the symbol VHv.2330-2336, which is close to the NCQB print edition of Démiville Chapter GENRES OF THE COMPLETE ANNALS OF DAI VIET This chapter will examine the genres of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet in the Démiville version 3.1 Genres by Le Van Huu Ngo Si Lien recorded many contents from Dai Viet historical records in his books, and cited many comments of Le Van Huu Based on these comments by Le Van Huu, we examine the genres and other issues of Dai Viet historical records The most important and most influential genre of Le Van Huu is the choice of the title of the book as "SU KY" (historical records) This genre is inherited from Phan Phu Tien and Ngo Si Lien, which means Complete Annals of Dai Viet by Ngo Si Lien is the most important history series in the ancient history of Dai Viet 3.2 Genres by Ngo Si Lien 3.2.1 About the compilation of Complete Annals of Dai Viet by Ngo Si Lien Ngo Si Lien was a court historian and worked at the historical bureau, composing Complete Annals of Dai Viet on the basis of historical texts stored at the historical institute and compiled into a history dedicated to the court This series was further consulted and edited by later generations of historians 3.2.2 Annals The "annal" represents the quoc thong (dynastic legitimacy), which is the most important issue in the compilation of dynastic histories Whichever 13 character and event that were compiled in the annal expressed political and historical ideology Ngo Si Lien composed the annal very differently from the two books of the Tran dynasty An Nam chi luoc (Abbreviated Records of An Nam) was composed in China, so Le Tac used the The gia (Hereditary House) form instead of annal to suit the politics of the Yuan dynasty Establishment of dynastic legitimacy: Ngo Si Lien commented that Trieu Da was a hero, but the founding of Nam Viet state was still not considered the beginning of the dynastic legitimacy of the Dai Viet state He chose the god named Nong thi (Shennong) as the oldest ancestor of Dai Viet Ngo Si Lien took legendary documents from the book Linh Nam chich quai (Selection of Strange Tales in Lĩnh Nam) such as Hong Bang Thi, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Hung Vuong, and compiled Hong Bang Thi Ky to bring Viet's national legitimacy to an earlier time, that is the time of the ancient Shennong Power center: King Thuc Vuong named Phan built the kingdom of An Duong The King of the Thuc people took power and ruled over Viet, so Ngo Si Lien composed Thuc Thi Ky Independent Vietic people: Because To Dinh killed her husband unjustly, Trung Trac set up a revolution Ly Bi was discontented with the Luong Dynasty and led an army against the Luong Dynasty; therefore, Ngo Si Lien composed Trung Nu Vuong Ky, Tien Ly Ky, and Trieu Viet Vuong Ky Admiration of the later generations: Si Vuong Ky is a very special annal composed by Ngo Si Lien Si Nhiep was the deputy historian of Giao Chau for 40 years, teaching the locality and in this time, there was no war The Viet regarded him highly and presented him the title of Si Vuong 3.2.3 Outer and basic annals Ngo Si Lien composed the annals to continue writing Dai Viet history, he continued to divide the annals into the outer annals and basic annals, which had great influence later on and was inherited by historians Vu Quynh and Pham Cong Tru Our survey shows that the annals in Ngo Si Lien's Complete Annals of Dai Viet still form a whole and have no division Ngo Si Lien composed new chapters, which are: Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky, which opened and formed the first Quoc Thong of Viet history, that is, the 14 first book of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Ngo Si Lien followed the content of two sets of Dai Viet historical records by Le Van Huu and Phan Phu Tien to compile into a historical record ranging from Trieu Vu De until the end of the Ming annexation 3.2.4 Ban ky thuc luc (The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles) Ngo Si Lien completed the work of compiling Thuc luc (veritable records) for three dynasties, and it was called The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles Pham Cong Tru said that Ngo Si Lien had composed a very good record of the three dynasties and still titled the history book he continued to work on The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles Thuc luc is a genre of national history, a record of reigning kings, compiled by court historians The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles is separate from the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 15 fasciciles, but through the title of the genre, a connection with the Complete Annals of Dai Viet can still be seen, proving that Ngo Si Lien followed the compilation model of Tu Ma Quang and Luu Thu 3.2.5 Toan thu (Complete Book) Ngo Si Lien also used another art form called Toan thu that had not been used by any Vietnamese historian before We assume that Ngo Si Lien's Complete Book may have been influenced by the great work Tinh ly dai toan thu (The Great Compendium) Because this history book is very valuable, it carries many philosophies Therefore, Ngo Si Lien followed the Tinh ly dai toan thu and titled his book the Complete Annals of Dai Viet The name "Complete Book" or "Complete Annals" was continued by later historians Therefore, Toan thu is considered complete in terms of philosophy and history 3.3 The genre of The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles and Supplementary Edition of the Complete Basic Annals of Dai Viet of Pham Cong Tru and Le Hy Pham Cong Tru wrote the history and called it Tuc bien, with the intention of clarifying the Quoc thong Le Hy compiled a single fascicle history book and combined it with the 23-fascicle Complete Annals of Dai Viet by Pham Cong Tru This compilation is the Grand Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet Le Hy inherited the genre of previous historians without creating anything creative 15 3.4 The genre of cuong muc (Compendium): 大書 (da shu) and 分注 (fenzhu) A very important principle when compiling the Complete Annals of Dai Viet is that the da shu and the fenzhu belonged to the category of Compendium Da shu is meant for writing the main ideas, and the fenzhu is to explain further and make it clear Ngo Si Lien did not have any opinion on da shu and fenzhu in the tua (prefaces) and the bieu (statements), but he presented his views quite clearly in the Soan tu Dai viet Su ky toan thu Pham Cong Tru also clearly expressed his thoughts about the genre of cuong muc (compendium) and pham le (usage guide) by Ngo Si Lien in the Dai Viet sy ky tuc bien (Continued Compilation of Dai Viet historical records) Ton chinh thong (Esteeming orthodox succession) and Minh quoc thong (Illuminating dynastic legitimacy): Regarding “esteeming orthodox succession” and “illuminating dynastic legitimacy”, Ngo Si Lien recognized the Ngo dynasty as a legitimate Vietic dynasty Therefore, he wrote that Ngo Xuong Xi was legitimate during the time of the Twelve Monarchs, calling this era Ngo Su Quan (Monarch Ngo) Dynastic unity is an important issue for developed countries and the compilation of historical records At the end of the Tran dynasty, Ho Quy Li usurped power, the Ming took over the Ho family and firmly established power However, the Tran family still claimed rule, resisting the Ming army for many years before their defeat in 1413 Then state was unified under the Ming From 1418, Le Thai To revolted in the Lam Son uprising, resisting the Ming army for 10 years, and founding the Le dynasty in 1428 Therefore, from 1418, the state was unified under Le Thai To Criticizing usurpation: Criticizing usurpation, Ngo Si Lien still recorded Emperor Trung Tong for a year to criticize Le Long Dinh's act of treason Honor the prince of Dai Viet as a vassal: In Dai Viet, there is a practice of honoring the princes as vassals, such as calling Hai Ba Trung as Trung Nu Vuong, calling Ly Bi as Ly Nam De This worship is done according to the custom of vassals Ngo Si Lien's point of view is that of respecting the orthodox, as well as revering the princes who have proclaimed the title of Emperor In this viewpoint, it is clear that any prince who is not yet orthodox will be 16 honored as Vuong and follow the vassal ceremony As Bo Cai Vuong was not officially named, he was called Vuong according to the vassal ceremony Annotation method: The method of annotation means dividing the content in order to have clearer annotation For example, Le Hoan proclaimed himself emperor and set the era name as Thien Phuc, but Dinh Toan still remained, so this year was called the 11th year of the Thai Binh era As Chu The Tong passed away and Tong Thai To claimed the title, Chu Trinh Vuong's era was still named just like the old Chu dynasty Rules of history compilation: Ngo Si Lien’s compositional framework for compiling the history of Dai Viet was based on Zhu Xi’s model Inheriting that thought, Le Hy's point of view is also respecting orthodox and criticizing usurpation in the history of the Le restoration period, which is the same as the thought and method of Ngo Si Lien Da shu and fenzhu was Zhu Xi’s method of composing history that influenced Dai Viet and was applied by Dai Viet historians in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet SUB-CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Ngo Si Lien, based on the ideas of compiling history of Tu Ma Quang and Luu Thu, created the Annals, Basic Annals, Outer Annals, The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles, and Supplementary Edition of the Complete Basic Annals of Dai Viet According to the ideas of Chu Hy and the work Tu tri thong giam cuong muc, he compiled the Pham le (Usage guide) and designed the layout of the book Pham Cong Tru and Le Hy inherited the method of compilation and thought of Ngo Si Lien, and then compiled the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 24 fascicles, which was engraved and archived in 1697 In that process, middle period Dai Viet historians applied multiple genres of diverse historical works into a dynastic history We consider this a sign of creativity, and that creativity will help history, as a discipline, develop more At the same time, it has a certain influence on the development of Vietnamese history and culture 17 Chapter HISTORIOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT IN THE COMPLETE ANNALS OF DAI VIET This chapter delves into historiographical thougth, as well as its influences and contributions to Vietnamese history 4.1 Historiographical thought of historians before the early Le dynasty 4.1.1 Historiography of Le Van Huu 4.1.1.1 The concept of dynastic legitimacy of Le Van Huu Le Van Huu was the first to propose the concept of "dynasty legitimacy", which had a profound influence on the next generation of historians After the Dinh - Tien Le dynasties, the Ly and Tran dynasties both followed the tradition of dynastic legitimacy The concept of dynastic legitimacy of Le Van Huu had a great influence on the following generations First Le Tac composed Trieu thi the gia, Dinh thi the gia, Le thi the gia, Ly thi the gia and Tran thi the gia, which were recorded in An Nam chi luoc At this time, Le Tac inherited the concept of dynastic legitimacy and dynastic order of Le Van Huu Binh Ngo dai cao wrote: Trieu, Dinh, Ly, Tran dynasties laid the foundation to establish the state 4.1.1.2 Comments by Le Van Huu and Confucian Thought Venerating the Zhou Dynasty: In the comments, Le Van Huu assessed the merits and virtues of the two kings, but in the end, according to Confucius' standards, he judged that the Ly dynasty was superior Le Van Huu wanted to compare Ly Thai Tong with the sage king Thai Ba of the Zhou dynasty Le Van Huu gave evaluations of ancient sages such as Chu Thai Vuong, Co Tu, Thai Ba, Nghia, Thuan, Van Vuong, Vu Vuong, all of whom were revered and praised by Confucius Through surveying these comments, we found that Le Van Huu followed Confucius's standard of esteeming the house of Zhou Official name: According to Le Van Huu, Ly Than Tong had to worship not only his father, Nhan Tong, but also his own biological father - the Grand Emperor A country must have two basic principles between: quan than (rulerminister) and phu tu (father-son), but this was not in order during this time 18 Filial pietry: According to Le Van Huu, regarding the funerals of Ly Nhan Tong and Ly Than Tong, the great ministers only wore mourning clothes for a month, thus not reaching the spirit of filial piety proposed by Confucius If the courtiers were still like that, who would guide the people to practice virtue? However, this behavior is contrary to the moral spirit of Confucianism for the Ly dynasty because it was a court that promoted Buddhism Nevertheless, we also clearly see Confucian thought in it Criticizing heterodoxy: Le Van Huu criticized Ly Thai To for having the idea of worshiping Buddha According to Confucian thought, Buddhism is heterodoxy When ruling the state, the Ly dynasty paid much attention as well as spent a lot of money on Buddhism Therefore, Le Van Huu's criticism is reasonable Essay on Confucian officials: Le Van Huu worshiped the thought of Confucius, often talking about Confucianism in his comments, that is, the explanation of Confucian thought Le Van Huu explains that Confucianism is similar to Confucian students and doctors in the Han Dynasty, and unlike the great ministers in the Song Dynasty Therefore, we can see Le Van Huu's thought of reviving Confucianism very clearly Le Van Huu assessed the regime through Confucian officials, which was a transitional historical thought from Confucius to Zhu Xi 4.1.1.2 Influence of Le Van Huu's comments Ngo Si Lien has collected more than 30 comments from Le Van Huu in Complete Annals of Dai Viet, each of which begins with the word “write 曰 ” As for Vu Quynh's comments, they are quoted as “Vu Quynh tan viet, Dang Binh binh viet” (commented by Vu Quynh, Dang Binh), or Luan viet 論曰, and Su than luan viet 史臣論曰 (Comments by historians), which did not specify who wrote it 4.2 Historiography of historians of the early Le dynasty 4.2.1 Phan Phu Tien Phan Phu Tien presented the point of view called Nhuan Ho (the "unofficial" Ho Dynasty) and got the era name from that Ngo Si Lien 19 criticized the Ho Dynasty's rebellion, disagreeing with Phan Phu Tien's view of Nhuan Ho, so he abandoned Nhuan Ho and wrote the history of the Ho Dynasty until the end of Tran Thieu De in the Appendix 4.2.2 Ngo Si Lien Ngo Si Lien clearly demonstrated his historian spirit as well as his historywriting thought in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, and also composed new rules and new books Scholar Dang Duc Thi also explained Ngo Si Lien's Confucian and orthodox ideology, and presented his patriotism and historiographical function 4.2.2.1 The Historian Spirit of Ngo Si Lien Ngo Si Lien followed the example of two historians Tu Ma Dam and Tu Ma Thien to compile a new national history, which is not only of great value to this day, but also shows the spirit of historians of the early Le dynasty 4.2.2.2 Composing the new annals called Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky Firstly: Origin of the annals Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky were created by Ngo Si Lien based on Vietic legend Dai Viet historical records by Le Van Huu began with Trieu Vu De Because the historical documents were lost, it was not known what was recorded before the Trieu Dynasty Le Tac’s An Nam chi luoc also did not record these legends Secondly: Linh Nam chich quai (Selection of Strange Tales in Linh Nam) with Hong Bang Ky, Thuc Ky Hong Bang Ky was borrowed from the story in Linh Nam chich quai and had quite a lot of mythical characteristics In fact, Tu Ma Thien compiled a lot of unclear evidence in historical records, but the consciousness intention in the compilation of the Ngu De ban ky (Annals of the Five Emperors) was deeply ingrained in the minds of later historians such as Ngo Si Lien, which was clearly reflected in Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky Thirdly: Outstanding thoughts in the annals Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky Showing the prosperity of Dai Viet: 20 Ngo Si Lien, from the legendary story, inherited the idea of the poem Ngu De ban ky, which shows that the prosperity of Dai Viet is due to the will of God, therefore the Vietnamese must always try harder After that, Lac Long Quan built the long-lasting country of Van Lang in the land of Viet Establishing the mechanism: The spread of custom in Vietnam was similar to the Emperor's custom that is propagated in the public Using virtue to rule the country: Ngo Si Lien followed the thought of compiling the Ngu De ban ky of Tu Ma Thien, taking legendary events in the book Linh Nam chich quai, and composing Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky, to represent the first civilization of Dai Viet and traditions passed down to this day Ngo Si Lien arranged the layout of the two opening annals: Hong Bang and Thuc Ky for the opening fascicle of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, which has great and profound meaning Fourthly: Influence of the compiling thought of Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky Le Tung, according to Vu Quynh's history book, compiled the Viet giam thong khao Tong luan According to Vu Quynh's records, it was recorded from: Hong Bang thi to Thap nhi su quan, and compiled as the outer annals This means that Vu Quynh absorbed the thought of Hong Bang ky by Ngo Si Lien, and still named Hong Bang ky as the first book of Dai Viet thong giam thong khao 4.2.3 Vu Quynh Vu Quynh has absorbed Ngo Si Lien's point of view of Hong Bang ky and compiled it into the dynastic history Dai Viet thong giam thong khao Although that work is nonextant, it still exerted considerable influence on future generations, especially on the Complete Annals of Dai Viet 4.2.3.1 Defining the concept of Great Unity Ngo Si Lien composed the rule for the basic annals and started with Ngo Quyen Pham Cong Tru followed Vu Quynh's thought, then edited the basic annals from the time of Ngo Quyen to Dinh Tien Hoang and proposed the concept of "great unity" of the Viet land The concept of "great unity" was 21 first proposed by Vu Quynh, received by Le Tung, changed by Pham Cong Tru in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet and circulated until later generations 4.2.3.2 The Thought of Dai dinh 大定初年 in early time Unlike Phan Phu Tien and Ngo Si Lien, the timeline layout of Complete Annals of Dai Viet ends with the event "Minh nhan hoan quoc" (the Ming returned to their state) Meanwhile, in Dai Viet thong giam thong khao by Vu Quynh, the end is the event of Le Thai To "dai dinh nam xua" (the first year of grand unity) Pham Cong Tru inherited Vu Quynh's point of view, so it was arranged in the 10th fascicle of Complete Annals of Dai Viet 4.3 Ideology in history writing of historians of the Revival Le period Pham Cong Tru followed the Dai Viet thong giam thong khao to compile the events starting from Le Thai To "Dai dinh nam xua" to Le Thai Tong and Le Cung Hoang Pham Cong Tru continued to compile the period of the Mac and Le restoration In 1627, Trinh - Nguyen began to fight The historical records of Ho Si Duong and Pham Cong Tru, they called Lord Nguyen "Tac 賊" (thief/traitor) and criticized the Nguyen dynasty for not following the ritual of the ministers Le Hy composed another book, inheriting Pham Cong Tru's thought without introducing new opinions SUB-CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER The content of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet has shown the thoughts of many generations of historians First of all, Le Van Huu determined the beginning and ending time in the historical records, the concept of quoc thong (dynastic legitimacy) had quite a profound influence on the later generations Ngo Si Lien compiled a separate book, Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky, to show the good culture of the land of Viet people Pham Cong Tru took the point of view of "dai nhat thong” (great unity) to divide Ngo Si Lien's series into chapters Thus, in the Great Secretariat edition of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, we see that there are many thoughts and views of historians of all ages, but in general, they are all expressed in a unified history compiled by Pham Cong Tru 22 CONCLUSION The Complete Annals of Dai Viet is a general history that shows the views and national consciousness of historians through historical periods This Complete Annals of Dai Viet, engraved in the 18th year of Chinh Hoa (1697), is the most complete and precious dynastic history of the Le dynasty Therefore, it was passed down, revised and reprinted many times from the end of the Le dynasty to the Nguyen dynasty That has created many problems arising from the engraving and printing of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet The print version of Complete Annals of Dai Viet - NCQB Démiville edition with the date of 18th Chinh Hoa (1697) kept in France was researched, translated, and popularized in Vietnam We believe that the Démiville version is the NCQB version, and also the earliest and most important version currently preserved Its content is made up of Complete Annals of Dai Viet and Viet su, because the chapter arrangement and the layout of the Démiville version is different from Pham le tuc bien of Le Hy Dang Dinh Quynh's Dang gia pha he tuc bien 鄧家譜系續編 compiled in 1763 shows that the content of Dang Huan's record is the same as in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet - NCQB version, so we assume that the NCQB was engraved before the year 1763 Le Van Huu composed Dai Viet su ky (Dai Viet historical record) in the format of a chronicle and created his own method of composing history, composing Ky and following Confucian thought when commenting on Vietnamese history Phan Phu Tien then composed a history of the Tran Dynasty, with comments from Le Van Huu Ngo Si Lien compiled into the Complete Annals of Dai Viet with 15 fascicles according to the history writing thoughts of Tu Ma Quang and Luu Thu to create the Annals, Basic Annals, Outer Annals, The Veritable Records of the Basic Chronicles, and Supplementary Edition of the Complete Basic Annals of Dai Viet Pham Cong Tru and Le Hy inherited the method of compilation and thought of Ngo Si Lien, then compiled 24 fascicles of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, which was engraved and archived in 1697 23 The content of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet has shown the thought of many generations of historians Le Van Huu stated that the concept of quoc thong (dynastic legitimacy) had a profound influence on the next generation Ngo Si Lien received the ideas of two previous historians, Le Van Huu and Phan Phu Tien, and compiled a separate book, Hong Bang Ky and Thuc Ky, to show the good culture of Dai Viet Pham Cong Tru took the point of view of "dai nhat thong” (great unity) to divide Ngo Si Lien's series into chapters Pham Cong Tru transcribed from Le Thai To's "dai dinh nam xua" and this record lasted until the determined time of Ngo Si Lien In the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, historians for many generations founded the consciousness of the nation and greatly influenced future generations, mainly reflected in the idea of national autonomy Historians founded the national legitimacy of the country of Vietnam Historians also coined it as Noi de ngoai vuong 內帝外王 (the emperor was proclaimed in the inner part, the prince was proclaimed in the outer parts), and this is foreign affairs and domestic thought recorded in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet In general, in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet, historians have highlighted the cultural and historical characteristics of Dai Viet, recorded the methods and principles of internal and external relations, advocated orthodox conceptions, politics and Confucian thought, and also answered how Dai Viet took action in the historical development process The above ideas are certainly the driving force of the development of ancient Dai Viet Not only that, they are also the cultural ideological heritage of Vietnam and have been inherited and applied in political and cultural life in the modern time 24 LIST OF ARTICLES RELATED TO THE THESIS YE SHAO FEI, 2021, “The process of compiling and copying the Complete Annals of Dai Viet", Journal of Sino-Nom Studies, No 3, pp.42-51 YE SHAO FEI, 2021, “Commentary and Modifications of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet: From Viet su tieu an to Dai Viet su ky tien bien, Kunming: Journal of South Asian and Southeast Asian Studies, No - 2021 （葉少飛，《的評論與改編：從到》，昆明：《南亞東 南亞研究》2021 年第 期）； YE SHAO FEI, 2021, “The writing, stamping and compilation of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet", Journal of Image History, Beijing: Social Science Publishing House, Vol 16 - 2021 （葉少飛，《的成書、雕印與版本》， 《形象史學》2020 年下半年（總第 16 輯），北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2020 年 12 月）； YE SHAO FEI, 2020, “A study of the Complete Annals of Dai Viet - The Cabinet version and Supplementary Edition of the Complete Basic Annals of Dai Viet”, Collection of Chinese Studies in Foreign Regions, 2020, Vol 19, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.（葉少飛，《內閣官板與》，《域外漢籍研究集刊》第 19 輯，北京：中華書局，2020 年 月）； YE SHAO FEI, 2019, “Understanding the historical thought of historian Ngo Si Lien in the early Le dynasty of Vietnam”, Kunming: Journal of South Asian and Southeast Asian Studies, No - 2020 （葉少飛，《越南後黎朝史臣吳士連史 學思想探析》，昆明：《南亞東南亞研究》2020 年第 期）； YE SHAO FEI, 2019, “Method of compiling “Ky” (annal) in the Complete Annals of Dai Viet by Ngo Si Lien”, Journal of Sino-Nom Studies, No 4, pp 2029 YE SHAO FEI, 2019, “Study on the content and compilation of Vietnam's Tran Dynasty "A Brief History of Dai Viet”, Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Social Science Edition), No - 2019.（葉少飛，《越南陳朝的編 撰與內容》，桂林：《廣西師範大學學報（社科版）》，2019 年第 期）； YE SHAO FEI, 2019, “Historical research on Dai Viet thong su (Dai Viet history book) by Le Quy Don", Collection of Chinese Studies in Foreign Regions, 2019, Vol 18, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company（葉少飛，《黎貴惇的史學研究》《域外漢籍研究集刊》第 18 輯，北京：中華書局，2019 年 月）； YE SHAO FEI, 2019, “Understanding the ideology and compilation of the Vinh su thi tap (Historical poem collection) by Dang Minh Khiem of the early Le Dynasty", published in the proceedings of Classical Sino-Nom and Han studies of East Asia, Beijing: China Social Science Publishing House, 2017 （葉少飛， 《越南後黎朝鄧明謙＜詠史詩集＞的撰著與思想》，《東亞漢籍與越南漢喃 古辭書研究》論文集，北京：中國社會科學出版社，2017 年）； 10 YE SHAO FEI, 2016, “Ideology and history related to Le Van Huu's Dai Viet sy ky (Dai Viet Historical Records)”, Collection of Chinese Studies in Foreign Regions, 2016, Vol 14, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company （葉少飛， 《黎文休＜大越史記＞的編撰與史學思想》，《域外漢籍研究集刊》第 14 輯， 北京：中華書局，2016 年 11 月）。 ... generations First Le Tac composed Trieu thi the gia, Dinh thi the gia, Le thi the gia, Ly thi the gia and Tran thi the gia, which were recorded in An Nam chi luoc At this time, Le Tac inherited the... l'histoire d'Annam" (Primary study on the Annamese sources of the history of Annam), when surveying the source of ancient books of Vietnam, introduced on the development of Vietnamese history... took legendary documents from the book Linh Nam chich quai (Selection of Strange Tales in Lĩnh Nam) such as Hong Bang Thi, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Hung Vuong, and compiled Hong Bang Thi