Chapter 072 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 7) pptx
Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 7) pptx
... Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th ed. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 7) Assessment of Circulating ... increased dermal losses of protein may not indicate malnutrition. On the other hand, adequate nutritional support of the patient's calorie and protein needs is critical for returning circulating ... rates of synthesis and catabolism, "third spacing" (loss into interstitial spaces), and, in some cases, external loss. Although an adequate intake of calories and protein is necessary...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 6) pptx
... avoid assigning nutritional significance to tests that may be abnormal for nonnutritional reasons. Table 72-5 Laboratory Tests for Nutritional Assessment Test (Normal Values) Nutritional Use ... patient who is edematous and has easily pluckable hair and inadequate protein intake, the diagnosis of kwashiorkor is clear-cut. Commonly used laboratory tests for assessing nutritional status are ... BUN/creatinine (g) + 4] x 6.25 Adjustments required in burn patients and others with large nonurinary nitrogen losses and in patients with fluctuating BUN levels (e.g., renal failure)...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 1) ppt
... Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 72. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment: ... detecting, and treating malnutrition. Protein-Energy Malnutrition The two major types of PEM are marasmus and kwashiorkor. These conditions are compared in Table 72-1. Marasmus and kwashiorkor ... that protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects one-third to one-half of patients on general medical and surgical wards in teaching hospitals. The consistent finding that nutritional status influences...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 2) ppt
... in adults and older children) and lack of response to skin test antigens (anergy). The prognosis of adult patients with full-blown kwashiorkor is not good, even with aggressive nutritional ... illnesses such as trauma and sepsis, and chronic illnesses that involve acute-phase inflammatory responses. The physiologic stress produced by these illnesses increases protein and energy requirements ... is blocked by the stressed state and by carbohydrate infusion. In its early stages, the physical findings of kwashiorkor are few and subtle. Fat reserves and muscle mass are initially unaffected,...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 3) pps
... infections such Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 3) Physiologic Characteristics of Hypometabolic and Hypermetabolic States The metabolic characteristics and nutritional ... kwashiorkor seen in developing countries. Metabolic Rate In starvation and semistarvation, the resting metabolic rate falls between 10% and 30% as an adaptive response to energy restriction, slowing ... gram-negative septicemia, and as much as 110% after major burns. If the metabolic rate (energy requirement) is not matched by energy intake, weight loss results—slowly in hypometabolism and quickly in...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 4) pdf
... an underlying illness does not necessarily indicate malnutrition. Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 4) Protein Catabolism The rate of endogenous protein breakdown ... life-threatening. Nutritional Assessment Because interactions between illness and nutrition are complex, many physical and laboratory findings reflect both underlying disease and nutritional status. ... problems and to avoid concluding that isolated findings indicate nutritional problems when they do not. For example, hypoalbuminemia caused by an underlying illness does not necessarily indicate malnutrition. ...
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Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 5) ppsx
... Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 5) Nutritional History A nutritional history is directed toward identifying underlying mechanisms that put patients at risk for nutritional ... drop, and decreased tendon reflexes, fine tactile sense, vibratory sense, and position sense) Thiamine, pyridoxine, vitamin B12 Pyridoxine Tetany Calcium, magnesium Other Chapter ... vitamin, mineral, and protein-energy deficiencies and excesses are outlined in Table 72-4. Most of the physical findings are not specific for individual nutrient deficiencies, and they must be...
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Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 7) pptx
... cellular casts and RBCs may be seen in smoldering processes such as chronic glomerulonephritis. ABNORMALITIES OF URINE VOLUME Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 7) Isolated ... the urine volume is >3 L/d and urine osmolality is >300 mosmol/L, then a solute diuresis is clearly present and a search for the responsible solute(s) is mandatory. Figure 45-4 discussed ... hematuria. The presence of bacteria suggests infection, and white blood cell casts with bacteria are indicative of pyelonephritis. White blood cells and/ or white blood cell casts may also be seen in...
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Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 7) ppsx
... and Carotenoids. Washington, National Academy Press, 2000 Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 7) Nutritional Status Assessment Full nutritional status assessment ... for seriously ill patients and those at very high nutritional risk when the cause of malnutrition is still uncertain after initial clinical evaluation and dietary assessment. It involves multiple ... measurements, biochemical measurements of blood and urine, clinical examination, health history, and functional status. For further discussion of nutritional assessment, see Chap. 72. Global Considerations...
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Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 5) pptx
... illness, and stability of his or her condition. Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 5) Physiologic Factors Growth, strenuous physical activity, pregnancy, and ... metabolism), and drug use (chronic steroids) (Chap. 348). Dietary Assessment In clinical situations, nutritional assessment is an iterative process that involves (1) screening for malnutrition; ... thiamine; and pellagra due to lack of niacin and protein (Chaps. 71 and 72). Each deficiency disease is characterized by imbalances at the cellular level between the supply of nutrients or energy and...
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