The grammar of the english verb phrase part 36 docx

... Cappelle. p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper) ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 30 1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31 1 .23 Habitual aspect 33 1...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... speak of a noun phrase (NP) (e. g. all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequenc...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... form of will.) 1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho- nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con- stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled, unrav...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... about other parts of the situa- tion or about the situation as a whole. In technical terms, what is located in the past is not the time of the full situation but the situation time (the time of the ... to manage to reach the addressee so quickly. In each of the clauses in the past tense, the speaker is concerned with one particular situation forming part of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Compare: IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 243 The following pair of examples also illustrates the rule that (on an indefinite interpretation) the time of actualization of the situation ... of the recession. 244 5. The absolute use of the present perfect Moreover, the present perfect can co-occur with the adverbials recently, lately, just and...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... reading. The latter is the preferred interpretation if the sentence is used out of context.) The Johnsons have lived in London for three years now. (The presence of now in the adverbial means that the ... before, in the past, etc., this distance is as short as is allowed by the semantics and pragmatics of 290 5. The absolute use of the present perfect (a) On the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... to another time in a past domain, the past perfect is used. This is the case irrespective of whether the binding time is the ‘central orientation time’ (see 8.15) of the past domain or another ... e. the situation time of said.) The tense structure of the last example is represented by Figure 9.1. 9.1.1 The past perfect can express the same types of T-anteriority...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Outline of the distribution of the two systems 535 II. Theoretical analysis of the Absolute Future System and the Pseudo-t 0 -System 537 10.4 Characteristics of the two systems 537 10.5 Summary of part ... represent the time of their situation as either T-anterior or T-posterior to the central orientation time of the domain in question. That is, they establish...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... an instance of another type of shift of temporal perspective: the post-present situation time of the noun clause is treated as if it coincided with t 0 . 8 The possibility of using the present ... orientation time for the Pseudo-t 0 -System form. (c) The use of the Pseudo-t 0 -System is a sign that the situations of the sub- clause and the head clause are clo...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... choice of tem- poral focus when using absolute tenses: the sa- lience of the present moment in those cases in which it is included in the time of the full situa- tion, and the temporal focus of the ... of the more general distinction between the Pseudo-t 0 - System and the Absolute Future System. 10.9.3 It should be noted, finally, that the past counterparts of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Paris. *My father died in an accident from 1983 to 1 986. 1. Since the property of being homogeneous or heterogeneous is a property of the Adv- time determined by the nature of the time adverbial describing ... noninclusive heterogeneous adverbials. In part I (ϭ sections 12.5Ϫ18) we address the compatibility of these various types of time- specifying adverbials with th...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... focuses on the past time of his going to the museum. The fact that this past time forms part of an adverbially indicated period including t 0 is irrelevant to the choice of tense.) As a further illustration, ... a present result of the bygone situation, or on some other kind of current relevance.) The following illustrate these uses of the present perfect: [On the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... left the office.’) (The situation time of the until- clause is represented as T-anterior to the Anchor time.) I. Adverbial before -clauses 739 the until-clause, which specifies the end of the ... between the contextually given past orientation time and the end of the before-clause situation but between the orientation time and the beginning of the situation o...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20