Đảng lãnh đạo xây dựng các đại đoàn chủ lực trong cuộc kháng chiến chống thực dân pháp từ năm 1949 đến năm 1954 TT TIENG ANH

1 INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Building major corps (now a division) as the core for the entire army and people of the resistance is a correct policy of the Party in the process of leading the resistance war against the French colonialists As a mobile force, concentrated combat, large-scale military synergies, the main regiments have coordinated with main units, local soldiers, militia and guerrillas, to carry out a major blow to destroy the main French army in a strategic direction, transforming the war situation, towards completely defeating the will of the French colonialists to invade In fact, from 1949 to 1954, supported by the US, the French colonialists strengthened their forces, stepped up sweeping and pacification; supplementing weapons, equipment, building defenses, and solidifying strongholds Along with that, the French army aggressively counterattacked, attacked all over the battlefields and stepped up the implementation of the policy of "using the Vietnamese to fight the Vietnamese, using war to feed the war" The plots and tricks of the French colonialists aimed at destroying the main army, crushing the will and resistance spirit of the Vietnamese army and people Against that background, with a strategic vision, the Party led the building of strong main groups With the right policy, the close and comprehensive direction of the Party, the main corps was built and grown in all aspects, especially the combat level On the basis of being built strong in all aspects, the Party has promoted the role of the main corps in campaigns, making a decisive contribution to the victory of the resistance war against the French colonialists However, besides the major successes, the process of the Party's leadership in building major corps from 1949 to 1954, there were still certain limitations Studying the Party's leadership in building major corps from 1949 to 1954 is a matter of practical significance Contributing to enriching the history of the Party leading the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954); provide more data to explain why the Vietnam People's Army was just born, its weapons and equipment were lacking and outdated, but it defeated the professional army of the French colonialists with modern weapons and mechanical strength high level of action and combat, and was supported by the US imperialists Currently, the situation in the world and the region is changing rapidly, complicatedly, and difficult to predict The task of building the People's Army and building a strong all-people national defense in order to firmly defend the Socialist Vietnamese Fatherland poses new requirements On the other hand, the hostile forces have not given up their plot to annex Vietnam when there are favorable opportunities Therefore, studying and clarifying the leadership of the Party in building major corps during the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954, drawing valuable experiences for reference and application in the construction of the division in the new era is a necessary job Stemming from the importance of the problem, so far there have been many studies on the main regiments, mentioned at different levels and scopes However, there has not been any work that has researched independently, comprehensively and systematically about the Party's leadership in building major corps from 1949 to 1954 under the specialized perspective of Communist Party history Vietnamese products From the above reasons, the PhD student chose the topic "The leading party to build the main corps in the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954" as his doctoral thesis in History, majoring in History Communist Party of Vietnam Aims and objectives of the study Aims Clarifying the process of the Party's leadership in building major corps during the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954 On that basis, summarizing valuable experiences for reference and application for construction build divisions of the current Vietnam People's Army Objectives Overview of the research situation related to the thesis topic Clarifying the need to build and accelerate the construction of main regiments from 1949 to 1954, through two periods: 1949 - 1951 and 1951 - 1954 Systematize, analyze and clarify the Party's policy and direction on building and speeding up the construction of major corps from 1949 to 1954, through two periods: 1949 - 1951 and 1951 - 1954 Comments and lessons learned from the Party leading the construction of major corps from 1949 to 1954 Object and scope of the study Object The Party's leadership activities on building main regiments in the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954 Scope In terms of content: The thesis researches and clarifies the Party's policies, including: viewpoints, directions, goals, tasks and solutions; under the direction of the Party to build major corps in military, political, logistical and technical fields through the two periods 1949 - 1951 and 1951 - 1954 About time: From January 1949, when the Sixth Central Committee Conference was held, discussed the policy of building major corps until July 1954, when the resistance war against the French colonialists ended The period 1949 - 1951, when the 6th Central Committee Conference took place before the 2nd Party Congress (February 1951) The period 1951 - 1954, when the Second Party Congress took place until the end of the resistance war However, in order to ensure systematicity, the thesis has mentioned some related contents before the aforementioned time About space: From the South Central Coast to the North This is the space where the main companies were born, fought and grew up Theoretical, practical basis and research methods Theoretical basis The thesis is based on the theoretical basis of Marxism Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought on revolutionary war and building revolutionary armed forces Practical basis The thesis is based on the reality of the Party's leadership in building major corps, reflected in the Party's documents, resolutions, directives, decrees, schemes, records, plans, and final reports , Central Military Commission, Ministry of Defense - Commander-in-Chief, General Department of Politics, General Staff, combat and construction activities of main corps from 1949 to 1954 Research Methods The thesis uses the historical method and the logical method mainly; at the same time, using methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, statistics, to clarify the contents of the thesis New contributions of the study The thesis provides some new documents and systematizes the materials on the Party leading the construction of major corps from 1949 to 1954 Contributing in a systematic way to re-enact the Party's guidelines and directions on building major corps in the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954 To make comments and assessments with scientific basis on the process of the Party's leadership in building major corps from 1949 to 1954 Summarizing key experiences from the process of leading the Party to build major corps from 1949 to 1954 Theoretical and practical significance of the study The thesis contributes to a summary of the Party's leadership activities in building major corps during the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954 Affirming the Party's role in the birth and growth of the main corps and the great role of the main corps in the resistance war against the French colonialists The research results of the thesis will provide more scientific arguments for the leadership to build strong divisions, meeting the requirements of building the revolutionary, regular, elite, and elite Vietnamese People's Army modern steps, a number of troops, branches and forces advanced directly to modernity The thesis is a reference document, serving research and teaching about the history of the Vietnamese nation's resistance war against the French colonialists at schools, research agencies inside and outside the army Structure of the study The thesis includes: Introduction, 04 chapters (10 periods), conclusion, list of published works of the author related to the topic, list of references and appendices Chapter RESEARCH SITUATION OVERVIEW RELATED TO THESIS THEME 1.1 Research status related to the thesis topic 1.1.1 Researches by foreign authors Yves Gras (1979), History of the Indochina War; Department of Military History, General Department of Politics of the Lao People's Army (1996), History of the Lao People's Army; Actual record of Chinese military advisory group's aid to Vietnam against France (Memoirs of insiders); Nguyen Dang Vinh (2004), Dien Bien Phu through the eyes of foreigners; Roger Bruge (2004), Dien Bien Phu - From the perspective of a French soldier; Henri Navarre (2004), Dying Indochina; Henri Navare (2005), The Moment of Truths Cecil B.Currey (2013), Victory at all costs - Vietnamese Military Genius General Vo Nguyen Giap; Gérard Le Quang (2014), Vo Nguyen Giap or the people's war 1.1.2 Researches of domestic authors 1.1.2.1 Joint studies on the construction of the armed forces of the three armies War Review Steering Committee under the Politburo (1996), Summary of the resistance war against the French colonialists - Victory and lessons; Ministry of National Defense - Vietnam Military History Institute - Military History Research Department under the General Department of Politics (2005), History of the Vietnam People's Army (1944 - 1975); Nguyen Hoang Nhien (2006), the Communist Party of Vietnam led the political construction of the Vietnam People's Army in the years 1945 - 1954; Party Committee of the Vietnam People's Army (2009), History of the Party Committee of the Vietnam People's Army (1944 - 1954), volume 1; Ministry of National Defense, Vietnam Military History Institute (2009), History of the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954), volume 3, (Deploying the comprehensive resistance); Ministry of National Defense, Institute of Military History of Vietnam (2010), History of Logistics - Military Technology of Vietnam in the Resistance War against French Colonialism (1945 - 1954;) Ministry of Defense, Institute of Military History of Vietnam (2011), History of the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954), volume (The turning point of the resistance war); Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa (2014), "China supports and helps Vietnam to fight against the French colonialists"; Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa (2014), "Vietnam - Soviet Union relations in the resistance war against the French colonialists"; Tran Van Thuc (2014), "Building and developing the armed forces of the three armies in the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954)"; Ministry of National Defense, Institute of Military History of Vietnam (2014), History of the resistance war against the French (1945 - 1954), volume (Development of a strategic offensive position); Vietnam People's Army, General Staff (2015), History of General Staff in the resistance war against French colonialism (1945 - 1954); Ministry of National Defense, Institute of Military History of Vietnam (2015), History of Vietnam's military organization, volume (1930 - 1954); Ministry of Defense, Institute of Military History of Vietnam (2016), History of the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954), volume (Strategic offensive of Winter-Spring 1953 - 1954, the resistance ended successfully ); Ministry of National Defense, Vietnam Military History Institute (2017), History of the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945 - 1954), volume (Nature, characteristics, stature and historical lessons) Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Institute of Party History (2018), History of the Communist Party of Vietnam, volume (1930 - 1954), volume (1945 - 1954) 1.1.2.2 Studies on the main regiments in the resistance war against the French colonialists Party Committee of the Artillery Service (2009), History of the Artillery Service (1949 - 2009) 1st Corps Command, 312th Division (2010), History of 312th Infantry Division (1950 - 2010); 2nd Army Corps Command, 304th Division (2011), 304th Division History - episode (1950 - 1975); 3rd Army Corps Command, 320th Division (2016), History of Delta Company - 320th Division (1951 - 2016); Command of Military Region (2011), History of Division 316 (1951 - 2011); 2nd Army Corps Command, 325th Division (2014), 325th Division History (1951 - 2013); Phan Anh Tuyet (2014), "The process of forming major corps according to Ho Chi Minh's thought"; 1st Corps Command, 308th Division (2019), History of 308th Division - Vanguard (1949 - 2019); Duong Dinh Lap (2019), Major corps of the Vietnam People's Army (1949 - 1954) 1.2 The value of the reviewed scientific works and the problems raised by the thesis for further research 1.2.1 Value of scientific works reviewed 1.2.1.1 About the material Research on building major corps is a topic rich in genres Research value of the works, providing students with diverse and reliable sources of materials 1.2.1.2 About the approach and research methods Research works on building major corps have approached and used many different methods 1.2.1.3 About content Firstly, the research works confirm the position and the great role of the main groups Second, a number of works have clarified the birth, growth and great contribution of the main corps in the resistance war against the French colonialists Third, some works partly refer to the achievements and limitations in construction of the corps Fourth, there are works that mention the leadership of the Party on building major corps, but they are scattered and evaluated separately From a scientific perspective of Party history, up to now, there has been no systematic and comprehensive study of the Party's policies and direction; evaluate advantages, limitations, clarify causes and draw experiences from the process of Party leadership in building major corps (1949 - 1954) 1.2.2 The issues raised in the thesis continue to research Firstly, the need to build major regiments in the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954; Second, the Party's policy and direction on building major unions; Third, advantages, limitations, reasons why the Party leads the building of major unions; Fourth, experience from the process of leading the Party to build major corps from 1949 to 1954 Conclusion Chapter Building major delegations has attracted the research of many domestic and foreign organizations and individuals The success of the reviewed scientific works related to the thesis topic is relatively comprehensive The works all affirm the important role; points out the contents, results and experiences of building main regiments in the resistance war against the French colonialists from 1949 to 1954 The PhD student systematizes and generalizes the value of the reviewed works, inheriting the necessary content for the development of the thesis Applying the methodology of the object of historical research, majoring in Party History, the PhD student identified issues that the thesis will continue to research Chapter POLICY AND DIRECTIONS OF THE PARTY ON BUILDING KEY BRANDS (1949 - 1951) 2.1 The need to build major regiments 2.1.1 Conspiracy, tricks of the French colonialists towards Vietnam After expanding the occupation, France sent troops to attack the Viet Bac base (October 1947), in order to destroy the resistance headquarters and the main army; to close the Vietnam - China border After Autumn-Winter 1947, France switched to "long-term fighting"; implement the policy of "using the Vietnamese to fight the Vietnamese, raising the war with war" To step up force building with the highest goal, to make the Vietnamese army and people gradually lose their fighting ability, weaken and go to disbandment Implementing the plan of Rove, France concentrated European African troops to build mobile corps to destroy the main army; economic raiding On December 6, 1950, De Lat de Tatsini became the Commander-in-Chief and outlined a four-point plan to pacify urgently and counterattack fiercely France hopes to use military force to crush the spirit and will of the Vietnamese army and people to resist 2.1.2 Correlation of military forces between Vietnam and France on the battlefield About the military force of France: In December 1949, the French infantry had 235,000 troops The French army and weapons are always strengthened and supplemented By the end of 1950, the French army in Indochina had 239,000 troops, including 118 infantry battalions, 13 artillery battalions, armored regiments, 143 aircraft of all kinds, 263 ships of all kinds, including large ships; cruiser, heavy notice ship Since 1950, the US has intervened in the Indochina war About the military forces of Vietnam: By the end of 1949, the main force had 179,602 people, including company, 42 regiments and 11 independent battalions, artillery battalion By December 1950, it increased to 238,884 men, including companies, 24 regiments and independent battalions, regiments and artillery battalions 2.1.3 The determination of the entire Party, army and people to fight the war After the French colonialists opened fire to invade, on November 25, 1945, the Central Committee of the Party issued the Directive "Resistance to build the nation" On December 18 and 19, 1946, the Extraordinary Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was held in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong (now Van Phuc, Ha Dong, Hanoi), deciding to launch the national resistance war and raised the basic issues of the resistance line The resistance war of the Vietnamese people is a just war, so the whole people must be encouraged to participate That is, “Any man, woman, any young or old, regardless of religion, party, or ethnicity If you are a Vietnamese, you must stand up and fight the French to save the country." The determination of the entire Party, people and army is not only reflected in political policy planning, but also clearly in the policy and direction of building the armed forces of three armies, especially main army 2.2 The Party's policy on building major unions 2.2.1 Opinion Firstly, urgently build main regiments suitable to the actual conditions of the resistance The 6th Central Conference of Cadres (January 1949), advocated and sued the entire main team from the battalion to the main battalion At the Third National Conference (January 1950), building the main corps was urgently set out by the Party and determined that this was "a heavy and urgent task", which must be carried out urgently suitable to the actual conditions of the resistance war Second, to build main regiments that are compact in number, compact, and have a large combat force At the Third National Conference, the Party determined to build "a powerful people's army with adequate numbers"; "The main force's organization must conform to equipment conditions, enemy conditions, and battlefield conditions and will progress according to the changes of those conditions Third, to build major corps on the basis of strong main units On the basis of the local troops, the main forces of the Ministry and the inter-regions to build into strong main battalions and regiments, as the core to build the main regiments At the 3rd National Conference, the Party continued to affirm: "The main army will build up into strong regiments, then advance to the regiment and army." Fourth, building major corps must be comprehensive in terms of military, politics, logistics - technology The Party's policy to build major corps is not only quantitative, but also comprehensive in terms of politics, military, logistics and technology Taking political construction as the "root" to build other aspects 2.2.2 Direction, goal Firstly, to build main regiments with high mobility and combat power, to destroy the enemy's main army The Party defines the principle of combat: "Concentrate troops highly, exercise superiority in campaigns and battles, to destroy the enemy's vitality" The main regiments had the task of basing themselves on those principles to "conduct a campaign of war, with an increasingly large scale" to destroy the main French army Build major regiments with high combat power, destroy a large number of main French troops Second, to build major corps to ensure nationalism, democracy and modernity The Party determined the goal of building a main army, which must "have all three characteristics of nationalism, democracy and modernity" Main groups were born, fighting for the goal of independence and happiness for the people Officers and soldiers are both owners and masters in all fields In order to have the most advanced features, along with the acquisition of weapons from the French army, it is necessary to strengthen the development of "defense technology"; "Our army needs to be advanced to solve the battlefield and completely destroy the enemy's life force." Third, to build major regiments with disciplined spirit, fighting heroically, persistently, decisively and decisively to win The main regiments are the core force for the entire army and people to resist In order to fulfill that responsibility, officers and soldiers must not only be proficient in tactics and techniques, but also have to represent and always "uphold the fighting spirit, the discipline spirit, the decisive fighting spirit, the decisive victory." " Fourth, the main regiments always coordinate and assist local troops and guerrillas in construction and combat The Sixth Party Central Committee Conference, clearly stated: "Ensure close contact, very close assistance and cooperation between the militia and the national army" The 3rd National Conference affirmed: "While the main force conducts the campaign of war, the expendable 10 task of restraining the enemy's forces, cooperating with the main force to destroy the enemy in the locality is the guerrilla duty" 2.2.3 Tasks and solutions Firstly, sticking to reality, studying and building major unions with a compact and lightweight organization Second, to build a contingent of cadres of the main regiments with good quality and comprehensive capabilities, meeting the requirements of concentrated army command and campaigning Third, develop appropriate educational and training programs and contents, with specific orientations, close to the reality of the battlefield Fourth, ensure weapons, equipment and support 2.3 The Party directs the construction of major corps 2.3.1 Military construction Building and consolidating the staffing organization: On April 15, 1949, General Vo Nguyen Giap signed Decree No 46/ND on the establishment of a major company “The battalion has from 10,319 people to 12,271 people Battalion: 1,475 people; two regiments from 4,426 men to 6,354 men; two independent battalions: from 1,626 men to 1,650 men; one artillery battalion attached: 1,122 men; an engineer battalion: 845 men; an additional battalion: 825 men” On July 12, 1949, the Commander-in-Chief issued Directive No 29/CT on reorganizing the 308th Regiment into the first major company directly under the Ministry, bearing the name 308th Infantry Battalion - "Army Battalion" Vanguard” (now 308th Division, 1st Army Corps) When established, include: Brigade headquarters, advisory, political, and supply agencies; Capital Regiment, Regiment 88, Battalion 11 (Phu Thong) and attached units On February 9, 1950, General Vo Nguyen Giap signed Decree No 62/NDA, on the establishment of 304th Infantry Battalion 304th Infantry Battalion - "Glorious Company" (now 304th Division, Army Group 2) was established at Tam Lac communal house, Xuan Tho commune, Tho Xuan district (now Trieu Son district), Thanh Hoa province At the end of 1950, 312th Infantry Company - "Victory Company" (now 312th Division, 1st Army Corps) was established On December 25, 1950, the founding ceremony of 312th Infantry Battalion was held at Kim Lang (Phu Tho) On February 7, 1951, the 320th Infantry Battalion held its debut at Mong La communal house, Quang Yen commune, Nho Quan district, Ninh Binh province The organization of the staff of the Brigade 12 promoted and well ensured the maintenance of the three great democracies of all soldiers and unit collectives Building socio-political relationships: Cadres and soldiers actively help people, protect people's property and lives Always uphold the international spirit of the proletariat; well abide by the guidelines and guidelines of the Party when going to China to study 2.3.3 Construction, logistics - technical guarantee Regarding the construction of logistics - technical agencies: The General Command has directed the delegations to consolidate the organization of logistics - technical agencies The companies set up the Supply Department, which has military equipment, military medicine and attached departments Ensuring regimes and standards of soldiers: On May 12, 1950, the Ministry of National Defense issued Circular No 43/TTA fixing food costs by region Accordingly, the main delegations are entitled to regional meals as prescribed Standards on military equipment, military equipment and medicine for cadres and soldiers are concerned by the Party Stepping up production increase, taking advantage of the people's help: The High Command issued a circular to the heads of the Departments, Heads of Departments, Chiefs of Battalion 308 and affiliated regiments, requesting: themselves and help people in increasing production The unions actively increased production and improved the life of soldiers Because of the good relationship with the people, the local people help Guarantee of weapons, ammunition and technical means: Communication units are equipped to the inter-zone, company and main regiment levels The General Military Commission and the High Command direct the military sector to step up the improvement and selfmanufacture of weapons and vehicles Enlist international help to equip the main regiments Conclusion of chapter Appreciating the plots and tricks of the French colonialists, and the relationship of forces between the two sides, the Party planned the policy of building major corps and was gradually supplemented and developed through practice The viewpoints, directions, goals, tasks and solutions to build the main delegations have met the requirements of reality With the right guidelines and comprehensive direction of the Party, the 308, 304, 312, and 320 Battalions were established and matured in all aspects On that basis, the Party promoted the role of the 13 main regiments in campaigns, contributing to bringing the resistance war to a new stage 14 Chapter LEADING PARTY PROMOTE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION KEY BRANDS (1951 - 1954) 3.1 The need to step up the construction of major unions 3.1.1 World and regional situation World situation: Socialist countries and people's democracy are increasingly consolidated and grown in all aspects The movement to fight for national independence and peace in the world developed strongly Peace and friendship organizations continuously have activities to support the Vietnamese people's resistance war Regional situation: The Chinese government has closely cooperated with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, actively supporting the just struggle of the oppressed peoples The resistance wars against the French of Laos and Cambodia had many positive changes 3.1.2 Conspiracy, tricks of the French colonialists towards Vietnam Supported by the US, France concentrated its defense forces and pacified the Northern Delta; strengthen forces, prepare conditions for counter-attacks to regain the initiative on the battlefields At the beginning of 1951, France accelerated the implementation of the plan De Lat de Tatsini After the defeat in Hoa Binh (1952), the French Government had to send General Nava to become the Commander-in-Chief of the French army in Indo-Chinese Nava plans to resolve the war within 18 months 3.1.3 The Party's policy on promoting the resistance to victory and the strength of the Vietnamese revolution In a political report at the Second Party Congress (February 1951), President Ho Chi Minh stated: "The first and most urgent task of our Party today is to bring the resistance war to victory profit All other tasks depend on it.” In the light of the Resolution of the Congress, the entire Party, army and people made great efforts and determination to build a strong resistance force in politics, economy, culture - society, military and diplomacy The revolutionary armed forces were constantly being built and developed 3.2 The Party's policy on promoting the construction of major unions 3.2.1 Opinion Firstly, to step up the construction of the main regiments must be based on the needs of the war, the people's carrying capacity and the Government's finances The Second Congress of the Party advocates and learns to organize the military payrolls of other countries, based on the situation of the French army, battlefield conditions and troops "to quickly implement a gentle and appropriate payroll" The Resolution of the First Conference of the Second Central Committee (Central Committee) 15 (March 3, 1951), clearly stated: “The building of forces must be based on one hand on the needs of the war, and on the other hand on capabilities burden of the people and finance of the Government” Second, building major delegations must ensure comprehensiveness, focusing on political quality The Party advocates to improve the comprehensive quality of the main delegations, paying attention to "political education; improve technical and tactical level; health promotion”; must "advance the quality of the main army" The third meeting of the Central Committee of the 2nd term (April 1952), clearly stated: In order for the People's Army to decide to fight and win more decisively, it must pay attention to "caring for their material life, improving their technical level and their tactics, especially political and ideological education”; in the army training, "must take politics as the root" Third, maintain and strengthen the Party's leadership over the main corps On May 20, 1952, the Central Committee of the Party issued Resolution No 07/NQ-TW "On Party organization in the main army" Accordingly, abolishing the political commissar system ultimately decided to establish the Party committee system in the main army Purpose: “Implement the Party's unified and collective leadership in all aspects of work; firmly ensure the implementation of guidelines and policies of the Party and Government; strengthening ideological leadership, political education, tactical and technical training, cultural learning, thoroughly promoting the army's combat strength and spirit of service to the people 3.2.2 Goals, direction Firstly, to step up the construction of main regiments to meet the requirements of concentrated combat, destroy the enemy's vitality, and recover the territory The Resolution of the Second Congress clearly stated: "The Party and Government must actively build regular soldiers" In the task of turning sharply to the general counter-attack, completely defeating the will to invade the enemy, "the regular army played a decisive role" Accelerating the construction of key delegations is identified by the Party as a key task The regular army "has the task of conducting concentrated combat groups, using maneuvers to destroy the enemy's vitality and recover territory" Second, to build up regular and increasingly modern main regiments The first meeting of the Central Committee, term II, determined to "consolidate and strengthen the main army" Building the army, including the main corps in the direction of regularity and modernity, has always been an urgent requirement of the Party The Party determined: "The Party must develop the army, make it a powerful regular army gradually bring our army to the level of real modernization" 16 Third, to build major unions with deep national, people and democratic character The Second Congress clearly stated: "In order to gain complete victory and protect the people's democracy, our Party and Government must build a strong and well-organized people's army with three characteristics: nation, people and democracy" The main corps must be "absolutely loyal to the interests of the nation, fighting for the independence and unification of the nation"; "The Vietnamese revolutionary army was originally the people's army It fought for the people's interests", protecting the people's democracy Fourth, ensure close coordination between the main regiments with local troops and militia and guerrillas in construction and combat The Second Congress affirmed: “The local army and the commune militia are an abundant and powerful reserve of the main army These three armed forces are closely related and coordinated with each other in construction as well as in combat 3.2.3 Tasks and solutions Firstly, stick to reality and learn from foreign experiences to build main regiments to meet the requirements of resistance war missions Second, build a contingent of cadres of the main regiments with good quality and comprehensive capacity to meet the requirements of army command Third, supplement the program with contents and methods of education and training; Combining theory with practice, training close to actual combat Fourth, guarantee of weapons, logistics - techniques 3.3 The Party directs to speed up the construction of major unions 3.3.1 Step up military construction Stepping up the construction and consolidation of the staffing organization: On May 1, 1951, General Vo Nguyen Giap signed Decree No 112/NDA, establishing the Army - Artillery Battalion, taking the number "351st Battalion" The organization and number of troops included: 675th Cannon Regiment; 45th Heavy Artillery Regiment; 151st Engineer Regiment; 960 Battalion; Battalion 355" The battalion consists of the following departments: staff, politics, logistics and affiliated units On the same day as May 1, 1951, the High Command issued Decree No 112/NDA, establishing the 316th Infantry Battalion - "Bong Lau Brigade" (now the 316th Division, Military Region 2) The organization and staffing base includes: 174th Infantry Regiment (the main body of the Ministry), 98th Infantry Regiment (Northeastern Front), 176th Infantry Regiment (Lang Son province) The total number of the Battalion is 9,514 people 17 On June 23, 1951, the General Staff instructed the Binh - Tri - Thien Front: "Hurry to consolidate local troops, develop militia and guerrilla militia, ready to replace the main army, move forward build the first main force battalion in Binh - Tri - Thien" On December 5, 1952, the High Command officially issued a decision to establish the 325th Infantry Battalion - "Binh - Tri - Thien Company" (now 325 Division, 2nd Army Corps) In June 1952, the High Command directed the main regiments to reorganize their staffing and equipment Regarding the uniform staffing organization: Each company has infantry regiments and battalions attached Each battalion organizes a strong company with four platoons to the main task in the siege combat Each infantry company reduced 11 men and was equipped with rifles and 15 submachine guns Agencies from the infantry company to the battalion reduced 800 people The whole delegation reduced 1,000 people In 1953, the General Staff continued to adjust and supplement the numbers and weapons for the main regiments and companies Concentrating regiments (304, 308, 312, 316, 320, 325), 12 regiments (246, 238, 42, 60, 137, 46, 254, 148, 270, 52, 108, 803) and 17 subcombatants group According to the new payroll, "the number of each main company is more than 9,500 people, there are infantry regiments, artillery battalion, units of reconnaissance, engineer, information, transport, police, and military units y and affiliated agencies” By December 1953, the main army had a total number of 252,031 people The main block under the Ministry includes: companies, regiment (246), infantry battalions and the entire force of the armed forces; The main block under the inter-zones has 11 regiments and 15 infantry battalions, artillery battalion Improving the quality of training: After the campaigns of Tran Hung Dao, Hoang Hoa Tham, and Quang Trung, the delegations focused on promoting training and learning according to the unified document compiled by the General Staff From July 1952 to January 1953, China undertook the training of cadres, technical staff and soldiers for Regiment 45 - the first Heavy Artillery Regiment of the Vietnam People's Army At the beginning of July 1953, the General Staff held a conference to study how to attack new fortifications, attack the group of strongholds and use a regiment of the 308th Infantry Company to practice exercises Next, the General Staff Department directed the main regiments and the whole army to conduct military training Infantry regiments continued to focus on training techniques; how to fight hard and fight with movement Under the direction of the General Staff, the main corps conducted a military training course (September 15 - November 15, 1953), in order to further improve the troops' technical and tactical skills, especially new way 18 to attack fortifications, attack group of strongholds Through the military training, the tactical, technical, commanding style and synergistic combat ability of the main armies have made remarkable progress On the basis of the results achieved in construction, the main battalions were used to open campaigns: Lai Chau, Central Laos, Lower Laos - Northeastern Cambodia, Upper Laos, Dien Bien Phu and successfully completed their missions service 3.3.2 Promote political construction Strengthening and improving the quality of political and ideological education: The Party committees of the delegations have led and directed the units to strengthen political and ideological education, to further improve the sense of compliance with the guidelines of the Party, training the fighting will of the army Implementing the policy of the Third Conference of the Central Committee, term II, the main delegations and the whole army entered the political correction phase On April 15, 1952, two company-level cadre classes opened at the 308th and 312th companies On April 20th, a company-level cadre class opened at the 316th Battalion April and May 1952, the classes Training of middle and senior cadres of the unions was also conducted Also from May 1952, the 312th, 320th, 351th Battalions and the remaining units from Inter-Area and beyond all conducted training Officers from the company level and up, study the document "Some issues of the Vietnamese revolution" Officers of platoons, squads, soldiers, study documents "Vietnam People's Army" and "The Resistance War is certain to win" The second political correction units (June 16 - August 31, 1952), there were regiments 304, 308, 312, 316, 320, 351 In which: “Brigade 308: 276; 312th Battalion: 203; 316th Battalion: 202; 304th Battalion: 204; 351st Battalion: 153; 320th Battalion: 127, party members 88.4%, masses 11.6%" Mastering the Resolution of the Fourth Conference of the Central Committee, term II, the General Military Commission issued a Resolution on Political Correction in 1953 From June 1953, the delegations carried out political correction On June 23, 1953, a political training course for middle and high-ranking cadres opened in Viet Bac Classes for elementary cadres and soldiers studied in July and August The political reorganization has achieved many great results, creating a new atmosphere in the army During the 2nd phase of the Dien Bien Phu campaign, the ideological situation in the right-wing units the delegations conducted extensive political activities, launched the struggle against the rightwing, and created major changes in perception, thought and action Consolidation and consolidation of political agencies and party organizations: The Party directs to strengthen and strengthen political 19 agencies at the level of the union, regiment and the political working committee of the company Party and political activities have played a great role in all activities of the army The General Military Commission strongly directed to promote cadres; exploiting cadres from the masses, soldiers so in a short time, the contingent of cadres at all levels in the regiments increased rapidly Basically solved the problem of lack of cadres in the main army units The training of Party development subjects in actual combat, and the recruitment of new Party members right on the battlefield after each battle were carried out widely The leadership of the Party has been maintained and has encouraged the brave fighting spirit of the soldiers Implementing Resolution No 07/NQ-TW "On the organization of the Party in the main army", the General Department of Politics has directed the consolidation and development of the Party in agencies and units throughout the army Focusing on strengthening the grassroots party organization, developing party members, implementing the party committee regime in the 308, 304, 312, 320, 316, and 351 corps Emulation and commendation work: Emulation and commendation work was promoted, promoting the enthusiasm of the soldiers in studying and fighting the enemy Consolidation of mass organization: The Soldiers Council is maintained in regular operation, promoting the three major democracies in politics, economy and military Created an atmosphere of trust, solidarity and mutual help between officers and soldiers, superiors and subordinates Consolidation of socio-political relations: Party committees and commands of major delegations focus on leading, directing, building and consolidating internal solidarity The main regiments are always closely united with the armies of China, Laos and Cambodia The Government of Vietnam and the Government of the Resistance of Laos and Cambodia have agreed to open a number of campaigns on friendly land with the participation of major delegations 3.3.3 Accelerate construction, ensure logistics - technology Reorganize the logistics - technical agency: The logistics technical guarantee system in the main army is unified At the delegation level, the Supply Department consisted of: the Military Supplies Department, the Military Medical Department, the Military Weapons Department, and the Transportation Department Party Committees and Commands of the delegations organized to consolidate logistics - technical agencies at all levels The lines of treatment, first aid and treatment of wounded and sick soldiers have also been strengthened Movements of emulation to increase production and thrift practice took place enthusiastically Ensuring the regimes and standards of soldiers: The General Department of Supply issued Decision No 658/QD-CC (September 26, 20 1951), stipulating the supply standards for rice, salt, money, food, allowances for the main army and the local army In addition to allowances, officers and soldiers are also entitled to seniority allowance, injury allowance, allowance when traveling on business trips On July 11, 1952, the Minister of National Defense issued the official Decree No 12/ND issue new supply standards The new supply standard has added some points in the direction of increasing quantification and increasing higher for some components Strengthening additional weapons and equipment: Along with boosting domestic production of weapons and ammunition, the Party and Government always take advantage of international support and help to supplement the main corps From May 1950 to June 1954, Vietnam “received 21,517 tons of international aid; in which, all 37mm - 76mm anti-aircraft artillery, all rockets (Cachiusa), all K50 submachine guns, most of the 685 out of 745 transport cars are from the Soviet Union Mobilization of resources from the people: Local people always support and unconditionally help the main delegations The General Military Commission, the General Command has directed branches and agencies to develop regulations on asset management, collection and use of spoils Strictly sanction cases of embezzlement, wastefulness and violation of the standards of the army Conclusion of chapter On the basis of a correct assessment of the world and regional situation; plots and tricks of the French colonialists; requesting to strengthen the resistance, the Party has set out a policy to promote the construction of major corps Thoroughly grasping the Party's policy, the General Military Commission and the General Command have led and directed to accelerate the construction of major corps Under the direction of the Party, the main corps was built strong in terms of military, politics, logistics - technology, the combat strength of the main corps was enhanced On that basis, the Party used the main corps, opened campaigns and won great victories, ending the resistance war against the French colonialists Chapter COMMENTS AND EXPERIENCE US 4.1 Comments on the Party's leadership in building major corps (1949 - 1954) 4.1.1 Advantages and reasons 4.1.1.1 Advantages Firstly, the Party has properly assessed the nature, plots and tricks of the French colonialists and the actual ability of the country to set out a policy of building major corps to meet the requirements of the resistance war 21 Before the plots and tricks of the French colonialists, the Party realized that in order to lead the resistance war to victory, it was necessary to build strong main groups as the core for the entire resistance army and people The 6th Central Conference of Cadres (1949), advocated to consolidate the entire main team from battalion, regiment, to union In order to move strongly into the general counter-offensive phase, the Second Congress (1951) determined: The construction of the regular army became "a very big undertaking" The main army not only builds infantry regiments, but also builds army corps Second, in the process of directing the construction of major corps, the Party has adhered to reality and promptly handled newly arising problems properly The Party has adjusted all aspects in accordance with the requirements and tasks of each stage of the resistance war By 1953, the staffing organization was unified, the army numbered 9,500 people The content of the training is adapted to reality; The "final decision" political commissar system, which was replaced by the collective leadership of the Party committee, has strengthened and maintained the principle that the Party leads the main corps Third, under the leadership of the Party, the main corps was built strong in all aspects and achieved many outstanding feats Under the leadership of the Party, the quality of military, political, logistical and technical aspects of the main corps has been increasingly improved Thereby, the main regiments have achieved many outstanding feats 4.1.1.2 Cause of advantage Firstly, the Party has thoroughly grasped and creatively applied the theory of Marxism-Leninism, the experience of the nation and the experience of building revolutionary armies of other countries in building the main corps; Second, there is great effort and determination in the construction and combat of the cadres and soldiers of the main regiments; the people's help and support; Third, there is great support and help from international friends 4.1.2 Limited and causes 4.1.2.1 Limit First, the direction of consolidating a number of corps is still behind schedule; Second, the education and training work, at times, has contents that not meet the requirements of the tasks set out; Third, the work of ensuring logistics - technology has not been good at times 4.1.2.2 The cause of the restriction 22 First, the Party leads the building of major corps in difficult and war-torn conditions of the country and this is a new problem, so there is not much experience; Second, the level and awareness of a part of cadres and soldiers of the main regiments is still limited; Third, the French colonialists fought fiercely 4.2 Experiences from the process of Party leadership in building major corps (1949 - 1954) 4.2.1 Always maintain and strengthen the Party's absolute leadership in building major corps Practice shows that the Party leads in a unified and absolute manner in all aspects of activities, this is a decisive factor in the birth and growth of the main corps The Party's policy and direction is the political and practical basis for the process of building and fighting major corps Under the leadership of the Party, major unions were built with a streamlined and unified payroll organization The political quality has been increasingly improved, the party organization system has shown the central and unified leadership core role This is a decisive factor in the success of building the main corps of the Party The correct guidelines and direction of the Party in the program orientation and training content are the basis for organizing training, training and developing appropriate combat plans Weapons and equipment are guaranteed The lives of cadres and soldiers have been improved, creating great political-spiritual motivation In the current period, it is necessary to continue to grasp and uphold the principle that the Party leads the Vietnam People's Army absolutely and directly in all aspects Building a contingent of cadres and party members to ensure quantity, quality and reasonable structure The struggle failed the "peaceful evolution" operation, demanding the "depoliticization" of the army 4.2.2 Building comprehensive major delegations, taking political construction as the basis The Party has always taken care of building major political, military, logistic and technical corps, taking political construction as the basis Building strong politically, has created a basis for the Party to carry out the reorganization of personnel organization Major delegations clearly define their responsibilities, improve working habits, reduce focal points, improve work efficiency and service efficiency On the political background, officers and soldiers of the main regiments have actively studied, trained, and constantly improved their technical and tactical skills 23 Due to being imbued with the Party's guidelines, the cadres and soldiers of the unions always actively study to master and effectively exploit all kinds of weapons and equipment; actively increase production to reduce the contribution of the people and finance of the Government In the current period, it is necessary to thoroughly grasp and well implement the Party's line and the project "Renovation of political education work at the unit in the new period" Improve the quality of training; strictly maintain the regular order, observe the discipline Strictly manage the quantity, quality, synchronization of weapons and equipment and improve the soldiers' life 4.2.3 Relying firmly on the people and taking advantage of international support and help to build major corps Well implemented the policy of firmly relying on the people to build and fight, so even in the enemy's heart, the main corps still exists and develops Local people always support and help the main delegations in all aspects Under the leadership of the Party, the main delegations have received great support and help in all aspects from international friends, especially the Soviet Union and China The source of international aid in weapons and equipment is of great significance, the main regiments are equipped with relatively complete and modern weapons With the Party's policy of taking advantage of external aid for the resistance war and building the armed forces, the socialist countries have strongly helped Weapons and military supplies of international friends have been equipped, creating the fighting strength of the main companies The Party has educated the people and armed forces of the three countries to clearly recognize the nature of the enemy, creating a high consensus with the Party's line Thanks to that, the main corps, together with the revolutionary armed forces of Laos and Cambodia, stood side by side, helping each other to grow up and fight successfully In the current period, it is necessary to educate the people so that the people can well implement the Party's line and have a deep sense of the task of building the army Enlist the help in all aspects of the local party committees, authorities and people to build the unit Actively struggle not to let hostile forces take advantage of misrepresentation, causing division and unity of the army and people Promote international integration and defense diplomacy 4.2.4 Building major regiments step by step firmly in line with the reality and requirements of the resistance war Sticking to reality, the Party has organized to build the main corps step by step firmly and appropriately On the basis of the main regiments that were 24 built into strong main units, the Party established the 308th Battalion When the resistance war developed, international aid increased, the Party organized the construction regiments 304, 312, 320, 316, 351, 325 The building of the main corps has been firmly implemented by the Party step by step, not following the numbers Initially, pilot construction, when necessary conditions are met, build other unions In order to meet the operational requirements, the organization of staff of the main regiments has been gradually adjusted to ensure leanness Weapons and equipment were added step by step, making the attack stronger Thanks to the military training sessions, the commanding level of the cadres; The ability to concentrate combat and synergies between main armies has been gradually improved The drastic, difficult and arduous nature has made the political and ideological situation of a part of cadres and soldiers complicated The Party carried out political corrections to raise the level of class enlightenment, strengthen the organization, and enhance the combat strength of the army Regimes, standards, equipment, and supplies were taken care of, making an important contribution to morale encouragement, ensuring the army's health enough to build and fight successfully In the current period, it is necessary to thoroughly grasp and well implement the following objectives: To build a revolutionary, regular, elite, step by step modernized People's Army, with a number of branches, branches and forces advancing straight to the present Grand The struggle fails the peaceful evolution Building a "smooth, compact and strong" payroll organization Improve the quality of training, properly maintain the regimes and habits of regular construction, practice discipline Conclusion Chapter The successes, limitations and causes of the Party's leadership in building major corps have clearly reflected the Party's policy and direction Thereby, showing the great and decisive role of the Party in the birth and growth of major corps On that basis, draw experiences on the Party's leadership in building major corps The task of firmly building and defending the socialist Vietnamese Fatherland is posing new requirements Enemy forces stepped up to oppose the Vietnamese revolution Experiences from the process of the Party's 25 leadership in building major corps should be continued to be studied in order to inherit and apply them in new conditions 26 CONCLUSION With the success of the August Revolution, the newly born Democratic Republic of Vietnam had to face internal and external enemies The French colonialists returned to invade Vietnam for the second time In order to conduct a successful resistance war, it is necessary to build up main regiments Building major corps as the core for the entire army and people of the resistance is an objective requirement in the Party's process of leading the resistance war against the French colonialists Appreciate the plots and tricks of the French colonialists; the situation in the world, the region and the requirements of the resistance war mission, the Party promptly planned the policy of building major corps The policy of building major delegations, determined from the 6th Central Committee of Cadres Conference, was supplemented and developed through the Party's documents These policies have comprehensively reflected, the nature and extent of the resistance war, and the increasing demands in the construction of major corps Implementing the policy of the second conferences and congresses, the Party has directed the construction of key delegations step by step firmly, with increasing quality Concentrating on building unions in all aspects: military, political, logistical - technical Through many measures, the Party has led the building of major unions with a compact and lightweight organization; improve tactical, technical and political quality; modes and standards are concretized On that basis, the Party promoted the role of the main corps and defeated the will of the French colonialists to invade Summarizing the process of the Party's leadership in building major major events (1949 - 1954), shows that: The Party correctly assessed the plots and tricks of the French colonialists and the reality of Vietnam in order to set the right policy right In the process of directing, closely following reality, the Party promptly handled newly arising problems The main regiments were built strong and achieved many outstanding feats However, besides the main achievements, the process of leading the Party to build major corps still has certain limitations Success and limitations in leadership in building major corps, clearly show the decisive role of the Party On that basis, the thesis draws valuable experiences for reference and application in new conditions to build strong and comprehensive divisions, meeting the requirements of the task of firmly building and defending the Fatherland Socialist Vietnam ... major corps from 1949 to 1954, through two periods: 1949 - 1951 and 1951 - 1954 Comments and lessons learned from the Party leading the construction of major corps from 1949 to 1954 Object and... independent battalions: from 1,626 men to 1,650 men; one artillery battalion attached: 1,122 men; an engineer battalion: 845 men; an additional battalion: 825 men” On July 12, 1949, the Commander-in-Chief... two periods 1949 - 1951 and 1951 - 1954 About time: From January 1949, when the Sixth Central Committee Conference was held, discussed the policy of building major corps until July 1954, when