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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY TRAN THANH MINH URBANIZATION IN CU CHI DISTRICT (HO CHI MINH CITY) FROM 1997-2015 Major: Vietnamese History Code: 9229013 DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY NGHE AN - 2022 The work was completed at: Vinh University Supervisors: Assoc.Prof.Dr Tran Vu Tai Dr Pham Thi Thu Nga Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Review 3: The thesis was defended before the University Thesis Judging Committee of Vinh University on hour day month year The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Vinh University PREAMBLE Reason for choosing the topic Under the impact of the scientific - technological revolution and the rapid development of the industrial and commercial economy, the process of urbanization is becoming an inevitable and taking place strongly all over the world, including Vietnam Male For Vietnam, urbanization is one of the important solutions in the socio-economic development strategy in order to shift the economic structure towards strongly developing industries, trade - services, tourism calendar, gradually narrowing the proportion of agriculture, meeting the goals of industrialization and modernization set forth by the Party and State, contributing to promoting the process of socio-economic development, gradually improving living standards of the people However, besides the positive aspects, urbanization also has many shortcomings and poses many problems to be solved such as labor and employment issues, especially jobs for farmers; population pressure on social issues; The impact of urbanization on the ecological environment… Therefore, the study of the process of urbanization in general and urbanization in each locality in particular aims to propose solutions to promote these positive factors Limiting the negative side of the urbanization process is an issue of urgent significance in the current period From the requirements of practice, the study of urbanization always attracts the attention of managers and researchers of different fields Therefore, there have been published works and articles published in specialized journals on the urbanization process in Vietnam in many fields A number of topics, theses and disserations have also studied in-depth the urbanization process in specific localities Cu Chi is a district in the northwest of Ho Chi Minh City, the heroic gateway of the city during the long years of national resistance Referring to Cu Chi, in the memory of each person, one does not forget an “iron land" - the cradle that steadfastly defended the country and kept the village, once the fear of each enemy That is why, during the two resistance wars against the French and the Americans, the people of Cu Chi suffered many losses and pains when the colonial and imperial authorities always wanted to turn this place into a "wild land" for easy control It is estimated that each Cu Chi resident has "carried" about 1.5 tons of bombs during the years of struggle for independence and reunification of the Fatherland Since the day of liberation, the people of Cu Chi entered the period of construction and development of the homeland with numerous difficulties The war has destroyed almost the entire ecosystem and infrastructure of this land, turning this place into a white belt full of bomb craters, minefields, barbed wire fences and thousands of hectares of wasteland However, with determination, the people of Cu Chi turned the "land of steel into copper" - the heroic land in the resistance war - increasingly reviving, changing skin From a purely agricultural district, especially, since 1997, Cu Chi has developed towards urbanization, with the introduction of industrial parks, increasingly upgraded technical infrastructure, people's living standards was enhanced, residential areas were formed on the fields and gardens that were left untouched Cu Chi has made great strides on the journey towards the goal of becoming a satellite city of Ho Chi Minh City, becoming a typical district in the urbanization process of a suburban area The achievements that the people of Cu Chi have achieved have created a new face for the heroic land However, besides the outstanding results, the urbanization process of Cu Chi has also posed many inadequacies in terms of infrastructure, economy, culture and society that need to be solved Therefore, it is necessary to study systematically so that it can contribute to giving an overall solution that is oriented for the sustainable and long-term development of this land With that in mind, I decided to study the process of urbanization in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City from 1997 to 2015 as the topic of PhD thesis, majoring in Vietnamese History Objects and scope of research 2.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2015 The thesis will focus on learning about guidelines, guidelines and policies on urbanization, urbanization process as well as giving comments on the process of urbanization in this land 2.2.Scope of research Regarding the content, the thesis studies the urbanization process of Cu Chi district in many aspects, in which focuses on understanding the factors affecting the urbanization process of Cu Chi district, policies and policies Urbanization policy, urbanization process in all aspects: urban landscape, changes in economic, cultural, social and people's life in Cu Chi district since 1997 to 2015 From there, one of the important contents of the thesis is to draw comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi district Regarding the spatial scope, the research topic is on the spatial scale of Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City A relatively favorable point for us in the process of implementing the project is that from 1975 to now, the geographical spatial extent of Cu Chi district has been stable and unchanged When implementing the thesis, in some necessary cases, when comparing with some other localities, we mentioned related spaces Regarding the time range, the time scope of the study was selected from 1997, which was the year of establishment of industrial zones in Cu Chi district, marking the process of urbanization that officially started taking place in Cu Chi The thesis stops at the timeline of 2015, when Cu Chi district has also undergone nearly 20 years of urbanization, enough time to summarize and evaluate the important successes as well as the limitations in the process of urban planning and management and stabilizing people's life in the district However, in order to have a comprehensive view and have more bases for evaluation, in the process of implementation, the thesis also mentioned a number of issues related to the topic in the period before 1997 and after 2015 Research objectives and tasks 3.1 Target The thesis focuses on researching in a comprehensive, profound and systematic way about the process of urbanization in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City from 1997 to 2015 on major aspects such as landscape, urban planning, management, economic, social and cultural changes as well as drawing comments on the urban process culture in Cu Chi 3.2 Mission To achieve the above goal, the thesis focuses on solving the following tasks: - Overview of research works related to the topic, thereby determining the focus of the thesis problems to be solved - Analysis of factors affecting the urbanization process in Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2015; - Clarifying the urbanization process in Cu Chi district in such aspects as: urban planning, construction of facilities, urban management, economic and social changes in the process of urbanization in Cu Chi; - Giving some comments on the process of urbanization in Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2015 Materials and research methods 4.1 Source material - Sources of documents archived at the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City In Ho Chi Minh City, the Statistics Office of Cu Chi district includes documents, directives, resolutions, summary reports and annual directions of tasks on economic and social development of Cu Chi district, data on economic and social fields of the district provided by the statistics office This source of material is the most important and is considered as a first-level document for the thesis implementation process We have collected and processed in the direction of each stage and each issue related to the content of the thesis Archives : references are research works, monographs, theses, theses, etc related to the topic This source of material will be presented in detail in chapter of the thesis - The source of material is collected by the author and surveyed in Cu Chi district: we have fielded, observed and investigated to better understand the economic, social and cultural situation of Cu Chi during the process of urbanization 4.2 Research Methods In terms of methodology: the thesis applies dialectical and historical materialism methodologies to evaluate, analyze and draw conclusions Regarding research methods: the thesis uses two main research methods, the historical method and the logical method In addition, in this thesis, we combine and use the methods of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research approaches such as: analytical method; synthetic; comparison comparison; fieldwork methods, processing information to evaluate and contribute to enriching the source material Dissertation contribution The thesis has collected and systematized a rich number of documents related to urbanization and urbanization process in Cu Chi district The thesis is the first work to systematically and comprehensively study the urbanization process in Cu Chi district (Ho Chi Minh City) from 1997 to 2015 This is a new contribution of the thesis The thesis has clarified the 20-year process of urbanization in Cu Chi in terms of urban planning and management, which is clearly reflected in the change in landscape appearance, essential infrastructure, changes in the world economic, cultural, social and urban lifestyles of all classes of the population The thesis also makes comments and assessments on the urbanization process of Cu Chi district, draws lessons from experience, contributes to providing theoretical and practical basis as a scientific basis for leadership work, directing the practical development of this district of Cu Chi district in particular, of other districts and towns in the country in general in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization The results of the project also contribute a case study on the issue of urbanization - a topic of profound practical significance in the current context Thesis structure: In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the content of the thesis is presented in chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research works related to the topic Chapter 2: Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2005 Chapter 3: Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 2005 to 2015 Chapter 4: Some comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO THE TOPIC 1.1 The concept of urbanism and urbanization 1.1.1 Urban _ Stemming from the history of the formation of ancient cities, researchers have shown that the urban concept consists of two components: capital, citadel, town and commune, meaning administrative - political functions; market means market, has economic connotation, in which political function overrides economic function However, in modern society, the above definition does not seem to cover all aspects of the city According to the authors of the urban construction and development planning work, “Urban is a concentrated population area with a high level of population, mainly non-agricultural workers, with appropriate infrastructure, a central general specialized center, has the role of promoting the socio-economic development of the whole country, a territory, a province, a district or a region within the province or district The Government also issued Decree No 72/2001/ND-CP dated October 5, 2001 on urban classification and urban management level ; Decree No 42/2009/ND-CP dated May 7, 2009 on urban classification, organization of formulation and appraisal of projects and decision on recognition of urban types 1.1.2 Urbanization _ The concept of urbanization has been studied and defined by many scientists depending on the point of view and approach On the basis of analyzing concepts, in this thesis, we use the view that: Urbanization is essentially a process of socio-economic restructuring with the following characteristics: Firstly, forming and expanding the scale of modern urban infrastructure with planning on architectural landscape in the direction of modern urban Second, the economic restructuring from agriculture to industry and services Third, changes in social life such as changes in population structure, labor, transition from a dispersed lifestyle (sparse population density) to concentrated living (high population density), transition from rural lifestyle to urban lifestyle, along with the appropriate urban management method 1.2 Joint research project on urbanization and urbanization in Vietnam 1.2.1 The works of the foreign author In the 70s of the twentieth century, many research works with a new approach to urban social and cultural life appeared, typically Manuel Castell's research on Urban Problems (1970) Since then, there have been many studies by foreign scholars on the process of urbanization in the world and urbanization in Vietnam 1.2.2 The works of the domestic author Domestic authors have researched on urbanization in many aspects such as: works in the field of history (Books: Vietnam 's Ancient Cities by Institute of History, Vietnamese Cities under Nguyen Dynasty by authors Authors Nguyen Thua Hy, Do Bang, Nguyen Van Dang ), fields of economics, sociology, anthropology (Book of Vietnam 's Urbanism by Dam Trung Phuong, Urbanization in Vietnam and Southeast Asia by China ) Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Institute of Social Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City, Ethnology - Urban and the problem of urbanization by Mac Duong In addition, each specific aspect of urbanization issues is also mentioned in many different works 1.3 Research on urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City and Cu Chi district 1.3.1 Research project on urbanization in Ho Chi Minh City In the research works on the urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City, the authors have focused on studying the aspects such as the relationship between urbanization and population, urban management, and village culture in the face of the challenge of urbanization In addition, a number of books on general understanding of Ho Chi Minh City are also available mentioned some aspects of the economic and social changes of Ho Chi Minh City on the way of urbanization 1.3.2 Research project on urbanization in Cu Chi district Currently, research on Cu Chi district focuses mainly on the works " Cu Chi 20 years of construction and development from April 30, 1975 to April 30, 1995 " and " Cu Chi - 30 years of construction and development" of the Executive Committee of the District Party Committee, books on learning about history and culture and a number of related theses and theses 1.4 Comment on the research situation related to the topic and issues that need further research in the thesis 1.4.1 Comments on the research situation related to the thesis topic Firstly, from the number of research works, it shows that urbanization is a research direction that many industries are interested in Therefore, there have been many related publications in many different fields These are important results that help future studies have an overview of urbanization when conducting research on specific cases Secondly, in research works in Vietnam, the authors have quite clearly generalized aspects of modern urban areas, that is, master planning, management of technical infrastructure - infrastructure Social strata, population, sustainable development, culture and lifestyle Thirdly, studies on the changes of Cu Chi district since the liberation day in terms of economy and society have been mentioned at a general level in a number of research works However, a systematic, complete and profound study of the district's urbanization process, especially since the promotion of industrialization and modernization in the period 1997 - 2015 is still a gap in the research historical study 1.4.2 Issues that need further research in the thesis Firstly, to analyze the factors affecting the urbanization process in Cu Chi district Secondly, to clarify the urbanization process in Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2015, in areas such as urban planning, infrastructure construction, urban management, economic and social changes society and culture in the process of urbanization Thirdly, to make some comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi district Through the overview study, it can be said that the thesis is the first work to make an in-depth and comprehensive study of the urbanization process in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City 11 works another floor In Cu Chi, the same situation happened However, although the agricultural land area decreased, the output of Cu Chi's agricultural industry still increased, the agricultural production value of Cu Chi also continuously increased The structure of the agricultural sector also has changes in the proportion between crops and livestock, changes in the structure of crops and livestock in accordance with the requirements and context of the urbanization process 2.4.2 Industry - Small handicrafts Urbanization is first and foremost associated with industrialization, so changes in the value and share of industries in the economy are considered the most important signs of urbanization In Cu Chi, within 10 years (1996 2005), the proportion of agriculture sector decreased from 41.66% to 10.95% (down 30.71%); the proportion of industry and handicrafts increased from 52.42% to 74.46% (up 22.04%); the proportion of trade and service industry increased from 5.92% to 10.95% (up 5.03%) In which, industry and handicrafts increased fastest in the period 2001-2005 In the industrial structure of Cu Chi, the proportion of industrial production value of non-state enterprises is the main and increasing proportion Industrial zones and clusters have attracted a large number of domestic and foreign investors as well as enterprises 2.4.3 Trade in Services Since 1997, commercial and service activities in the district have grown strongly, and year- by -year sales have continuously increased In the period 2000-2005, the average annual growth rate reached 27.13 % In 2005, the industry's production value reached VND 473,030 million 2.5 Changes in population and labor 2.5.1 Population Cu Chi's population has increased continuously over the years However, the rate of population growth varies over time From 1999 to 2005, the district's population growth rate was 18.78%, an average annual increase of 2.68% Urban population increased by 3,696 people (32.24%) an average annual increase of 739 people (6.45%), rural population increased by 42,430 people, an average annual increase of 8,486 people, (3.46%) [5 ; 7) Urban population, although small proportion of the total population in the district, but growing faster than the rural population That is the impact of the process 12 of industrialization and modernization of the countryside taking place at a fast pace, the development of industry in the locality and the policy of expanding the population from the inner city to the suburbs of the city 2.5.2 Labor source In Cu Chi, the labor force in the district in 2001 was 165,947 people, in 2004 it reached 179,872 people The average annual growth rate of the labor force in Cu Chi district in the 2001 - 2005 period is 2.09% In general, the quality of life of workers in Cu Chi is still low due to weak professional qualifications Sub-conclusion of chapter Cu Chi is a district with a favorable geographical position, with a lot of potential for land and labor to carry out the process of urbanization In the new historical context of the country, TP Ho Chi Minh has determined to build Cu Chi into a satellite town of the city After years of implementation, Cu Chi has made changes in many fields, towards realizing the goal of becoming a satellite city of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh It can be said that the process of urbanization in Cu Chi in the years 1997 - 2005 has taken place in all aspects, from urban planning, construction of facilities, administration, transformation economic and social changes However, at this stage, the economic transition is still slow, the immigrant population and labor force are still not commensurate with the potential of the district However, the period 1997 - 2005 has an important meaning, is the first step in the urbanization process of Cu Chi, is the foundation for Cu Chi to continue to accelerate the urbanization process in the next stages 13 CHAPTER THE URBANIZATION PROCESS IN CU CHI DISTRICT FROM 2005 TO 2015 3.1 New policy of Ho Chi Minh City and Cu Chi district In the new context, in order to actively integrate into the economy with the region and the world, the 8th Party Congress of Ho Chi Minh City in 2005 clearly stated "Ho Chi Minh City needs to build an urban government" In 2005, the 9th Cu Chi District Party Congress determined the overall goal in the 2005-2010 period was: Accelerating the economic restructuring process towards industry - agriculture - trade - services This orientation continued to be confirmed in the 10th Cu Chi District Party Congress 3.2 Urban planning, infrastructure construction 3.2.1 Urban planning In the process of urbanization of Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City has adjusted the planning to suit the new situation and context Many decisions have been issued such as: Decision No 2560/QD-UBND dated June 5, 2006 of the City People's Committee approving the detailed construction planning task (scale 1/2000) of the industrial complex Bau Dung Industrial Park, Cu Chi District, City Ho Chi Minh; Decision No 2675/QD-UBND dated June 21, 2007 of the City People's Committee on approving the task of adjusting the general construction planning of Cu Chi district Accordingly, the appearance of Cu Chi urban area is shaped with regulations The master plan includes many industrial zones, residential areas, cultural, scientific and educational centers 3.2.2 Invest in building infrastructure In the period 2005-2015, Cu Chi continued to focus on investing in building infrastructure in all fields of traffic, culture, society, irrigation, economic and technical infrastructure The investment in construction Building infrastructure has contributed to changing the face and creating important conditions for Cu Chi to develop socio-economically and accelerate the process of urbanization 3.3 Urban management 3.3.1 Management of urban government During the period 2005 - 2015, Cu Chi district maintained administrative reform, expanded the application of the quality management 14 system (ISO 9001: 2000) into 72 jobs related to organizations and citizens In terms of urban administration management such as land use management, security and order management, social safety assurance, budget revenue and expenditure management, environmental resource management, etc change towards the construction of urban government However, the management of the urban administration of Cu Chi also has some limitations such as: the regulation of coordination of specialized departments has not been well implemented in the operation of the district People's Committee, the public administration The inspection of the areas of application of the ISO quality management system is not good 3.3.2 Ensuring people's lives and developing culture, education, and health In the period 2005-2015, Cu Chi district continued to campaign to build houses of gratitude, houses of compassion, ensure social security, support job creation, improve people 's income and life, Basic houses are roofed with corrugated iron, tiled and equipped with amenities for daily life Per capita income has steadily increased over the years The district has also achieved many achievements in improving people's living standards, developing culture, education, and healthcare However, in the social field in Cu Chi, there are still many problems such as a part of the labor force who not have a stable job, social evils are still quite common 3.4 Economic change 3.4.1 Agriculture With rapid urbanization, the agricultural land area in Cu Chi continues to shrink Although the general trend is to reduce the area, in general, agricultural land still accounts for a large proportion of the entire natural land area of Cu Chi district (over 72%) In which, land for rice and vegetable cultivation accounts for a high proportion of agricultural land The chart of the structure of the rice-growing area of the city for the whole year Ho Chi Minh City in 2015 shows that the area under rice cultivation in Cu Chi is 2.3 times larger than in Binh Chanh district The total rice cultivation area of these two districts accounts for 86.29% of the whole year rice area of Ho Chi Minh City Regarding infrastructure for agriculture, for agricultural mechanization, as of 2015, over 90% of rice cultivation land in Cu Chi has 15 the participation of agricultural machinery, more than 70 % of harvesting is done by stackers, drum threshers, combine harvesters Thanks to that, Cu Chi is also the district with the highest annual rice yield in the city The cultivation of vegetables and ornamental flowers is also mechanized, applying many scientific and technical advances Regarding the structure of the agricultural economy, in the period 2005-2010, the structure of the agricultural economy continued to change towards the development of crops and livestock of high value and economic efficiency The proportion of livestock sector accounts for 48.24%, cultivation 40.11%, agricultural services 11.65% Cu Chi's livestock industry has the largest number of cows and pigs in the city The value of Cu Chi's agricultural output in 2010 reached 2,855,220 million VND; until 2015 reached 4,317,792 million VND (calculated at 2010 constant prices), an increase of 108.62% However, the growth rate of the agricultural sector is lower than that of industry - handicrafts, trade - services This is also an inevitable trend in the process of urbanization in rural areas of our country 3.4.2 Industry - handicrafts Regarding the value and proportion of industry in the economic structure of the district, industry - handicrafts and trade - services in Cu Chi area have developed strongly In the five years 2010 - 2015 alone, the industry's average growth rate is 129.01%, of which the district's industry is 116.76%; City industry manages 123.73% This changes the value structure of economic sectors of Cu Chi district By 2015, the industry accounted for 72.18% of the economic production value Industry has become the most important economic sector in the district's economy This is a clear demonstration of the process of industrialization and urbanization in Cu Chi district We also tabulated statistical data showing that Cu Chi is also a district with a high growth rate of non-state industrial production value compared to suburban districts Regarding industrial product classification, 100% of industrial production value of the district comes from processing and renewable industries In which, the main industry of the district is the production of products from rubber and plastic (accounting for over 40%) 16 In Cu Chi, industrial parks and large-scale industrial clusters have been formed This is an important factor leading to drastic changes in the industrial economy of the district Industrial zones and clusters have attracted a large number of domestic and foreign investors as well as enterprises The formation and development of industrial parks and industrial clusters have contributed to solving labor problems for local people, changing the composition of the urban population and promoting the urbanization process of the district 3.4.3 Trade in Services Analysis of the figures and charts shows that the average annual growth rate of the trade - service industry in the period 2005-2010 is 27.34%/year, the goods are diversified and abundant, meeting the needs of customers increasing demand for production and consumption of the people From 2010 to 2015, the revenue of the trade - service industry has increased from 1,729,559 VND to 4,086,553 VND, 2.36 times higher It is the rapid growth of revenue that has made the trade - service industry an industry that makes a great contribution to the economic development of Cu Chi district 3.5 Changes in population, labor and lifestyle of residents 3.5.1 Population, labor Regarding population, in 2006, Cu Chi's population was 296,032 people, in 2010 it was 355,822 people, in 2015 it was: 411,252 people However, the rate of population growth varies over time In 2010, the district's population growth rate was 8.5‰, in 2015 it was 9.1‰ In addition, in Cu Chi district, there is an increase in mechanical population In 2015, the mechanical population growth rate of Cu Chi was 3.16% The mechanical increase is due to migration phenomena to Cu Chi In addition, an important manifestation of the urbanization process in Cu Chi is the urban population concentration rate Regarding labor resources, in 2015, the number of people over 14 years old in Cu Chi was 339,283 people (accounting for 82.5%) In particular, the labor resource growth rate increased very rapidly in the years 2010 - 2015 The percentage of workers with vocational training in Cu Chi is also increased faster from 2011 to 2015 In years, the number of trained workers increased by 34.22%, equivalent to 1.78 times 3.5.2 The change in the lifestyle of residents 17 In the process of urbanization, a number of traditional cultural elements of the nation are still promoted by the people of Cu Chi such as the tradition of studiousness, remembering the source when drinking water, village solidarity When living conditions are better, people also actively participate in social and charity activities such as donation fund for the poor, social relief fund, studious fund, gratitude fund A number of issues related to residents' lifestyles, clothing, eating and drinking activities, housing, etc have also changed under the process of urbanization Besides positive changes, there are also negative manifestations in the lifestyle of Cu Chi people First of all, the increase in immigration has affected the previous way of life, littering, inappropriate dressing, social evils, a chaotic and complicated lifestyle that the government can not control This is one of the causes leading to social evils and insecurity in the district Sub-conclusion of chapter In the period 2005 - 2015, the urbanization process of Cu Chi district has taken place strongly in all aspects: accelerating industrialization, modernization, building urban agriculture, creating epidemics to rapidly shift the economic structure in the direction of increasing the proportion of industry, trade and services, especially the proportion of the service sector, combining economic growth with income growth, improving people's living standards, ensuring security and improving the quality of life social welfare, building a civilized rural environment The process of urbanization has created comprehensive changes in both economic and social aspects in Cu Chi, in which, economic changes have created a strong premise to bring about social changes and vice versa On the contrary, social changes have impacted and created momentum for Cu Chi's economy to continue to develop However, in the process of urbanization, a series of urgent social problems also require Cu Chi's efforts to focus on solving 18 CHAPTER SOME COMMENTS ON THE URBANIZATION PROCESS IN CU CHI DISTRICT 4.1 The process of urbanization in Cu Chi is voluntary voluntary urbanization in Cu Chi is reflected in the fact that it has taken place according to the plans, guidelines and policies of the Party, the government, according to the planning of the City and the district Economic development is associated with investment in building synchronous infrastructure, combining job creation and poverty alleviation for the people 4.2 The process of urbanization in Cu Chi district takes place synchronously and comprehensively In terms of urban space, the urbanization process in Cu Chi has not changed in terms of area and administrative boundaries compared to other districts of the city For Cu Chi district, urbanization in breadth is the expansion of landscape and urban works The sign marking the transformation of Cu Chi into the urbanization period is the strong construction and development of industrial zones, clusters and urban infrastructure Along with the strong investment in infrastructure construction, other issues such as education, culture, society, etc are also implemented according to the roadmap That combination creates an even development in the planning, management and development of Cu Chi district towards urbanization In addition, Cu Chi pays special attention to urban development in depth, that is, urbanization goes along with sustainable development This feature is most obvious that the economic structure has shifted towards industrial production, trade - services are increasingly developed and increasingly occupy a high proportion in the economy; Technical infrastructure, production infrastructure, social infrastructure are upgraded according to detailed plans to each alley, meeting current and future needs well Depth is also reflected in the workforce shifting to commercial and service activities; Social security, labor and employment, material and spiritual life of the people are concerned, cultural and spiritual activities are increasingly civilized and modern 4.3 The process of urbanization has strongly affected the economic development of Cu Chi district 19 As a result of the process of urbanization, the value of Cu Chi's economy has increased sharply The value of the entire economic sector of Cu Chi has continuously increased over the years By 2015, this figure was VND 27,192,275 million (calculated at 1994 fixed prices) The process of urbanization strongly changes the economic structure of Cu Chi district Comparing the two timelines 1997 and 2015 shows that within nearly 20 years, the economic structure of Cu Chi district with the agricultural economy as the main one is no longer the main economic sector by 2015 with a decrease of 42.48% The economic structure of industry handicrafts increased strongly (71.55%) At the same time, in each economic branch of Cu Chi district, there are changes in accordance with the requirements of urbanization 4.4 With the comprehensive urbanization process, Cu Chi is one of the top suburban districts in terms of budget revenue, improving people's living standards From the analysis data, it can be seen that the districts with large budget revenues are also those with high urbanization rates, among which the highest are Binh Chanh and Cu Chi At the same time, the process of urbanization has strongly changed the living standards of people in Cu Chi district Only in about years, the number of poor households in Cu Chi has decreased rapidly, from 9.58% in 2010 to 2015 to 2.14%, a decrease of 7.44% From the above results, by 2015, Cu Chi has basically completed the new rural construction program with 20/20 communes meet the standards Cu Chi is the first suburban district of Ho Chi Minh City to be recognized by the Prime Minister as meeting new rural standards The material and cultural life of the people is constantly being improved, the average income of the people is increasing to 40 million VND/person/year (1.8 times higher than the income of 21.6 million VND/person/year) VND/person/year at the beginning of 2010 ) 4.5 Urbanization has strongly shifted the population and labor structure of Cu Chi In Cu Chi, the process of urbanization has changed the population situation in the following two main directions: Firstly, the population of Cu Chi has increased rapidly, in which, the rate of population growth is mechanical due to The source of migrant labor in Cu Chi increased rapidly, 20 due to the demand for labor to serve industrial zones and clusters Second, the increase in the ratio of the urban population to the rural population We also made a comparison table and found that in the suburban districts of the city Ho Chi Minh City, Nha Be is the district with the highest average urban population, followed by Cu Chi district 4.6 Urbanization has changed many cultural activities of Cu Chi residents Urbanization has promoted the economic development of Cu Chi, leading to changes in culture Firstly, the investment funds for cultural activities of the district have been increased, cultural activities have achieved many remarkable results Second, cultural activities change to the shape of urban culture Third, besides the positive aspects, urbanization also brings some consequences to the cultural life of Cu Chi residents in particular, and urbanized rural areas in general across the country 4.7 Urbanization has had a strong impact on the environmental landscape of Cu Chi district An obvious result of urbanization in localities is that rural landscapes disappear to be replaced by urban landscapes If in the past, trees, fields, buffaloes, and stables were the landscape of the old village and countryside of Cu Chi, through the process of urbanization, these images gradually disappeared to receive a Other landscapes: houses, factories, roads, schools, theaters, supermarkets However, in the process of urbanization, environmental pollution is also a matter of special concern Sub-conclusion of chapter Compared with the suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City, along with Binh Chanh, Cu Chi is a district with a fast urbanization rate The urbanization process of Cu Chi started from the urgent need for economic development to help the locality get out of poverty Urbanization takes place first of all, a shift in economic structure and a change in infrastructure facilities for local development The values from the process of urbanization not only change the lives of the people of Cu Chi, the appearance of Cu Chi district, but also make an important contribution to the overall development of Ho Chi Minh City - a largest city and the economic locomotive of the country 21 CONCLUSION Urbanization is an inevitable process that goes hand in hand with industrialization and modernization After nearly 20 years of urbanization, Cu Chi district has achieved many important achievements in many aspects Through the study of the urbanization process in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City, we draw some conclusions as follows: The process of urbanization in Cu Chi district is influenced by factors on both advantages and disadvantages The most important factor affecting the urbanization process of the district is the policy of Cu Chi urban development in Ho Chi Minh City, which is specifically approved through the district's decisions In addition, geographical location, natural conditions, long historical and cultural traditions, abundant labor resources are also factors that create many advantages for the urbanization process of Cu Chi However, besides the advantages, the quality of the labor force is not high, stemming from the weak economic and social situation, which are also significant difficulties in the urbanization process of the district Regarding the urban landscape, the urbanization process of Cu Chi district is associated with the strong formation and development of industrial parks and urban infrastructure The planning of industrial parks, residential areas and accompanying infrastructure has been built and adjusted over the years to suit the reality and the new context of the situation Cu Chi district has invested in developing the transportation and irrigation network to serve the requirements of agricultural economic restructuring and new rural construction of the district; building steles to commemorate heroes and martyrs in communes and townships, implementing the people-founded lighting program, building schools and medical stations up to national standards in terms of facilities and completing the construction of the district People's Committee and 21 communes and townships The district has also completed the formulation of a number of socio-economic development planning projects such as the planning of the District capital's commercial center, the village of ornamental flowers, ornamental fish, and the garden villa area combined with ecotourism along the Saigon River, Saigon - Gia Dinh relic, Saigon Zoo and Botanical Garden, film studio (Hoa Phu), 22 Institute, international entertainment area; at the same time, implementing regional general planning projects, detailed planning of the central area and residential areas: Thai My commune, Phuoc Hiep commune, Trung Lap town and Trung Lap Ha commune, completing the school network planning education, health care, cultural and sports facilities It can be said that the changes in urban infrastructure have created a new look for Cu Chi, bringing Cu Chi from a rural suburban area that has taken on the appearance of a satellite town of Ho Chi Minh City Economically, the urbanization of Cu Chi is the process of gradually forming a new economy on the basis of increasingly effective exploitation of the district's potential strengths The economic value of Cu Chi has grown by leaps and bounds The economic structure of the district has changed from purely agricultural, agriculture is the main economic sector, the pillar has been forming the structure of industry - agriculture service From one of the poorest rural areas of Ho Chi Minh City, severely damaged by the war, thousands of hectares of abandoned fields, no industry and underdeveloped handicrafts, but Cu Chi has become a rich agricultural areas, industry - handicrafts, and services are on a strong development momentum This is the process of gradually transforming from rural to urban with the driving force of rapid and comprehensive industrialization modernization Socially, social fields in Cu Chi have changed profoundly according to the process of urbanization The face of Cu Chi countryside has quickly changed, from a bomb-white area, patched ground, abandoned gardens, and dilapidated houses, now it has a new, more complete and spacious appearance Areas such as education, culture, and health have made remarkable achievements The flow of immigrants to Cu Chi is increasing day by day, bringing back the labor force and bringing more rich cultural features to the land of Cu Chi The material and spiritual life of the people has been continuously improved The district's program of hunger eradication, poverty reduction, and bamboo cottages has been basically completed The average annual income of the people has increased over time The process of urbanization affects the lifestyle of Cu Chi residents With the introduction of export processing zones, factories, factories, roads were widened, bridges and bridges were built, many 23 commercial centers and modern residential areas changed the lifestyle from clinging to the soil and clinging to the fields to the urban lifestyle of Cu Chi residents At the same time, besides the positive aspects, the process of urbanization also generates many problems that need to be solved such as: shrinking agricultural land area, population growth, job pressure, social evils, etc The degradation of living environment are also obstacles to the development of urban areas, and Cu Chi is not an exception Overall study on the urbanization process of Cu Chi over nearly 20 years, some lessons can be drawn as follows: Firstly, Cu Chi has properly and appropriately applied the policies on urbanization of the Party, State, and Ho Chi Minh City into local practice This is an important factor leading to Cu Chi's achievements in the process of urbanization Secondly, the process of urbanization should be closely associated with the acceleration of economic restructuring in the direction of cottage industries, commerce and services Thirdly, it is extremely important in the process of urbanization that it is necessary to promote the people's strength, the spiritual strength, the consensus of the people, the material resources from the source of socialization, which are decisive to the development of the population success of urbanization To that, it is necessary to pay attention to the harmony between development and conservation, between the common interests of the collective and the legitimate interests of the people Fourthly, in the process of urbanization, it should be associated with ensuring social security, maintaining political and social stability, and managing the city well in all circumstances From the above lessons, in order to further accelerate the urbanization of Cu Chi in the coming time, Cu Chi district needs to continue to synchronously implement the following solutions: Firstly, continue to study and apply the guidelines and policies of the Party and Ho Chi Minh City to the specific conditions of the locality on the basis of promoting synergy, upholding the spirit of self-reliance, take advantage of the attention and effectively use investment resources Cu Chi needs specific solutions to promote the synergy of the whole political system, the resilient, dynamic, creative and united revolutionary tradition is a decisive factor in completing the task of urbanization 24 Secondly, the urbanization process must rely on the people, take care of the people's material and spiritual life, bring into play the strength of the people and strengthen dialogue with all classes of people; Economic development, well implementation of social security policies are sustainable political bases to strengthen people's confidence The district also needs policies to further improve social life, develop culture, and eliminate social evils arising in the process of urbanization Thirdly, in terms of human resource training to meet the needs of industrial zones in the district, it is necessary to continue to associate with technical universities and technical colleges to train engineers to practice providing for companies and factories according to orders, and at the same time further promote the role of Cu Chi Vocational School in training technical workers with industry orientation, with mechanisms to encourage businesses to organize for workers to study culture and vocational training to improve their qualifications Fourthly, focusing on the protection of natural resources, the ecological and social environment, and the effective exploitation and economical use of natural resources, including water and natural resources raw land The process of urbanization contributes to improving people's living standards, giving a new face to the countryside, but this process reduces the area of land used for agriculture Therefore, the district needs to make a plan for land management and use, a plan to arrange land use for the right purposes in order to best exploit the land's potential, and monitor the implementation of approved projects to avoid the situation land speculation then fallow In addition, the district needs to set aside a land fund to prioritize public works, serving the socio-economic development of Cu Chi in the coming time, especially the land fund for education, health care, culture and physical training sports In projects, it is necessary to comply with the planning on green areas and land for public works, making Cu Chi a land of sustainable development in the future LIST OF WORKS OF THE AUTHOR DISCLOSURE RELATED TO THESIS TOPIC Tran Thanh Minh (2020), Industrial economy of Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh city in the process of industrialization and modernization (19972015), Ho Chi Minh City Journal of Social Sciences, Academy of Social Sciences Vietnam, Southern Institute of Social Sciences, No 7/2020, ISSN 1013 – 4328, page - 18 Tran Thanh Minh (2020), The Party Committee of Cu Chi District, Ho Chi Minh City leads the development of agricultural economy (19962015), Party History Magazine - Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics - No 8/2020, ISSN 0936 – 8477, page 107 - 110 Tran Thanh Minh (2020), The change in urban space in Cu Chi district (Ho Chi Minh City) in the process of urbanization (1997-2020), Science Journal - Vinh University (accepted) ... People's Committee Ho Chi Minh City has issued Decision No 6994/QD-UB-QLDT approving the adjustment of the general planning of Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh Accordingly, Cu Chi district... urbanization process in Cu Chi district (Ho Chi Minh City) from 1997 to 2015 This is a new contribution of the thesis The thesis has clarified the 20-year process of urbanization in Cu Chi in terms of urban... Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2005 Chapter 3: Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 2005 to 2015 Chapter 4: Some comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi 6 CHAPTER OVERVIEW
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