Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 36 pdf
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 36 pdf
... signal-to-noise ratio at the end of the path will also fluctuate with time, and
careful attention needs to be paid to maintain the total PDL on the path to within
acceptable limits. An example ... effect by a factor of 2.
To calculate the effect of SRS in a multichannel system, following [Chr84], we
approximate the Raman gain shape as a triangle, where the Raman gain coefficient
as...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 86 pdf
...
path layer, 370, 543
physical layer, 370
pointers, 36 7-3 68, 369
protection schemes, 544
rings, 454
scrambling, 274
signal rate, 367
standard optical interface,
366
standards, 72 3-7 24 ... interface (UNI), 382, 385,
523
valence band, 161
variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213
Vernier effect, 231
vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
(VCSELs), 17 3-1 74
advan...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 6 pdf
... may accept data at any bit rate and any protocol
format within these limits. It may also be able to carry analog data.
Transparency in the network provides several advantages. An operator can ... network.
Transparency type
Parameter Fully transparent Practical Nontransparent
Analog/digital Both Digital Digital
Bit rate Arbitrary Predetermined maximum Fixed
Framing protocol Arbitrary...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 7 pdf
... generation of systems. A
major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many
wavelengths simultaneously. This provided another way of increasing the system
capacity: ... systems used the C-band, primarily because that was
where EDFAs existed. Today we have EDFAs that work in the L-band, which allow
WDM systems to use both the C- and L-bands. We are also seei...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 12 pdf
... energy from a lower-wavelength signal
to a higher-wavelength signal is a fundamental effect that is also the basis of optical
amplification and lasers. The energy of a photon at a wavelength ... generated
as a result of nonlinear dielectric polarization at 3co0 has a propagation constant
3fi0, where/30 = fl(oo0) is the propagation constant at the angular frequency coo. In...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 22 pdf
...
Laser
Periodic pulses
AAAAA
1
I
(a)
Modulator]
I
Electrical NRZ data
0 0 1 1
I I
Modulated pulses
1 0 0 1 1
A AA
CW signal
Periodic pulses
AAAAA
I stage 1 I Two-stage modulator ...
device, a polarization maintaining fiber is used between the laser and the modulator.
The EA modulator is an attractive alternative to lithium niobate modulators
because it can be fabricate...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 23 pdf
... where a fraction 1 - x of the
Ga atoms in GaAs are replaced by In atoms. In l-xGaxAsyPl_y
is a quaternary compound semiconductor material where, in
addition, a fraction 1 - y of the As atoms are ... multiplicative gain
of an APD can be made quite large and even infinite a condition called
avalanche
breakdown.
However, a large value of
Gm
is also accompanied by a l...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 25 pdf
... wavelengths that
they can handle at their inputs and outputs. A fixed-input, fixed-output device always
takes in a fixed-input wavelength and converts it to a fixed-output wavelength. A
variable-input, ... (regeneration with reshaping and retiming).
3.8.2
Optical Gating
Optical gating makes use of an optical device whose characteristics change with the
intensity of an input...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 35 pdf
... that can provide total chromatic dispersion of between -3 40 and
-1 360 ps/nm are commercially available. An 80 km length of standard single-mode
fiber has an accumulated or total chromatic dispersion, ... want a grating that introduces a large amount of chromatic dispersion
over a wide bandwidth so that it can compensate for the fiber chromatic dispersion
over a large lengt...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 42 pdf
... Thus, in all but one cell, the AAL-5 payload
is equal to the 48-byte ATM payload, and AAL-5 has lower overhead compared to
AAL-1. Also note that AAL-5 provides error detection for its payload through ... layer.
Functions of ATM
ATM data can either be transmitted from an ATM user to an ATM network
across a user-to-network interface (UNI) or the data can be transmitted across a
networ...
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