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Sensors Applications Volume 2 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) Sensors Applications · Sensors in Manufacturing · Sensors in Intelligent Buildings · Sensors in Medicine and Health Care · Sensors in Automotive Technology · Sensors in Aerospace Technology · Sensors in Environmental Technology · Sensors in Household Appliances Related Wiley-VCH titles: W. Göpel, J. Hesse, J.N. Zemel Sensors Vol. 1–9 ISBN 3-527-26538-4 H. Baltes, W. Göpel, J. Hesse Sensors Update ISSN 1432-2404 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Series Editors: J. Hesse, J. W. Gardner, W. Göpel ({) Sensors Applications Volume 2 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Weinheim – New York – Chichester – Brisbane – Singapore – Toronto Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) Series Editors Prof. Dr. J. Hesse Carl Zeiss Postfach 1380 73447 Oberkochen Germany Prof. J.W. Gardner University of Warwick Division of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Coventry CV 7AL United Kingdom Prof. Dr. W. Göpel { Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany Volume Editors Dr. O. Gassmann Schindler Elevators & Escalators R&D Technology Management Zugerstrasse 13 6030 Ebikon/Luzern Switzerland Prof. Dr. H. Meixner Siemens Corporate Technology Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 81739 München Germany Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Cataloguing-in- Publication Data A catalogue record is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek © WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH D-69469 Weinheim, 2001 All rights reserved (including those of translation in other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, mi- crofilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered na- mes, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. printed in the Federal Republic of Germany printed on acid-free paper Composition K+V Fotosatz GmbH, D-64743 Beerfelden Printing Betz-Druck, D-64291 Darmstadt Bookbinding Wilhelm Osswald & Co., D-67433 Neustadt ISBN 3-527-29557-7 n This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be free of er- rors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) As the use of microelectronics became increasingly indispensable in measure- ment and control technology, so there was an increasing need for suitable sen- sors. From the mid-Seventies onwards sensors technology developed by leaps and bounds and within ten years had reached the point where it seemed desirable to publish a survey of what had been achieved so far. At the request of publishers WILEY-VCH, the task of editing was taken on by Wolfgang Göpel of the Univer- sity of Tübingen (Germany), Joachim Hesse of Carl Zeiss (Germany) and Jay Ze- mel of the University of Philadelphia (USA), and between 1989 and 1995 a series called Sensors was published in 8 volumes covering the field to date. The material was grouped and presented according to the underlying physical principles and reflected the degree of maturity of the respective methods and products. It was written primarily with researchers and design engineers in mind, and new devel- opments have been published each year in one or two supplementary volumes called Sensors Update. Both the publishers and the series editors, however, were agreed from the start that eventually sensor users would want to see publications only dealing with their own specific technical or scientific fields. Sure enough, during the Nineties we saw significant developments in applications for sensor technology, and it is now an indispensable part of many industrial processes and systems. It is timely, therefore, to launch a new series, Sensors Applications. WILEY-VCH again commis- sioned Wolfgang Göpel and Joachim Hesse to plan the series, but sadly Wolfgang Göpel suffered a fatal accident in June 1999 and did not live to see publication. We are fortunate that Julian Gardner of the University of Warwick has been able to take his place, but Wolfgang Göpel remains a co-editor posthumously and will not be forgotten. The series of Sensors Applications will deal with the use of sensors in the key technical and economic sectors and systems: Sensors in Manufacturing, Intelligent Buildings, Medicine and Health Care, Automotive Technology, Aerospace Technology, Environmental Technology and Household Appliances. Each volume will be edited by specialists in the field. Individual volumes may differ in certain respects as dic- tated by the topic, but the emphasis in each case will be on the process or system in question: which sensor is used, where, how and why, and exactly what the ben- efits are to the user. The process or system itself will of course be outlined and V Preface to the Series Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) the volume will close with a look ahead to likely developments and applications in the future. Actual sensor functions will only be described where it seems neces- sary for an understanding of how they relate to the process or system. The basic principles can always be found in the earlier series of Sensors and Sensors Update. The series editors would like to express their warm appreciation in the col- leagues who have contributed their expertise as volume editors or authors. We are deeply indebted to the publisher and would like to thank in particular Dr. Peter Gregory, Dr. Jörn Ritterbusch and Dr. Claudia Barzen for their constructive assis- tance both with the editorial detail and the publishing venture in general. We trust that our endeavors will meet with the reader’s approval. Oberkochen and Coventry, November 2000 Joachim Hesse Julian W. Gardner Preface to the SeriesVI In the building control industry, a clear trend towards more ‘intelligence’ can be observed. In the last two decades, intensive research has been done in the area of intelligent buildings. The concept integrates new technologies from areas such as sensor systems, computer automation, space-age materials, and energy manage- ment in order to adjust and adapt to its occupants. Integrated sensor systems judge indoor and outdoor conditions of a building and its devices in order to oper- ate as an integrated system for maximum performance and comfort. Modern buildings become a place of multilateral interaction between the inhabitants and the building entities. With this volume Sensors in Intelligent Buildings of the series Sensors Applications the Editors aim to create a work that presents the reader with a competent and comprehensive survey of sensors and sensor systems currently applied in the building industry. The book is primarily aimed at scientists and engineers en- gaged in research on and the development and application of sensors and search- ing for detailed references on sensors in the building control area. New system so- lutions and a wide variety of sensors will be available in all building areas such as energy, HVAC, information, transportation, safety, security, maintenance, and fa- cility management. The chapters have been contributed by leading scientists in international re- search institutes, universities, and companies such as the City University of Hong Kong, Coactive Networks, University of Applied Sciences Dortmund, Estia Sàrl, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research, Fraunhofer Institute for In- formation and Data Processing, Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, GMD Institute for Secure Telecooperation, Motorola, Philips Re- search Laboratories, Purdue University, San José State University, Sauter, Schind- ler Elevators & Escalators, Siemens Building Technologies, Siemens Corporate Technology, Siemens Energy & Automation, Siemens Landis & Staefa Electronic, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), The Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy (MIT), Technical University Munich, Transtechno, University of the Bundes- wehr Munich, University of Vermont, Vienna University of Technology, Viterra Energy Services, Weinzierl Engineering. VII Preface to Volume 2 of “Sensors Applications” Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) The main focus of this book relies on the system principle which is gaining more and more importance throughout the building control industry. Instead of just describing briefly the different types of sensors, it is the aim of the book to il- lustrate which sensors and sensor systems are used in which subsystem, to ex- plain which reasons were decisive for using especially a particular sensor and to give an outline of future developments. In all chapters a description of the system is followed by a discussion of the sensors currently used. This includes a discus- sion of their strengths and weaknesses and especially an illustration of the rea- sons why these sensors made it to industrial building applications. In every area we also provide a short outlook on upcoming sensors and sensor systems – also deduced from the question of what the developments to the subsystem will be and which new sensor types will therefore be needed. This book has been produced with the contributions of many people. We are very grateful to the authors who spent valuable time to share their research results and experiences with the scientific community. Especially we would like to thank Verena Klaassen, who gave us invaluable assistance in preparing this book. Many thanks go also to the publisher and series editors for their fruitful cooperation. Lucerne and Munich, February 2001 Oliver Gassmann and Hans Meixner Preface to Volume 2 of “Sensors Applications”VIII List of Contributors XXI 1 Introduction 1.1 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview and Trends 3 Oliver Gassmann, Hans Meixner 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Towards the Intelligent Building 4 1.1.2.1 Reduced Resource Consumption 6 1.1.2.2 Optimized Convenience and More Comfort 6 1.1.2.3 Increased Impact of Microsystems Technology 8 1.1.2.4 Increased Impact of New Communication Systems 10 1.1.2.5 Development of an Intelligent Home Market 12 1.1.2.6 More Integrated Buildings: the FuturElife Smart Building 12 1.1.2.7 Pneumatic Building Structures: Airtecture 14 1.1.3 Trends in Sensor Systems 16 1.1.4 Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 21 1.1.4.1 Energy and HVAC 22 1.1.4.2 Information and Transportation 22 1.1.4.3 Safety and Security 23 1.1.4.4 Maintenance and Facility Management 23 1.1.4.5 System Technologies 24 1.1.5 References 24 2 Energy and HVAC 2.1 Intelligent Air-conditioning Control 29 Albert T. P. So, Brian W. L. Tse 2.1.1 Introduction 29 2.1.2 General Specifications of a Sensor 29 2.1.3 A Quick Review on HVAC Sensors 30 2.1.3.1 Temperature Sensors 30 IX Contents Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H. Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) 2.1.3.2 Pressure Sensors 31 2.1.3.3 Flow Rate Sensors 33 2.1.3.4 Humidity Sensors 35 2.1.3.5 Comfort Sensors 36 2.1.3.6 Indoor Air Quality Sensors 37 2.1.3.7 Occupancy Sensors 37 2.1.3.8 Smoke Sensors 38 2.1.4 Computer Vision-based HVAC Control 40 2.1.4.1 The Computer Vision System 41 2.1.4.2 Calibration of the Stereoscopic Camera System 41 2.1.4.3 Velocity Field Computation by Optical Flow 42 2.1.4.4 Pixel Correspondence 44 2.1.4.5 Scene Spots Fuzzy Clustering 45 2.1.5 Internet-based HVAC System Monitoring and Control 46 2.1.5.1 Philosophy of Internet-based Building Automation with Image Transfer 47 2.1.5.2 The BAS Web Site 48 2.1.6 PMV-based HVAC Control 50 2.1.6.1 Elements of Comfort-based Control 51 2.1.6.2 Control Algorithms 53 2.1.6.3 Computer Simulation 54 2.1.6.4 Simulation Results 57 2.1.7 Conclusion 60 2.1.8 References 60 2.2 NEUROBAT – a Self-commissioned Heating Control System Using Neural Networks 63 Jens Krauss, Manuel Bauer, Jürg Bichsel, Nicolas Morel 2.2.1 Introduction 63 2.2.2 Control Concept 64 2.2.2.1 Methodologies 64 2.2.2.2 Controller Block Diagram 66 2.2.2.3 Optimal Control Algorithm 67 2.2.2.4 Applied Sensors and NEUROBAT Controller Versions 69 2.2.3 Controller Performance Assessment 69 2.2.3.1 Simulation Study 69 2.2.3.2 Comparative Tests Within Office Rooms 72 2.2.4 Prototype Realization with Functional Tests on Residential Buildings 75 2.2.4.1 Industrial NEUROBAT Prototype 75 2.2.4.2 Test Results Heating Season 1999/2000 76 2.2.5 Conclusion 81 2.2.6 References 83 ContentsX [...]... systems in intelligent buildings in this book 1.1.2 Towards the Intelligent Building Intelligent buildings increase the benefits to their occupants by means of integrated sensor systems, computer automation, information and communication systems, smart home appliance devices, and new materials The application areas Shape of a brain symbolizes the intelligent building Source: Neuroscience Institute in Hannover,... München Germany Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Edited by O Gassmann, H Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) 1 Introduction Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Edited by O Gassmann, H Meixner Copyright © 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs: 3-527-29557-7 (Hardcover); 3-527-60030-2 (Electronic) 1.1 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview... important enablers for intelligent buildings Driven by these needs, we can observe a clear trend towards more ‘intelligence’ in the building control industry We use the term ‘intelligence’, although it is unsatisfactory in an engineering context and no longer has its human or biological meaning Here, ‘intelligence’ simply implies that the benefits of buildings for their inhabitants are increased by units... 1.1-1 1.1 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview and Trends Fig 1.1-2 Home area network: complex with various technologies and protocols for new technologies in intelligent buildings are huge The opportunities have to be evaluated from a functional, technological, and economic perspective Winston Churchill once said, ‘We shape our buildings, and afterwards, our buildings shape us.’ Buildings have... Management (WWFM) 472 The RoomServer 472 Single-chip PCs 475 Advanced Architectures 476 Security Aspects 477 Conclusion 480 References 481 6 System Technologies 6.1 Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 Hans-Rolf Tränkler, Olfa Kanoun Introduction 485 Sensor Applications in Intelligent Buildings 486 Requirements for Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 485 487 XVII XVIII Contents 6.1.5.1... operating system with the relevant requirements of display and operating units (keyboard entry, touchscreen, voice) using the PC, TV or a handheld device 1.1 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview and Trends Fig 1.1-4 Trends in the food system · Compact intelligent nodes (from wall socket and door to washing machine, television, robot toy or handheld programming device) with the accompanying requirement... development efforts of different industries, companies have started to implement show buildings, where the newest technology is implemented At the same time these buildings serve as pilots for identifying market trends and further explore technological opportunities with their lead user inhabitants Fig 1.1-7 Trends in the intelligent home market 1.1 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview and Trends Fig... house in Switzerland FuturElife is such an advanced building in Switzerland, which serves as a point of reference for future e-technology-supported living (Figure 1.1-8) The whole building management system of FuturElife is linked to the Internet, including control of HVAC, outdoor curtains, and light The intelligent security system allows remote monitoring and verification of intrusion via webcams Internet-enabled... management in order to adjust and adapt buildings to their occupants Integrated sensor systems judge indoor and outdoor conditions of a building and its devices in order to operate as an integrated system and achieve maximum performance and comfort levels Modern buildings thus become places of multilateral interaction between the inhabitants and the buildings themselves On the other hand, deficient building... and intelligent home services will require an intelligent house with networked components and applications The migration of the existing housing situation to intelligent homes will have several phases (see Figure 1.1-7) Today the US market is more advanced than the European one, but new homes can enter directly into developed stages 1.1.2.6 More Integrated Buildings: the FuturElife Smart Building Intelligent . (Electronic) Sensors Applications · Sensors in Manufacturing · Sensors in Intelligent Buildings · Sensors in Medicine and Health Care · Sensors in Automotive. Sensors Applications Volume 2 Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Sensors in Intelligent Buildings. Edited by O. Gassmann, H.