Ngôn ngữ đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học anh qua lăng kính dịch. ttta

Tóm tắt nội dung luận án 1. Tính cấp thiết: Đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc đánh giá thang độ vẫn chưa được khai thác cả chiều rộng lẫn chiều sâu qua các nghiên cứu. Người sử dụng ngôn ngữ chưa nhận thức được sự hiện diện của loại ngôn ngữ này trong diễn ngôn, cũng chưa thấy được tầm quan trọng trong việc sử dụng ngôn ngữ này để đạt mục đích giao tiếp hiệu quả hơn. Đa dạng hình thức ngôn ngữ để chuyển tải thông điệp giao tiếp đến người nhận dường như không được người nói hoặc người viết quan tâm. Những điều này dẫn đến hạn chế trong việc làm đa dạng hình thức chuyển tải nội dung giao tiếp. Tuy đã có một số nghiên cứu về các nội dung trong thuyết đánh giá, song nghiên cứu về đánh giá thang độ, cụ thể đánh giá mức cường độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh, đặc biệt việc chuyển dịch nghĩa ngôn ngữ này sang tiếng Việt như thế nào vẫn là vấn đề còn bỏ ngõ. Hiểu được bản chất ngôn ngữ này như thế nào trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh, và như thế nào trong việc chuyển dịch nghĩa sang tiếng Việt là thực sự cần thiết và hữu ích, đóng góp kiến thức cho việc hiểu biết phạm trù ngôn ngữ này nhằm đạt mục đích giao tiếp qua ngôn ngữ Anh và Việt. 2. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Nghiên cứu nhằm khảo sát sự thể hiện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ qua diễn ngôn văn học Anh; Điều tra việc chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt nghĩa của yếu tố đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng/giảm nghĩa thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh; hay chính là việc xác định mức cường độ dịch chuyển như thế nào khi chuyển dịch nghĩa ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng hoặc giảm nghĩa sang tiếng Việt; Tìm ra những chiến lược dịch thường được vận dụng trong việc chuyển dịch nghĩa của yếu tố đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng hoặc giảm nghĩa thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh sang tiếng Việt. 3. Đối tượng và phạm vi nghiên cứu Nghiên cứu tập trung vào ngôn ngữ ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh, qua lăng kính dịch thuật. Trường hợp ngôn ngữ này được thể hiện qua ngôn ngữ biểu hiện sự so sánh hơn và so sánh hơn nhất không nằm trong phạm vi nghiên cứu. Qua lăng kính dịch thuật, chỉ ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa được chọn để thu thập một khối liệu khảo sát bình diện dịch khi chuyển dịch nghĩa ngôn ngữ này sang tiếng Việt. Ngoài ra, các tác phẩm văn học được chọn là tác phẩm thuộc dòng văn học hiện thực xã hội và hiện thực phê phán giữa thế kỉ 18 đến giữa thế kỉ 19. 4. Phương pháp nghiên cứu Thiết kế nghiên cứu của luận án theo hướng mô tả, sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính và phương pháp mô tả kết hợp với thông tin định lượng. 5. Bố cục của luận án: Gồm 7 chương, cụ thể như sau: Chương 1: Mở đầu Chương 2: Tổng quan và cơ sở lí luận Chương 3: Phương pháp luận nghiên cứu Chương 4: Khảo sát sự thể hiện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh Chương 5: Khảo sát việc chuyển dịch ngôn ngữ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh sang tiếng Việt Chương 6: Những chiến lược dịch được vận dụng trong việc chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt ngôn ngữ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh Chương 7: Kết luận 6. Kết quả nghiên cứu của luận án Luận án khảo sát ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc đánh giá thang độ trong diễn ngôn văn học Anh, và qua lăng kính Dịch. Đứng trên mô hình thuyết đánh giá của Martin và White (2005), nghiên cứu mở rộng phạm trù ngôn ngữ này trên ba bình diện được mô tả chi tiết, đó là (1) bình diện ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa; (2) bình diện ngôn ngữ mang nghĩa đánh giá mức cường độ tăng (giảm); và (3) bình diện ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ tăng (giảm) qua phương tiện tu từ. Ngữ liệu nghiên cứu là các ví dụ minh hoạ được trích từ diễn ngôn văn học Anh. Kết quả nghiên cứu vẽ ra một bức tranh chi tiết về phạm trù ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ, đặc biệt là hình thức thể hiện của phạm trù ngôn ngữ này đa dạng từ cấp độ từ, gồm lớp từ mang nghĩa từ vựng và lớp từ không mang nghĩa từ vựng, mở rộng đến cấp bậc cụm từ và đến cấp bậc mệnh đề. Sự đa dạng về hình thức thể hiện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thể hiện chức năng tăng (giảm) nghĩa phẩm chất, quá trình của động từ và tình thái là phát hiện nổi bật về phạm trù ngôn ngữ đánh giá cường độ trong luận án này so với những nghiên cứu trước đây về phạm trù này. Nghiên cứu giúp chúng ta hiểu sâu hơn về ngôn ngữ cường độ theo hướng ngữ pháp chức năng, khác so với thuật ngữ được hiểu theo hướng ngôn ngữ học cấu trúc và ngữ pháp từ truyền thống đến hiện đại. Đáng chú ý, luận án đã chỉ ra sắc thái nghĩa của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa qua lăng kính dịch. Đó là, sắc thái nghĩa cường độ tăng lên hoặc giảm đi; cường độ có thể được điều chỉnh trượt nhích lên hoặc trượt xuống trong thang độ; cường độ có thể giữ nguyên hoặc có thể bị mất đi qua lăng kính dịch. Việc điều chỉnh làm nhích tăng hoặc trượt giảm xuống là hoàn toàn cho phép, như Munday (2012, tr.157) đã nói “nguồn ngôn ngữ chỉ thang độ trong đánh giá là sự chuyển đổi đáng kể” để đạt được “hiệu quả tương đương trong dịch” như Nida (2004) đã khẳng định. Dĩ nhiên, để điều chỉnh hay giữ nguyên sắc thái nghĩa cường độ trong đánh giá đòi hỏi người dịch sử dụng các chiến lược nào đó. Vì vậy, nghiên cứu cũng đã chỉ ra những chiến lược dịch nào được vận dụng trong quá trình chuyển dịch phạm trù ngôn ngữ này sang tiếng Việt. Thật thú vị khi phát hiện ra rằng, khi chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt, mức cường độ được giữ nguyên đòi hỏi người dịch sử dụng chiến lược dịch nguyên văn (literal), bám sát từng chữ, tuy đôi khi cũng có sự dịch chuyển về trật tự từ nhưng sắc thái nghĩa không thay đổi. Trường hợp mức cường độ được trượt lên hoặc trượt xuống, đa số các trường hợp được vận dụng phương pháp dịch biến điệu (biến thái - modulation). Đối với những trường hợp nghĩa cường độ bị mất hẳn trong bản dịch sang tiếng Việt, thì khảo sát cho thấy chiến lược dịch ngầm ẩn (implicitation) chiếm ưu thế. Sự phong phú về hình thức thể hiện cũng như những chuyển đổi qua lăng kính dịch là những khám phá mới mẻ mà luận án đã tìm ra. Hy vọng luận án ít nhiều giúp ích cho người học, người nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ có cái nhìn mới mẻ, sâu hơn về phạm trù ngôn ngữ đánh giá cường độ để vận dụng vào việc học cũng như thực hành dịch hiệu quả. 7. Đóng góp của luận án Về lí thuyết, luận án mở rộng hình thức thể hiện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thuộc phạm trù đánh giá thang độ trong thuyết đánh giá của Martin và White (2005). Luận án đã mô tả chi tiết ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa (nói ngắn gọn ngôn ngữ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa) hay có thể hiểu là yếu tố làm tăng giảm mức cường độ (yếu tố làm tăng cường nghĩa); ngôn ngữ mang nghĩa đánh giá mức cường độ tăng (giảm) hay nói cách khác là ngôn ngữ mang nghĩa tăng (giảm) mức cường độ; và ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ tăng (giảm) qua phương tiện tu từ. Việc mô tả, phân tích được minh hoạ qua các ví dụ trích từ thể loại văn học. Luận án đã chỉ ra hình thức thể hiện của ngôn ngữ cường độ theo hướng chức năng đa dạng hơn so với ngôn ngữ chỉ cường độ dưới góc nhìn của ngôn ngữ học cấu trúc và ngữ pháp truyền thống. Trong luận án này, dấu hiệu nhận diện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ được thể hiện qua hình thức từ vựng - đó là các lớp từ gồm tính từ, trạng từ, động từ hay danh từ; qua hình thức cụm từ như trường hợp ẩn dụ, so sánh, ngoa dụ và phép lặp; qua hình thức mệnh đề là trường hợp câu cảm thán, ẩn dụ, ngoa dụ và phép lặp. Bên cạnh đó, phạm trù ngôn ngữ này được phân tích khá chi tiết trong luận án. Có thể nói rằng luận án là một bức tranh chi tiết về phạm trù từ ngữ pháp-từ vựng về đánh giá mức cường độ. Kết quả nghiên cứu góp phần toả sáng lí thuyết đánh giá của Martin và White (2005). Về phương pháp luận, luận án đã cố gắng mang hai mô hình ngôn ngữ đính kết lại trong một mối quan hệ, đó là mô hình ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống và mô hình ngôn ngữ dịch. Trong khi ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống tâm vào vấn đề nghĩa là điểm xuất phát, thì luận án nhìn vào nghĩa để nhận diện ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ thể hiện như thế nào qua phạm trù ngữ pháp-từ vựng. Từ đó, qua lăng kính dịch, luận án đi vào phân tích nghĩa ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ làm tăng (giảm) nghĩa được dịch chuyển như thế nào, và người dịch đã giải mã lại nghĩa thể hiện ngôn ngữ này qua hình thức ngữ pháp-từ vựng như thế nào trong ngôn ngữ nguồn. Nghĩa liên nhân - tương tác giữa người dịch và tác giả văn bản có thể xem là hạn chế qua lăng kính dịch; tuy nhiên, mối quan hệ này vẫn sẽ là vấn đề cho những nghiên cứu xa hơn qua các phạm trù ngôn ngữ khác nhau. Về thực tiễn, luận án đã cung cấp nguồn dữ liệu phong phú khi xem xét hình thức thể hiện của ngôn ngữ đánh giá mức cường độ và nghĩa của yếu tố làm tăng (giảm) mức cường độ được chuyển dịch như thế nào sang tiếng Việt. Nguồn dữ liệu tiếng Anh và bản dịch sang tiếng Việt có thể được vận dụng cho các nghiên cứu xa hơn trong các vấn đề ngôn ngữ và trong các bình diện dịch. Nguồn dữ liệu này cũng được coi là hữu ích cho việc dạy và học tiếng Anh cũng như nghiên cứu và thực hành dịch.

THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ĐOÀN PHAN ANH TRÚC LANGUAGE OF GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE THROUGH THE LENS OF TRANSLATION Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 92.20.201 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES (A SUMMARY) Da Nang, 2022 This thesis has been completed at University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang Supervisor: Dr Lê Thị Giao Chi Examiner 1: ……………………………… Examiner 2: ……………………………… Examiner 3: ……………………………… The thesis was orally defended at the Examining Committee Major: English Linguistics Time: Venue: University of Foreign Language Studies - The University of Da Nang This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - Library of University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang - The Information Resources Center, The University of Da Nang - National Library of Viet Nam Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Graduation is one of the three categories in the model of Appraisal built by Martin and White (2005) by expanding the frame of the interpersonal meaning from the Systemic Functional Linguistic paradigm by Halliday and his colleagues It exists along two axes of scalability, of which the axis of Force including intensity and amount, known as Intensification and as Quantification respectively Their nature is scalar assessments over qualities, processes and verbal modalities The perspective of ‘intensification’ to show “how speakers/writers increase and decrease the force of their assertions” (Martin & White, 2005, p 2) An overarching sketch of Appraisal in general and of Graduation, in particular, has been drawn, yet to look at this framework as a whole is not what this thesis is intended for Rather, the focus of this thesis is on intensity which denotes speakers’/writers’ assessment of grading in the form of intensification However, the embodiment of intensification has not been explored in English literary discourse yet, nor has the way meaning of intensification been transferred into Vietnamese By rendering the meaning of elements of intensification as shown in the English original, we can see some transformations in the lexicon and in the structure of the Vietnamese text, which means, to ensure the equivalent effect of translation (Nida, 1964/2004), the translator has to resort to some restructuring in the lexico-grammar of the target text Practically, the category of intensification under the umbrella of Graduation has not been widely and deeply explored yet The problems might lie in the fact that language users may not have been aware of the presence of such kind of language in discourse, nor have they recognized the importance of using this for more successful communication Attempts to diversify the language forms to convey the message more effectively to receivers for communicative effect are likely to be neglected by speakers/writers Or perhaps the significance, functions as well as roles of language used for evaluation have not been fully understood by speakers/writers These result in the limit of the enrichment of forms conveying the content of the communication Although studies on the theory of Appraisal have been made in several aspects, researches of Graduation especially intensification in English literary discourse, and how signals for intensification are translated into Vietnamese are still left untouched Thus, the thesis takes its focus on the language of Graduation, especially, the case of intensification in English literary discourse and under the lens of translation Understanding how the language of intensification operates in English literary discourse, and how this meaning is transferred via the Vietnamese translation is necessary and useful in the sense that it contributes to a better insight into the manipulation of this category of language so as to be able to achieve the target of communication across English and Vietnamese For these reasons, “Language of Graduation in English Literary Discourse through the Lens of Translation” has been chosen as the topic for my doctoral thesis 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims The thesis lays its focus particularly on how intensification as graduation is realized via linguistic and stylistic means in this genre of discourse The study also seeks to examine how isolating intensification is conveyed via the lens of translation, that is, how English isolating intensification is rendered into Vietnamese and what strategies have been adopted via translation The research results hope to provide language learners and researchers with better insights into the language of intensification as graduation in this literary genre and can be implied in language teaching and learning, and in the practice of translation 1.2.2 Objectives The study is intended to o examine the linguistic realisations of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse; o investigate the rendering of isolating intensification as graduation into Vietnamese, or rather identify how the level of intensity shifts when the meaning of isolating intensification as graduation is rendered into Vietnamese; o work out the common strategies which have been adopted in the translation of English isolating intensification as graduation in English literary discourse into Vietnamese 1.3 Research Questions What are the linguistic realizations of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse? How are the realizations of isolating intensification rendered into Vietnamese? What strategies have been adopted in the Vietnamese translation of the English realizations of isolating intensification? 1.4 Scope of the Research The study focuses on the language of intensification in English literary discourse through the lens of translation The cases of isolating intensification realized by means of comparative and superlative constructions exclude in the investigation Through the lens of translation, only the cases of isolating intensification have been selected as they provide a manageable sample to explore how the meaning of intensification has been rendered via translation Besides, English literal works are critical and socialist realism ones in the period th th of mid-18 century and early mid-19 century 1.5 Justification for the Research Theoretically, the thesis has expanded the category of intensification into several well-prescribed sub-types with examples taken from authentic sources in the literary genre, from infusing intensification to intensification via stylistic devices This prescription can illuminate the various nuances of intensification at different ranks via different linguistic resources Within the functional approach, the realisation for intensification is more of a diversiform compared with that according to structural linguists and grammarians In this piece of thesis, the signals for intensification can be found in the form of lexis with word categories like adjectives, adverbs, verbs or nouns; phrases such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole and repetition; or clauses as found in the case of exclamation sentences, metaphor, hyperbole and repetition Additionally, intensification is rather deeply analysed in each sub-type and a more detailed picture of lexical-grammatical category expressing evaluation in scaling displayed It can be said that these research results can help shed light on the theory of Appraisal by Martin and White (2005) Methodologically, the thesis has attempted to bring the two models - the linguistic model of SFG and that of translation together While the SFG has facilitated the questioning of meaning as a starting point, the thesis looks at how meaning, i.e., intensification, has been realized in the lexico-grammar, that is in literary discourse It then takes the lens of translation as a heuristic tool to analyse how the meaning of intensification has been interpreted by translator via the L1 realisation, and how the translator has attempted to recode this type of meaning by means of lexico-grammar The aspect of interpersonal meaning - the interaction between the translator and the author (via the text), is deemed viable through the lens of translation This would show the relevance of cross-disciplinary research and exaggerate potentials for further studies across various linguistic domains Practically, the thesis has provided rich data for efforts to examine the realization of intensification and how the meaning of intensification has been rendered into Vietnamese This source of bi-lingual data can be used for further research in linguistic matters or in aspects of translation, which is deemed as useful source for teaching and learning of English and for the study and practice of translation 1.6 Working Definitions 1.7 Organization of the Research Chapter presents a general introduction of the study; Chapter reviews the previous studies and describes the theoretical underpinnings needed for the research; Chapter describes Research Design and Methodology; Chapter presents realizations of intensification in English literary discourse; Chapter shows how isolating intensification is rendered into Vietnamese; Chapter explores strategies applied to the process of translation; Chapter is draws a conclusion of the study, implications, limitations, suggestion for further research 1.8 Chapter Summary Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Review of Previous Studies 2.1.1 Appraisal 2.1.2 Graduation Graduation has been studied on various aspects of language by researchers and linguists like Hood (2004), Martin and White (2005), Martin and Rose (2007), Conway (2013), Vo (2011) 2.1.3 Intensification Intensificiation was early explored in the period from 1950s to 1990s by structural linguists and grammaticans such as Francis (1958); Greenbaum (1970); Benzinger (1971); Quirk et al (1972, 1985); Bolinger (1972); Backlund (1973); Labov (1984); Alexander (1988); Biber et al, (1999), etc Vietnamese linguists and researchers have made some researches related to intensifiers such as Diệp Quang Ban (1989), Lê Biên (1993), Hữu Quỳnh (1980); Hoàng Phê (1984); Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988); Hữu Quỳnh (1980); Đinh Văn Đức (1986) 2.1.4 Intensification as Graduation and Translation Some researchers and translation theorists make their great contributions to the theory of translation such as Catford (1965, 2004); Jakobson (2004); Newmark (1988a, 1988b); Nida and Taber (1969, 2003); Toury (2004); Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004); Munday (2012, 2015) In Vietnam, some have carried out some researches into translation quality assessment such as Lê Hùng Tiến (2008, 2015, 2018); Lê Thị Mỹ Hạnh (2009); Cao Huyền Trang (2013); Phạm Thị Thuý (2015) and Triệu Thu Hằng (2015) 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2.1.1 An Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2.1.2 Meaning in Systemic Functional Linguistics The focus of SFG or SFL is ‘context of situation’ or how language is used (Halliday, 1985) or more exactly how it makes meaning in context (Halliday, 1978, 1994, 1996; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) 2.2.1.3 Structure and System in Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2.2 Appraisal in Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2.2.1 Overview 2.2.2.2 Appraisal in English 2.2.2.3 Graduation in Appraisal in English 2.2.2.4 Scale and Gradability 2.2.2.5 Intensification in Appraisal in English (a) Isolating intensification in English: According to Martin and White (2005), isolating intensification determines the up-scaling or downscaling of isolated and individually items which solely performs the level of intensity (b) Infusing intensification in English: Infusing intensification is regarded as any single lexical-grammatical item which can convey a meaning of the scaling Or rather, “there is no separate lexical form conveying the sense of up-scaling or down-scaling”, i.e any single term itself can convey a meaning of the scaling (Martin & White, 2005, p 143) 2.2.3 Intensification and Word Classes in Vietnamese 2.2.4 Translation and Issues in Translation 2.2.4.1 Defining Translation 2.2.4.2 Translation in Relation to Linguistic Theory 2.2.4.3 Meaning in Translation 2.2.4.4 Equivalence in Translation 2.2.4.5 Translation Strategies 2.3 Chapter Summary Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 3.2 Research Methods 3.2.1 Qualitative Method and Quantitative Information 3.2.2 Descriptive Research 3.3 Sampling 3.4 Data Collection 3.4.1 Data Source Description 3.4.2 Theoretical Framework for Data Collection Figure 3.2 Theoretical Framework of Data Collection 3.4.3 Criteria for Identifying Intensification 3.4.3.1 Identifying Isolating Intensification 3.4.3.2 Identifying Infusing Intensification 3.4.3.3 Identifying Intensification via Rhetorical Devices (i) Identification of Metaphors (ii) Identification of Similes (iii) Identification of Hyperbole (iv) Identification of Repetition 3.5 Procedures for Data Collection 3.6 Data Analysis 3.6.1 Analytical Framework Figure 3.3 Analytical Framework 3.6.2 Procedures for Data Analysis 3.7 Reliability and Validity 3.7.1 Reliability 3.7.2 Validity 3.8 Chapter Summary Chapter Four LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE 4.1 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Isolating Intensifiers 4.1.1 Preamble 4.1.2 Intensification via Isolating Intensifiers 4.1.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 4.1.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 4.1.2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 4.2.3 Intensification via Isolating Maximisers 4.2.3.1 Up-scaling in Qualities 4.2.3.2 Up-scaling in Verbal Processes 4.2 Intensification as Graduation Realised via Infusing Intensifiers 4.2.1 Preamble 4.2.2 Intensification via Infusing Intensifiers 4.2.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 4.2.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 13 into TL text will be not successful if the sameness in meaning does not reach (ibid) Via the investigation, however, we realize that the adjustment of the nuance of meaning of isolating intensification in the TL text is possible and acceptable Nida (2004, p 126) justifies that “there can be no absolute correspondence between languages”, adding that “two languages are not identical, either in meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases or sentences” (ibid) This is also proved when Nida and Taber (2003) direct attention towards rendering the meaning of a text, rather than of any single linguistic pair In the same vein, Jakobson (2004, p 114) mentions “the rendering a text from SL into TL is a replacement of messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in some other language” This forces the translator to recode the message received from another source The findings show that the adjustment of the level of intensity drops into three possibilities involving raising the level of intensity, lowering the level of intensity and omitting intensity Munday (2015) shows the case of down-scaling and losing intensity, but no case of up-scaling intensity is found Via the investigation, the thesis has pointed out the possibility of up-scaling of the intensifier ‘very’ is at the median level of intensity to the highest intensity like lắm, tuyệt, vô cùng, cực kì, hết sức, cơ, It is interesting to note that the adjustment of the level of intensity towards up- or down-scaling leads to the ‘variation of the form of the message due to the change in the point of view’ which is moulded as modulation in the position of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004, p 89) 5.3 Chapter Summary The chapter shows that there are four various nuances of meaning through the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers The first is that intensification can be preserved, and this occurs because there is not any adjustment of intensity via the lens of translation This possibility gains the largest numbers among the remaining ones The number proves that the translator leans towards fully conveying the meaning of interpersonal markers That is, English isolating intensifiers and maximisers are transferred into their Vietnamese corresponding maximisers However, there may sometimes be certain changes of connotation meaning although the level of intensity remains the same, 14 at the same time it is also acceptable some slight alterations in structure because the syntactic functions of intensifiers are not changeable The second is that thanks to the adjustment of intensity, intensifiers can raise their intensity to the higher level However, this possibility is an uncommon tendency in the Vietnamese translation of intensifiers in English literary discourse The popularity is still the translating of the neutral modifier - very which is slid up at the absolute value like vô cùng, lắm, tuyệt Noticeably, the adjustment of intensity necessitates a kind of shift which is termed modulation by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995/2004), showing a change in the viewpoint, which is shown by the addition of the connotational meaning of intensity to the TL text The third is that the adjustment of intensity can make intensifiers decrease their intensity to the lower level The dominance is the sliding down of maximisers from the highest value of intensity to the median degree of intensity while the possibility towards isolating intensifiers is very low It can be added that some intensifiers like very, perfectly, quite can be converted into modifiers of focus - thật Moreover, the adjustment of the lessening of intensity of isolating intensifiers, sometimes, can lead to meaning of intensification being faded via the act of translating, or to put it differently, being made implicit This means that the fading does not make the nuance of meaning lost but that makes meaning of intensifiers melt into qualities or processes in the TL text The last is that the adjustment of intensity can make intensifiers omit their intensity in the TL text The adjustment has become a far more frequent tendency than expected reaching 17.2 percent (out of 39.2 %) It is very interesting to note that the loss of intensifiers in the TL text is not the complete loss of intensity By contrast, the translator wants to neglect interpersonal markers so as to increase or decrease intensification in qualities or processes This means that when an intensifier used to upgrade quality or process is lost, the quality or process will be downgraded In the different vein, when an intensifier used to lower intensification in qualities or processes is lost, the quality or process will be raised Chapter Six STRATEGIES IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ISOLATING INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION 6.1 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Literal 15 Translation 6.1.1 Literal Translation 6.1.2 Literal Transposition 6.2 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Implicitation 6.3 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Explicitation 6.4 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Restructuring and Transposition 6.5 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Modulation 6.6 Discussion The thesis has pointed out six strategies of translation applied to the rendering of isolating intensification into Vietnamese Firstly, it is Literal translation which is defined as ‘the closest structural equivalents’ (Newmark, 1988), or rather which is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) However, it is very interesting to point out that the thesis has detected the case of denotative meaning and structures in the TL text preserved but there is a transformation of connotative meaning in the TL text In other words, the shade of denotation is preserved while that of connotation is added in the Vietnamese translated version This detection is considered a newness in the translation of English isolating intensification into Vietnamese In addition, Literal transposition in the thesis is seen as a shift in the structure of phrases, this is, the conversion of adjective phrases in the SL texts into verb phrases in the TL texts and of adverb phrases into verb phrases This transposition can make the meaning of intensification experience some changes in structures; to be more specific, it is ‘a shift in word classes from a de-verbal noun in the SL text into a verb in the TL text’ Le (2014, p 147) However, the thesis points out that Literal transposition can preserve the SL word order with some certain changes of word class or of structure in the TL text; or it can make word order change in the TL text without any change of word class or of structure; or it can make both word order and structure change in the TL text as the ‘re-ordering of the segment constituents’ (Le, 2014) As a result, the transposition which reflect shifts in grammatical categories but cannot change the meaning of the SL 16 segment (Le, 2014) is necessary in the process of translating so that the Vietnamese translated text reaches what is known at ‘the equivalent effect of translation’ (Nida, 1964) Secondly, it is the case of Implicitation via which English isolating intensifiers can preserve, lose, raise or lower their level of intensity in the TL text The thesis has clearly shown three possibilities of English isolating intensifiers in the SL text when translated into the TL text This is, intensifiers are dropped in the TL text, or combined with lexical words to create one TL word, or combined with lexical words with a specific meaning replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning Remarkably, via implicitation the meaning of intensifiers can glide away in the TL text but the strategy fully conveys the denotative meaning in the TL text In another vein, the translator can omit intensifiers up-scaling or down-scaling the qualities or processes in the TL text This results in the lowering or raising of the level of intensity in the TL text It can be further explained that if intensifiers used to increase the intensity in qualities or processes are lost in the TL text, the level of intensity can decrease, and vice versa What is more, isolating intensifiers modifying qualities or processes in the SL text can be translated into infusing intensifiers in Vietnamese Thirdly, the strategy of Explicitation has been adopted, showing efforts to add some extra elements to the TL text understood as ‘an overall tendency to spell things out rather than leave them implicit’, as indicated in Baker’s terms (1996) Addition of this type does not change the meaning of the original text expressed in the TL text, yet it helps make the expression of intensity simply more explicit in the translation This addition can be essential, or rather, obligatory on the one hand because the TL text can be ambiguous without such extra elements like the case of [1] On the other, the addition can be unnecessary, or non-obligatory, because the meaning of the SL units can be implicated like the case of [2] [1] Mr Heathcliff may have entirely dissimilar reasons for keeping his hand out of the way when he meets a would-be acquaintance, … (WH_E, p 7) Việc Heathcliff cố tình tránh né gặp người vẻ thân quen xuất phát từ lí hồn tồn khác với lí tôi, (WH_V, p 12) [2] By Jove, how they made you cry out!" said Joe, caught by the 17 ridicule of the circumstance, and exploding in a fit of laughter which ended quite suddenly, as usual (VF_E, p 27) … Joe nhớ lại câu chuyện, lại phá cười nắc nẻ, lần, nhiên im bặt (VF_V, p 77) Via explicitation, the thesis has showcased how new elements of meaning has been created in the TL text, which is considered as ‘gain of information’ by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 170) These lexical elements can be verbs, nouns or adjectives which bring some transformations in structure as transposition in the TL text like the case of [3] (Int_Max + Adj  V + V + Int_Max) These transformations are consistent with the prescriptions as shifts in translation by Toury (2004), or structure shifts by Catford (2003) or up-rank shift and downrank shift by Le (2014) Besides, the findings show the addition in the TL text of extra non-lexical words like lắm, hẳn and which will reflect a modulation in the TL text [3] He was quite surprised and delighted at his own graceful manner (VF_E, p 33) Int_Max + Adj Thấy trở thành thân mật duyên dáng thế, anh chàng đâm ngạc nhiên khoan khoái ghê (VF_V, p 65) V + V + Int_Max Fourthly, the thesis has investigated the strategies of Restructuring and Transposition as translation universals Restructuring is exploited as the reconstructing the SL meaning as well as the re-ordering the information structure (Le, 2014) The reconstructing requires some lexical and grammatical alterations in the TL text which is seen as transposition like the case of [4] The re-ordering of information structure in the TL text brings about structure shifts such as the conversion of the adjective phrase (extremely angry) into the verbal phrase (giận lắm) or the case of up-rank shift (noun phrase  clause) or down-rank shift (clause  verb phrase) Therefore, it can be said that restructuring is usually accompanied by transposition The strategies are necessary so as to ensure equivalent effects in translation because as proposed by Nida (2004, p 126), “two languages are not identical, either in meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases or sentences” [4] I’m really extremely angry (WH_E, p 281) Tôi giận  (WH_V, p 231) [RESTRUCTURING/TRANSPOSITION] 18 Adv + Int_Max + Adj  V + Int_Max (Post-modifer) Lastly, the research results reveal that Modulation is very preferable in the TL text, ranked the second common strategy The strategy examines the change in the point of view in the TL text, or it is the change in the form of message This finding is considered quite an interesting trace of newness when applying the strategy of modulation to the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensification The transforming in the form of message is completely appropriate in the process of rendering intensification in Engligh literary discourse into Vietnamese What is more, when the point of view and the form of message experience certain transformation, gain or loss of information may be the case, and so is re-ordering of the information structure which is considered explicitation, implicitation and restructuring respectively 6.7 Chapter Summary To sum up, the investigation of the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensification reveals that via six strategies of translation namely literal, implicitation, explicitation, restructuring, transposition, modulation, there are three tendencies when rendering the meaning of English intensification into Vietnamese Firstly, the intensity embodied in intensifiers is preserved Here, there are two tendencies: (i) there is no change in the Vietnamese translation, that is, Literal translation is accepted to ‘render the lexical words singly, out of context’ (Newmark, 1988b), which is described as word-for-word translation - ‘direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text’ by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004); (ii) there are some syntactic changes in the Vietnamese translation to the process of translating However, although there are some certain changes in the TL text, the semantic meanings of intensifiers are preserved, thus being literally rendered, which is labelled as Literal Transposition Secondly, intensifiers transferred into Vietnamese can experience some upgrading or downgrading in intensity, and in this case, the strategy of Modulation is best suitable The final tendency is the loss of intensity in the Vietnamese translation of intensification When this happens, there is a decrease in intensity of intensifiers in the Vietnamese translation and the strategy of Implicitation is prevalent Chapter Seven CONCLUSIONS 19 7.1 Summary 7.1.1 Summary of the Subject Matter under Research This thesis has investigated the realization of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse and provided an analysis of the Vietnamese rendering of isolating intensification as well as strategies used in the process of translation The investigation has been carried out, adopting a combination of qualitative research and quantitative information from two sources of data collected These are (i) 2,121 samples of intensification as graduation extracted from four English literary works, which are used for exploring the linguistic realisations of intensification in English literary discourse; and (ii) 400 samples of isolating intensifiers chosen from the first data source with their 400 Vietnamese equivalents in the translated versions used for an analysis of Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers The findings shed light on various representations of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse as well as varying encoding of intensification meaning, especially for the category of isolating intensifiers, once being rendered into Vietnamese The thesis has nestled in the four main blocks of theory The first is the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics by Halliday (2004) to determine how language makes meaning in context, and its interpersonal meaning grounds on building the theory of appraisal by Martin and White (2005) The second is the model of Appraisal by Martin and White (2005), based on which the language, that is, the realizations of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse can be investigated The third is the model of Principles of correspondence by Nida (2004) which necessitates efforts to examine the rendering of English isolating intensification into Vietnamese, and the last is the model of Translation suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) whereby strategies of translation have been put into scrutiny regarding the transfer of meaning of intensification into Vietnamese 7.1.2 Summary of Key Findings Some key findings that have been generated from the process of data collection and data analysis can be summarized as follows (A) Linguistic Realizations of Intensification Regarding linguistic realization of intensification as graduation in English literary discourse, what we have drawn out from this piece of research is quite a diversifying picture of intensification which covers 20 nearly all the cases of intensification except for the case of intensification realized by means of comparative and superlative constructions The findings reveal three distinct categories of realization: (i) isolating intensification; (ii) infusing intensification; and (iii) intensification via rhetorical devices Of the three sub-categories, isolating intensifiers are found to be the most prevalent, with more than half of the total sample cases, a rate higher than that of both infusing intensifiers and intensification via rhetorical devices taken together (1,115 against 1,006 cases) Isolating intensifiers are recognized as modifiers being adverbs that activate the meaning of up- or down-scaling in qualities, processes, and modalities, of which intensifiers modifying qualities take the largest proportion with 964 out of the total 1,115 cases In contrast, intensifiers embodying the meaning of up or down-scaling in verbal processes and in modalities are comparatively not that dominant, with a modest 82 and 39 cases respectively As for intensifiers as pre-modifiers of qualities, we can see them in functions of pre-modification of adjectives as quality attributes, pre-modification of adverbs, pre-modification of noun phrases, pre-modification of prepositional phrases Besides, these functions can be seen in a series of processes namely MATERIAL, MENTAL, BEHAVIOR and RATIONAL processes Some intensifiers denoting the low and median level of intensity are ranked along a cline from the least popularity to the most popularity namely slightly/fairly  a bit  somewhat  pretty  rather  very, of which very occurs very often in English literary discourse, making up 75.3 percent of intensifiers up/down-scaling of qualities These intensifiers chiefly raise or lower intensity of quality attributes Accompanying these quality attributes are attributive verbs such as BE, BECOME, COME, LOOK, GET, SEEM, MAKE, FIND, REMAIN, FEEL, APPEAR and GROW In the downscaling cline, we have established isolating intensifiers in sequences of the up-scaling such as rather/slightly tall (low)  tall (median)  very tall (high), on the contrary, along the upward scaling cline we organize isolating intensifiers in a higher-than-median degree of intensity like simple (median)  pretty/fairly/rather simple  very simple (high) Such intensifiers as slightly, rather, somewhat, fairly and a bit were found in the processes of MATERIAL, MENTAL and BEHAVIOR Remarkably, slightly, fairly, rather can function with an embodiment of 21 lowering or lifting up the processes of TRANSFORMATION such as CONTACT, MOTION and ELABORATING while somewhat, slightly, fairly and rather are indicators of reducing the degree of MENTAL processes construing EMOTION, and slightly, somewhat and fairly decrease the level of intensity of BEHAVIOUR processes Although isolating intensifiers up/down-scaling in modalities are found uncommon in English literary discourse, these intensifiers are present in a series of the modal structures/expressions to lever the degree of intensity of modalities Besides, some can raise the absolute level of certainty such as perfectly, quite, absolutely and most; raise the high level of certainty like very and lower the intensity of certainty like quite Infusing intensifiers are the kind of the language category which varies in form, and which can be embodied by means of a verb, a verb phrase, an adjective, an adverb, and even clauses and sentences as found in the data Most of the cases of infusing intensification realized via phrases and clauses are known as metaphor, simile, hyperbole or repetition The functions taken by these infusing intensifiers also vary with those of qualities, those in a process, those of modalities, and those that denote absolute value and intensification in exclamatory sentences (i) Infusing intensifiers up-or down-scaling of qualities are identified via adjectives, nouns, adverbs, adjective phrases, and noun phrases, of which infusing intensifiers being adjectives are the most preferable ones in English literary discourse occupying 65.5% These infusing intensifiers being adjectives are found in two groups, namely individual infusing intensifiers (e.g., miserable, deep-rooted, bloodless, etc.) and infusing intensifiers as epithets in a sequence of graduation determining intensity from a low level to high level and reflecting positive and negative evaluations The intensifiers in the sequence of intensity can show a relation to meanings like dim  dark or good  excellent or determine a contrast with one another in the degree of intensity like cool  cold  warm (ii) The function of up or down-scaling in verbal processes is operated via verbs These infusing intensifiers appear chiefly in material processes of transformation like contact or motion They are also found in mental processes or behavior processes Besides, we see 22 lexical adverbs functioning as up-graders or down-graders of processes because some verbs of motion, verbs of perception or verbs manifesting conscious state themselves cannot perform the function of up-scaling or down-scaling the level of intensity (iii) Infusing intensifiers can upgrade or downgrade the meaning of modalities in a sequence like possible  probable  certain or rarely  occasionally  sometimes  often  always The intensifiers in this type are not diversified in forms of representation Additionally, they are not commonly used in English literary discourse (iv) Lastly, infusing intensifiers can reflect absolute values being lexical words - adjectives, nouns, and verbs However, like infusing intensifiers up-scaling or down-scaling in modalities, this type is not much preferable in English literary discourse The third sub-category of intensification is seen via rhetorical devices like metaphor, simile, hyperbole and repetition, of which metaphor is diversified in form of representation, either via verbal transference, transference of meaning of lexical words or via a word used for something resembling mentioned In the same vein, repetition can be lexical words namely noun, verb, adjective, adverb; non-lexical words namely preposition, conjunction, determiner or even phrases and clauses Interestingly, while simile, metaphor and hyperbole are realized via phrases or clauses, simile is recognized as isolating intensification while metaphor and hyperbole can be in the infused class or isolated class Moreover, simile is more prominent in English literary discourse than metaphor and hyperbole The noticeable thing is that the case up-scaling or down-scaling of verbal processes is more popular than the case of up-scaling or down-scaling qualities (B) The rendering of Isolating Intensification into Vietnamese In terms of translation, the representation of isolating intensification requires various strategies to be applied to produce a translation of adequate equivalence To achieve translation equivalence in rendering isolating intensification into Vietnamese, efforts have been recorded in executing adjustments such as up-scaling and down-scaling the level of intensity or leaving out some elements denoting intensification in the TL texts The findings show that there are four tendencies when rendering the meaning of English intensification into Vietnamese They are (i) preserving the level of intensity; (ii) up-scaling the level of 23 intensity; (iii) down-scaling the level of intensity; and (iv) leaving out intensity Of these, preserving the level of intensity is the most popular, at the same time, omitting expressions of intensification also tends to be preferable as compared with the up-scaling or down-scaling of the level of intensity Via the analysis of the data collected, it can be said that six strategies have been applied in rendering the meaning of isolating intensifiers into Vietnamese including Literal translation, Implicitation, Explicitation, Restructuring, Transposition and Modulation Of these strategies, Literal translation was recorded most frequent, accounting for 24.7 percent (146 cases out of 592 cases) Literal translation also involves Literal transposition whereby some modifications are accepted without any changes in meaning of the original The prevalence of the literal approach would reveal that it is necessary to render the semantic meaning of this language element literally into Vietnamese In addition, it can be said that literal translation is used when the level of intensity is preserved in the TL text Besides, literal transposition is also applied as a change of word order and structure in the TL text, or a ‘re-ordering of the segment constituents’ (Le, 2014) When the meaning of intensification is transferred into Vietnamese with their intensity upgraded or downgraded in the TL text, the strategy of modulation is deemed as most appropriate Besides, we have also found the strategy of Explicitation used when there is an increase in the level of intensity When the meaning of intensification is transferred into Vietnamese with their intensity lost in the TL text, the omission of the element of intensification can strengthen or weaken the force of proposition in the TL text When this happens, the strategy of implicitation is prominently used It is interesting to note that the strategy of restructuring can be followed by other strategies like Explicitation, Implicitation, Transposition and Modulation Restructuring is quite accompanied by implicitation as an omission of some lexical or grammatical elements or by explicitation as an addition of some lexico-grammatical items Noticeably, restructuring and transposition have found to be always attached to each other In a nutshell, it can be said that the encoding of intensification via translation with intensity being preserved, reinforced, reduced or lost goes hand in hand with the flexible use of strategies being adopted by the translator in the act of rendering meaning from 24 English into Vietnamese 7.2 Implications for the Teaching and Learning of English, Translation, and for the Practice of Translating The findings drawn from this research have some significant implications for English teaching and learning as well as for the study and practice of translation Firstly, the study is hoped to contribute to enhanced understanding of language features in spoken and writen discourse More specifically, with rich and insightful data taken from the literary genre, it enables English language learners to probe to more depth of this language phenomenon, the realization of intensification as graduation so that they can make best use of it to facilitate effective and successful communication to take place in a variety of language settings Those who are keen to read English literature or texts of similar genre should be better aware of how language works in operation, how meaning is encoded and decoded, how particular shades of interpersonal meaning, like that of intensification which shows the writers’ attitudes or lines of thought, or appreciation of particular processes, or evaluation can be realized in different ways, by different authors, in different language contexts In other words, while meanings can be encoded in varying ways with varying realisations, and efforts shown in decoding meanings, and then recoding particular shades of meaning especially when communicating across languages would necessitate adjustments and modifications of the embodiment of meaning or realization of language if the goal is to maintain ‘the equivalent effect in translation’ (Nida, 2004) Secondly, ‘any teaching about translation needs to acknowledge the reciprocal relationship between translation studies and other areas (e.g., linguistics)’ (Le, 2014, p 273) because this helps learners and translators apply interdisciplinary knowledge to the work of translating effectively As Nida (2001, p 10) claims, “linguists analyse texts, translators must understand texts” It is important that the translator be required to understand structures of a text and meanings of words in their specific contexts in order to understand the text (Le, 2014) Besides, to translate a text, he/she needs to understand the extended context in which the SL text is produced and for which the TL text is intended Therefore, some fundamental knowledge of linguistics is important to grasp Thirdly, the translator needs to be aware of constituent meaning of 25 different levels of discourse and the different ranks below the sentence which are not always in the approach to one-to-one equivalent This means that the process of translating does not always follow the way of morpheme to morpheme, word to word, phrase to phrase, clause to clause or sentence to sentence Therefore, identifying a unit of translation that conveys a complete meaning is important The translator needs to understand variants from formal correspondence or adjustments in a way that “the equivalent effect” of translation is maintained (Nida, 2004) such that he/she can make transformations in the TL text For example, the adjustment of the level of intensity is inevitable in the process of meaning making Thus, it is possible that the meaning of isolating intensification can be subject to the interpersonal interaction between the translator and the author, in this case, the text, and that some negotiation of meaning, or some level of adjustment via lexico-grammatical means would then lead to the tendency towards levering, reducing the tone of intensity, or even making it implicit in the TL text Lastly, mastering the strategies and techniques in translation allows the translator to gain more confidence and flexibility in creating an appropriate translation, especially in rendering the meaning of isolating intensification into Vietnamese Translators should not go for a onesize-fits-all approach in translating texts Instead, it is important that he/she should take the role of a mediator, bridging the gaps between L1 writer/speaker and L2 readers/hearer In this sense, he/she needs sharp judgment of the context of situation where language is used in communication, of the participants engaging in the process of communication, of the intentions of the text and the intention of the writer, so as to produce the best possible and effective rendition of meaning in a way that is well accepted by the L2 readers/hearers In this sense, benefits can be ample to learners and translators in avoiding making unnecessary errors when transcending messages in aspects of language, especially language of appraisal into Vietnamese To sum up, the findings generated from this piece of research can be said to exert some level of significance as well as make some important contribution to the teaching and learning of English as well as the teaching and practice of translation 7.3 Limitations of the Study In effort to accomplish the research, this thesis inevitably leaves 26 some limitations Firstly, as already mentioned in the scope of the study, there are some matters I have not covered yet, namely intensification realised via comparatives and superlatives which reflect intensity from high to highest level Therefore, a perfect picture of intensification has yet visualized because it still lacks a bit of its certain colour Secondly, given a large sample, the data were still manually processed with frequencies being counted, which might add to quite a modest level of professionalism Lastly, the data extracted from the works of literature are in the literary periods of critical and social realism from the mid-18th to the mid-19th Over a century, it is obvious that the way of looking at and thinking about the reality and world is more or less different by authors More insights could have been gained if the researcher had explored the differences in realizing intensification by authors between mid-to-late-18th and early-to-mid 19th century If these shortcomings are filled in, the thesis will surely reach more perfection 7.4 Suggestions for Further Research REFERENCES SOURCES OF DATA APPENDIX PUBLICATION LISTS Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Investigating Infusing intensifiers in English literary discourse and shifts in their Vietnamese Translation Journal of Language and Life, (285), 57-66 ISSN 08683409 Luu Quy Khuong, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Chafe’s Semantic Structure Processes Versus Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar Processes IJSFL - International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 1(2), 57-66 E-ISSN 2614-4255; ISSN 2614-4247 Published June 17, 2019 from https://www.ejournal warmadewa ac.id/ index.php/ijsfl/article/view/1075 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Strategies for Translating English isolating intensifiers from Wuthering Heights by Bronté into Vietnamese Quang Nam University Journal of Science 19, 115-126; ISSN 0866-7586 Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Isolating Intensifiers in Verbal Processes Found in English Literary Discourse IJSFL International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 3(2), 90-97 E-ISSN 2614-4255; ISSN 2614-4247 Published July 13, 2021 from https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijsfl/article/view/107 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Intensification via Rhetorical Devices in English Literary Discourse Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học Quốc gia Nghiên cứu giảng dạy Ngoại ngữ, ngôn ngữ quốc tế học Việt Nam Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội ... Matthiessen, 2004) 2.2 .1.3 Structure and System in Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2 .2 Appraisal in Systemic Functional Linguistics 2.2 .2.1 Overview 2.2 .2.2 Appraisal in English 2.2 .2.3 Graduation... 143) 2.2 .3 Intensification and Word Classes in Vietnamese 2.2 .4 Translation and Issues in Translation 2.2 .4.1 Defining Translation 2.2 .4.2 Translation in Relation to Linguistic Theory 2.2 .4.3... Intensifiers 4.1 .2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 4.1 .2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 4.1 .2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 4 .2.3 Intensification via Isolating Maximisers 4 .2.3 .1 Up-scaling in