Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - L pptx

... in their children. Sociopolitical Organization Social Organization. The Lingayat system of social strati- fication is built largely around wealth, power, and prestige in both secular and religious spheres. Occupational and social mobility are open to everyone. Lingayats are therefore in- volved in all sectors of the economy. Their work ethic flows directly from their ethic of kayaka (ri...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... people from cultures different from our own. "We" is used here in the broadest sense, to include not just scholars who study the cul- tures of the world and businesspeople and government offi- cials who work in the world community but also the average citizen who reads or hears about multicultural events in the news every day and young people who are growing up in this compl...

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... that life continues be- yond the grave, in a land where each of the uyus has its indi- vidual abode. When one dies, his or her soul is taken to the domain of the uyu who was the cause of death. An individual enjoys the same status and life-style that he or she had while alive. For this reason the deceased is provided with food, drink, possessions, and other tools and provisions to ensur...

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... the latter still exist and tend to be occupationally endogamous. Today, however, Muslim village communities, at least in Bangladesh, are most often populated by ordinary cultivators, among whom well- marked castelike distinctions are not found and who empha- size distinctions in wealth as the basis for social rank. Political Organization. West Bengal is divided into six- teen districts, and b...

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... to the government. The Chakma raja traditionally received a small portion of tax on swidden land. Kinship Kin Groups and Descent. The paribar (family) is the basic kinship unit in Chakma society. Beyond the paribar and bari (homestead), multihousehold compounds are the next widest unit, the members of which may form work groups and help each other in other activities. Next are the hamlets...

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... old culture is comprised of three main layers: the Tamil-Malayalam substratum with its many subtle roots; old Sinhala culture and language, which is the dominant element; and the phase of Arabic in- fluence. But the Maldives were touched by every cultural wind that passed over the Indian Ocean. Since independence there has again been influence from Sri Lanka, through its teachers brought...

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... is governed by repre- sentatives elected by universal adult franchise who constitute a vidhan sabha (legislative assembly). A majority party forms the government. The head of the state is the governor, ap- pointed by the president of India. The state government has very wide powers for maintaining law and order, levying taxes, and carrying out development work. It also shares resources wi...

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... found as household servants and cooks, and in some cities in India they run public bathhouses. Hijras complain that in contemporary India their opportunity to earn a living by the respectable means of performing at marriages and births has declined, due to smaller families, less elaborate life-cycle ceremonies, and a general decline in the respect for traditional ritual specialists. Hijras...

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... Indian priests, and also brought in large numbers of European Jesuits in a su- pervisory capacity. The year 1947 marked a landmark in Protestant church history, not just because this was the year of independence for both India and Pakistan but also because it was the year when the Church of South India came into being-the first unified Protestant church anywhere. It of course absorb...

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... of the village, but within the village each individual head of household has discrete rights within the various lineage segments. Generally, all landowners in a village are descended from a common ancestor who founded the village; his ownership of all the village lands is never for- gotten, and by this token all individuated rights are successive restrictions of more general rights, a...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20