Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 16 pptx

... Functions of ATM 38 2 6.2.2 Adaptation Layers 38 5 6.2 .3 Quality of Service 38 6 6.2.4 Flow Control 38 7 6.2.5 Signaling and Routing 38 7 6 .3 IP 38 8 6 .3. 1 Routing and Forwarding 39 0 6 .3. 2 Quality ... Service 39 2 6 .3. 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 39 2 6 .3. 4 Whither ATM? 39 4 6.4 Storage-Area Networks 39 5 6.4.1 ESCON 39 6 6.4.2 Fibre Channel 39...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... COS((O9i -Jr- (.O j -Jr- co k ) t - ( fl i -[ - ~ j [- ~ k ) Z ) [- COS((O)i -Jr- O) j O) k ) t ( fl i -Jr- fl j ilk)Z) -[ - COS((O)i O) j -Jr- co ~ ) t - ( i~ i - fl j + ilk)Z) -+ - COS((O)i ... of DSF and LEAE Note that the power in the case of LEAF is distributed over a larger area. (After [Liu98].) 6 - 4 - r~ ~ 0- 0 r,~ ~2 m...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... gratings are classified as either short-period or long-period gratings, based on the period of the grating. Short-period gratings are also called Bragg gratings and have periods that are ... operation of a transmission grating. The reflection grating works in an analogous manner. The path length difference between rays diffracted at angle Oa from adjacent slits is AB - CD =...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... laser, in general, uses a wavelength-selective mirror instead of a wavelength-flat mirror. (A highly polished and/or metal-coated facet used in conventional lasers acts as a wavelength-flat ... wavelength). These lasers can all be grown on a single substrate in the form of an array. Four- and eight-wavelength laser arrays have been fabricated in research laboratories, but have...

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... switch signals on a packet-by- packet basis. For this application, the switching time must be much smaller than a packet duration, and large switches will be needed. For example, a 53-byte packet ... these mirrors can be manufac- tured and packaged as arrays. Moreover, the mirrors can be fabricated using fairly standard semiconductor manufacturing processes. These mirrors are deflec...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating in the C-band. In addition, L-band EDFAs and Raman amplifiers are also used. EDFAs are used in almost all amplified WDM systems, whereas Raman amplifiers ... with a receiver are its sensitivity and overload parameter. The sensitivity is the average optical power required to achieve a certain bit error rate at a particular bit rate....

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Sources of intrachannel crosstalk. (a) A cascaded wavelength demultiplexer and a mul- tiplexer, and (b) an optical switch. The crosstalk penalty is highest when the state of polarization (SOP) ... crosstalk. However, there are a few architectural approaches toward reducing specific forms of crosstalk, particularly crosstalk arising in optical switches. The first approach is to...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... J. Walrand and P. Varaiya. High-Performance Communication Networks. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2000. 7.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers 409 Figure 7.4 A three-node linear network example ... Transparency. Transparency refers to the fact that the lightpaths can carry data at a variety of bit rates, protocols, and so forth and can, in effect, be made protocol insensitive. Th...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs: A Detailed Ring Network Example 441 cost trade-offs between the higher-layer and optical- layer equipment in a ring net- work. We will then discuss the LTD and RWA problems, ... with and without wavelength conversion capability. (We will discuss a practical long-haul network design example in Section 13.2.6.) 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs" A Detailed Ring Net...

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... important role in determining the reuse factor. Note that for the same num- ber of available paths, the max-used algorithms have a distinct advantage over the random algorithms. The intuitive reason ... phenomenon is that the max-used strategy provides a higher likelihood of finding the same free wavelength on all the links along a particular route. A drawback of the max-used algo...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... of all -optical routing in transport networks. In 0FC'95 Technical Digest, pages 16 4-1 65, 1995. [RS95] R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan. Routing and wavelength assignment in all -optical ... Karmi. Lightpath communications: An approach to high-bandwidth optical WAN's. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 40(7).117 1-1 182, July 1992. [CGK93] I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... share a large total amount of bandwidth among many NIUs rather than assign each NIU its own dedicated bandwidth. On the other hand, with dedicated bandwidth, each NIU can be guaranteed a certain ... coax to each home that it serves. Each coax leg serves about 5 0-5 00 homes. Logically, the architecture is a broadcast bus, although it is implemented as a combination of optical...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... the tunable converter assumes that the incoming data is electrical and uses a tunable laser and external modulator to provide a tun- able optical input into an arrayed waveguide grating. A 16 ... with a delay larger than d. Another demonstrator used a broadcast-and-select approach as shown in Fig- ure 12.24. Here packets arriving at different inputs are assigned different wave...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... the header and payload. Again, if we want to maintain the payload at 90% of the overall packet, and the header at 10 bytes at 1 Gb/s, what size does the payload need to be? References [Ams83] ... S. Amstutz. Burst switching an introduction. IEEE Communications Magazine, 21:3 6-4 2, Nov. 1983. [AS92] A. S. Acampora and S. I. A. Shah. Multihop lightwave networks: A comparison of...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... propagate, consider a pulse consisting of just two spectral components: one at coo + Ao) and the other at coo - Ao). Further assume that Ao) is small so that we may approximate fl(O)0 -4 - AO)) ... the propagation constant, (E.5) must be modified to read 3A 3A i 3 2A 0-~ -~ - fl l ~- ~t_ -~ f12 -~ "-iyIal 2 A . (E.13) i 3 2A incorporates the ef...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20