Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P39 ppt

... people often had the same sorts of things going wrong with them, particularly during epidemics of what we now call infectious diseases. In fact, one of the books in the Hippocratic corpus is entitled “Epidemics.” 1.2.2 ... determined by experimentation; the properties of diseases are determined by consensus conferences. The names and classifications of diseases are inventions of the human...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... degradation. In adddition to the RING domain, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 also contain a CARD domain located in the C-terminal region between the RING domain and BIR3. The function of CARD domains in these ... Most of the IAPs also contain a RING domain at the carboxy-terminus region which behaves as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The RING domain adds ubiquitin residues to target proteins so they will b...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in both the spinal cord and brain stem, first described by Charcot in 1869. Accompanying the cell loss are intra- cellular inclusions of ubiquitinated ... multifactorial disease a very challenging disorder for therapeutic intervention. 8 Dissecting Death Pathways in Vivo The increasing number of transgenic and knock-out murine...

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... in the Parkin Gene (PARK2) The parkin gene, which maps to chromosome 6, encodes a 465 amino acid pro- tein containing an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, a central linker region, and C-terminal ... and a serine–threonine protein kinase domain. Most reported mutations were distributed throughout the serine–threonine protein kinase domain. Thus, loss of function of kinase activity of PINK1 i...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... Repeated cocaine use has been shown to increase DAT activity in humans (Mash et al., 2002). The ini- tial increase in extracellular dopamine after cocaine administration is thought to result in increased ... GABA B receptor agonist, has resulted in increased cocaine abstinence in cocaine-addicted patients (Shoptaw et al., 2003). Similarly, the GABA transporter inhibitor tiagabine th...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... pentylenetetrazole-kindling model of epilepsy in SAMP8 mice: glial-neuronal metabolic interactions. Neurochem Int 43:629–637 Kosenko E, Kaminsky Y, Grau E, Minana MD, Grisolia S, Felipo V (1995) Nitroarginine, an ... changes in patients and animal models of brain disease. However, although employing 13C-labeling and spectroscopy techniques may aid in mapping metabolic dysfunctions, the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... plextrin homology (PH) domains, it contains an N-terminally located calponin homology (CH) domain, an SH3 domain, a GIT binding domain, and a C-terminally located leucine zipper that mediates the formation ... Lowe-syndrome patients, in addition to increased PI(4,5)P 2 levels, also had alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, an increased sensitivity to actin depolymerizing agents, and misl...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... increase in TH Ser40 phosphorylation at dopaminergic terminals t hat was associated with a commensurate increase in dopamine synthesis and turnover in striatum in vivo. Rolipram induced a small increase ... used in some clinical centers Cholinergic interneurons play an essential role in striatal mechanisms and increased acetylcholine release in the striatum is pathognomic for...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... neurotoxicity in an excitotoxic/pro-oxidant model of HD in rats (intrastriatal injection of quinolinate) (Maldonado et al., 2010) Calcineurin is a calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase involved in ... and Windle, 2001). Proteins/polypeptides containing Q n domains in vitro form hydrogen bonds that link the glutaminyl side chains of the Q n domain to the peptide backbone in...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... the A n domains may (1) have a role in repression, (2) act as spacers or hinges, or (3) play important roles in correct protein–protein interactions and protein–DNA interactions during transcription. ... recruited into the deposits may be the wild-type A n -containing protein which may lead to a dominant-negative effect. In addition, expanded A n tracts may result in (a) decreased bin...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... by aluminum contained promoter binding sites for NF-κB or stress-inducible transcription factors, such as HIF-1, thereby suggesting a role for these two promoter binding factors in proinflammatory ... DNA- binding. This inhibition of Sp1 DNA binding occurred in a manner dependent on the metal/peptide complex concentration. Therefore, heavy metals can alter the activ- ity of DNA binding pro...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... chemotaxis in astroglia by up-regulating CXCR4 cell surface expression. J Biol Chem 277:39801–39808 Pahan K, Khan M, Singh I (2000) Interleukin-10 and interleukin-13 inhibit proinflammatory cytokine-induced ... by antihistamine drugs in the developing mouse brain. Pediatr Res 50:222–230 Pinteaux E, Inoue W, Schmidt L, Molina-Holgado F, Rothwell NJ, Luheshi GN (2007) Leptin induces interleu...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... 3  end of an intron to form a spliceosome complex E (Sperling et al., 2008). SF1, a 75 kDa protein, is a mammalian homologue of yeast BBP (branch point-binding protein). U2AF65 and U2AF35 bring U2 ... families. Invest Clin 33:13–31 Moreno-Fuenmayor H, Borjas L, Arrieta A, Valera V, Socorro-Candanoza L (1996) Plasma excitatory amino acids in autism. Invest Clin 37:113–128 Narayan M, Srinath...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... repeat in FMR1 causes FXTAS, which is characterized by intention tremor, Parkinsonism, cognitive decline, and neuropathy (Hagerman and Hagerman, 2004). In FXTAS, CGG-binding proteins including hnRNP ... muscleblind proteins and deregulated alternative splicing in neurons. Hum Mol Genet 13:3079–3088 Kashima T, Rao N, Manley JL (2007) An intronic element contributes to splicing repression...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20

... the involvement of a descending cholinergic pathway in systemic morphine analgesia. Brain Res 478:293–300 Chiari A, Eisenach JC (1999) Intrathecal adenosine: interactions with spinal clonidine ... Serotonin receptor subtypes involved in the spinal antinociceptive effect of 5-HT in rats. Pain 86:11–18 Barke KE, Hough LB (1993) Simultaneous measurement of opiate-induced histamine release...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 09:20