A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 44 doc

... oper- ators. ■ You cannot redefine the operators for fundamental types. ■ You cannot change the operands of an operator. A binary operator will always be binary and a unary operator will always ... returns a reference to *this. 412 ■ CHAPTER 19 OVERLOADING OPERATORS The assignment operator =, the address operator &, and the comma operator, have a predefined meaning for each buil...

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... container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues; associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets. In addition to discussing how to manage containers, the chapter also ... 322 Initializing Arrays 324 Arrays 326 Class Arrays 328 Multidimensional Arrays 330 Member Arrays 332 Exercises 334 Solutions 338 Chapter 17 Arrays and Pointers 349 Arrays and Pointers (1) 35...

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... declare and call standard functions and ■ use standard classes. This includes using standard header files. In addition, we will be working with string variables, i.e. objects belonging to the standard ... Definitions In addition to standard function prototypes, the header files also contain standard class definitions. When a header file is included, the classes defined and any objec...

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... English alphabet by default, any national characters, such as accentuated charac- ters in other languages, must be dealt with individually. A program of this type is known as a filter and can be applied ... , are available for classifying charac- ters. For example, the macro islower(c) checks whether c contains a lowercase letter returning the value true, in this case, and false in...

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... 197 Storage Classes and Namespaces This chapter begins by describing storage classes for objects and functions.The storage class is responsible for defining those parts of a program where an object ... scope Function ■ STORAGE CLASSES OF OBJECTS ᮀ Availability of Objects C++ program ᮀ Storage Class Specifiers The storage class of an object is determined by ■ the position of its declaratio...

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... a namespace within another namespace. Global identifiers belonging to the C++ standard library automatically belong to the standard namespace std. exercises 212 ■ CHAPTER 11 ST0RAGE CLASSES AND ... need to repeatedly quote the namespace. Just like normal declarations, using declarations and using directives can occur at any part of the program. ᮀ using Declarations A using decla...

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... increments the variable var. Within the function, any access to the reference a auto- matically accesses the supplied variable, var. If an object is passed as an argument when passing by reference, ... need to read arguments, but not copy them, you can define a read-only reference as a parameter. Example: void display( const string& str); The function display() contains a str...

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... at data encapsulation. Access methods offer a far more useful way of accessing the private data members. Access methods allow data to be read and manipulated in a controlled manner. If the access ... impact a program’s runtime. In fact, saving a re-entry address and jumping to the called function and back into the call- ing function can take more time than executing the functi...

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... encapsulation also apply to static data members. A static data member declared as public is therefore directly accessible to any object. If the static data members min and max in the Result class ... and member functions belonging to the same class are normally defined in one source file. ACCESSING STATIC DATA MEMBERS ■ 307 ᮀ Static Data Members and Encapsulation The normal rules...

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... } ENUMERATION ■ 309 ᮀ Definition An enumeration is a user-definable, integral type. An enumeration is defined using the enum keyword. A range of values and a name for these values are also defined at the same time. Example: ... 1, and Ellipse a value of 2. A Shape type variable can only assume one of these values. Example: Shape shape = Rectangle; // Variable shape // switch(shape)...

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