... frequency of use were performative (DP), statement of philosophy (IPH), repetition of part of the invitation (IRI) and postponement (IP). However, the frequency of use of these formulas of NSEs ... of speech acts of refusal, the VLEs used more statements of regret, more statement of empathy and more reason/ excuse/ explanation than Australian NSs of English. Moreover, Australian NSs of ... (IW), statement of principle (IPR), statement of philosophy (IPH), let the interlocutor of the hook (IOH), repetition of part of the invitation (IRI), postponement (IP), elaboration of the reason...