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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P36 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P36 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P36 ppt

... neurotoxicity in anexcitotoxic/pro-oxidant model of HD in rats (intrastriatal injection of quinolinate)(Maldonado et al., 2010)Calcineurin is a calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase involved in ... and Windle, 2001). Proteins/polypeptidescontaining Qndomains in vitro form hydrogen bonds that link the glutaminyl sidechains of the Qndomain to the peptide backbone in an adjacent protein/polypeptideresulting ... calcium-dependent protein cross-linking between glu-taminyl (Q) and lysyl (K) residues. Often, but not always, such cross-linked proteinsare insoluble. In HD mice lacking TG 2 (the major TG in brain; also...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P2 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P2 ppt

... people often had the same sorts ofthings going wrong with them, particularly during epidemics of what we now callinfectious diseases. In fact, one of the books in the Hippocratic corpus is entitled“Epidemics.”1.2.2 ... determined by experimentation;the properties of diseases are determined by consensus conferences. The namesand classifications of diseases are inventions of the human mind, developed for theintellectual ... molecules in clini-cally defined “diseases.” Neurochemical mechanisms in sick people are real-worldentities that can be discovered by observation and whenever possible by experi-mentation. “Diseases”...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P5 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P5 ppt

... degradation. In adddition to the RINGdomain, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 also contain a CARD domain located in the C-terminalregion between the RING domain and BIR3. The function of CARD domains in these ... Most of the IAPs also contain a RING domain atthe carboxy-terminus region which behaves as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The RINGdomain adds ubiquitin residues to target proteins so they will be degraded ... specificregions within the IAP structure. XIAP–BIR3 domain interacts with caspase-9 andXIAP–BIR2-linker binds caspase-3 and -7. Both BIR domains utilize a two-sitebinding mechanism to inhibit caspases...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P6 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P6 ppt

... motorneurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in both the spinal cord andbrain stem, first described by Charcot in 1869. Accompanying the cell loss are intra-cellular inclusions of ubiquitinated ... multifactorial disease a very challenging disorder for therapeuticintervention.8 Dissecting Death Pathways in VivoThe increasing number of transgenic and knock-out murine models available in thelast ... 94:491–501Lin Y, Devin A, Cook A, Keane MM, Kelliher M, Lipkowitz S, Liu ZG (2000) The death domainkinase RIP is essential for TRAIL (Apo2L)-induced activation of IkappaB kinase and c-JunN-terminal kinase....
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P9 pptx

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P9 pptx

... in the Parkin Gene (PARK2)The parkin gene, which maps to chromosome 6, encodes a 465 amino acid pro-tein containing an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, a central linker region, andC-terminal ... and a serine–threonine protein kinase domain. Most reported mutations weredistributed throughout the serine–threonine protein kinase domain. Thus, loss offunction of kinase activity of PINK1 is ... target involved in neuronal death, cognitive deficits, or NFTs and in ammatory processes induced byintracellular Aβ neurotoxicity.3 Parkinson’s Disease (PD)3.1 The Human Disease Parkinson’s disease...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P20 pptx

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P20 pptx

... Repeated cocaine usehas been shown to increase DAT activity in humans (Mash et al., 2002). The ini-tial increase in extracellular dopamine after cocaine administration is thought toresult in increased ... GABABreceptoragonist, has resulted in increased cocaine abstinence in cocaine-addicted patients(Shoptaw et al., 2003). Similarly, the GABA transporter inhibitor tiagabine that isused for treating epilepsy has ... et al., 2008). Interestingly,Chen and colleagues demonstrated that mutating S528 to alanine in DAT TMH11 results in increased dopamine efflux (Chen and Justice, 2000). These find-ings suggest...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P23 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P23 ppt

... pentylenetetrazole-kindling modelof epilepsy in SAMP8 mice: glial-neuronal metabolic interactions. Neurochem Int 43:629–637Kosenko E, Kaminsky Y, Grau E, Minana MD, Grisolia S, Felipo V (1995) Nitroarginine,an ... changes in patientsand animal models of brain disease. However, although employing 13C-labelingand spectroscopy techniques may aid in mapping metabolic dysfunctions, the exact mechanisms underlying ... unraveling the cellular basesfor these MR conditions. Whereas the initial excess in identifying genes mutatedGlutamate and Glutamine in Brain Disorders 205of dopaminergic pathways and cause Parkinsonism)...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P25 pptx

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P25 pptx

... plextrin homology (PH) domains, it contains an N-terminally locatedcalponin homology (CH) domain, an SH3 domain, a GIT binding domain, and aC-terminally located leucine zipper that mediates the formation ... Lowe-syndromepatients, in addition to increased PI(4,5)P2levels, also had alterations in the actincytoskeleton, an increased sensitivity to actin depolymerizing agents, and mislocal-ization of the actin-binding ... 1998). Since then four additional mutations have been identified in MR patients. These include the R67C and the A365E mutations located in the p21-binding domain and in the kinase domain, respectively;...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P29 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P29 ppt

... increase in TH Ser40 phosphorylation at dopaminergic terminals t hat was associated witha commensurate increase in dopamine synthesis and turnover in striatum in vivo.Rolipram induced a small increase ... used in some clinical centers Cholinergic interneurons playan essential role in striatal mechanisms and increased acetylcholine release in thestriatum is pathognomic for PD (Cragg, 2006).ACh interneurons ... under the in uence of dopamine in modulatingcortical and thalamic glutamatergic signals impinging upon principal medium spinyneurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Dopamine D1 receptor signaling enhances...
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Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P37 ppt

Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease P37 ppt

... the Andomains may (1) have a role in repression, (2) act asspacers or hinges, or (3) play important roles in correct protein–protein interactionsand protein–DNA interactions during transcription. ... recruitedinto the deposits may be the wild-type An-containing protein which may leadto a dominant-negative effect. In addition, expanded Antracts may result in (a)decreased binding efficiency ... wild-type protein for binding to DNA, or (c) interfere with cofactors important for DNAbinding of the wild-type protein.As summarized by Messaed and Rouleau (2009), in order to delineate the cellularpathways...
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