Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 1 ppsx

... signal formats, 24 0-2 42 DC balance and, 241 non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 24 0-2 42 return-to-zero (RZ), 24 0-2 42 See also on-off keying (OOK) modulation signaling interface, 503 signal-spontaneous ... user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385, 523 valence band, 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking Series Editor, David Clark, MIT Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan Telecommunications Law in the ... Technology and Applications Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 2e Larry...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... 12 1.3 .2 Second-Generation Optical Networks 14 1.4 The Optical Layer 16 1.5 Transparency and All -Optical Networks 24 1.6 Optical Packet Switching 26 1.7 Transmission Basics 28 1.7.1 Wavelengths, ... 2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber 49 2. 1 Light Propagation in Optical Fiber 50 2. 1.1 Geometrical Optics Approach 50 2. 1 .2 Wave Theory Approach 55 2. 2 Lo...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Functions of ATM 38 2 6.2.2 Adaptation Layers 38 5 6.2 .3 Quality of Service 38 6 6.2.4 Flow Control 38 7 6.2.5 Signaling and Routing 38 7 6 .3 IP 38 8 6 .3. 1 Routing and Forwarding 39 0 6 .3. 2 Quality ... Service 39 2 6 .3. 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 39 2 6 .3. 4 Whither ATM? 39 4 6.4 Storage-Area Networks 39 5 6.4.1 ESCON 39 6 6.4.2 Fibre Channel 39...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called cells and are of fixed length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many carriers ... layer. A virtual circuit (VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmit...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... may accept data at any bit rate and any protocol format within these limits. It may also be able to carry analog data. Transparency in the network provides several advantages. An operator can ... islands of all -optical subnetworks with optical- to-electrical-to -optical conversion at their boundaries for the purposes of adaptation, regeneration, or wavelength conversion. 1 .6 Optic...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... generation of systems. A major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many wavelengths simultaneously. This provided another way of increasing the system capacity: ... of amplification (such as Raman amplification, a topic that we will cover in Chapter 3) that complement EDFAs and hold the promise to open up other fiber bands such as the S-band and the U...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... optical packet-switched networks and local-area optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... has focused on (1) transmitting terabits-per-second aggregate traffic across transoceanic distances with individual channel data rates at 10 or 20 Gb/s [Cai01, Bak01, VPM01], or 40 Gb/s chan...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... the propagation constant is knl, and for a wave propagating only in the cladding, the propagation constant is kn2. The fiber modes propagate partly 54 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER ... incident at an angle 00 < 0~ nax= sin -i V/n12 - n22 (2.2) no at the air-core interface will undergo total internal reflection at the Core-cladding interface and will thus prop...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... cross-sectional area. (a) A typical distribution of the signal inten- sity along the radius of optical fiber. (b) A hypothetical intensity distribution, equivalent to that in (a) for many purposes, ... a factor of C~ after it has propagated a distance equal to the dispersion length. 70 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER I Figure 2.8 A (negatively) chirped Gaussian pu...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... reflections can convert the amplifier into a laser, making it unusable as an amplifier. A combination of several factors has made the EDFA the amplifier of choice in today's optical communication ... multiplexers and demultiplexers. 3.4 Optical Amplifiers In an optical communication system, the optical signals from the transmitter are at- tenuated by the optical fiber...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... devices, and a variety of technologies are avail- able to build smaller-scale switches. All -optical wavelength converters are still in the research laboratories, awaiting significant cost reductions ... commercial devices. High-speed APDs and pinFET receivers are both available today. Large-scale MEMS-based optical switches for use in wavelength crossconnects are now emerging as co...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Recent advances in ultra-wideband Raman amplifiers. In OFC 2000 Technical Digest, pages FF-1-FF-2, 2000. [NE01] S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Ultra-broadband Raman amplifiers ... this case, compute the best-case and worst-case loss seen by a channel that is dropped, a channel that is added, and a channel that is passed through the device. (c) Another way to reali...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... that all channels are received with approximately the same signal-to-noise ratios at the receiver and fall within the receiver's dynamic range. However, the amount of equalization that ... The flatness of the EDFA passband becomes a critical issue in WDM systems with cascaded amplifiers. The amplifier gain is not exactly the same at each wavelength. Small variations in gain betwee...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... layers in backbone networks today are SONET/SDH, IP, and ATM. SONET/SDH is particularly adept at dealing with lower-speed time divi- sion multiplexed streams, whereas IP and ATM are adept at ... signal. The optical interface corresponding to the STS-3 rate is called OC-3 (optical carrier-3), and similar optical interfaces have been defined for OC-12, OC-48, OC-192, and OC-768 corresp...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21