the parts of the english verb

... form of will.) 1.15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homophonous with the stem of the verb (e g underline), except in the third ... that the theft was committed before the confession The time of the confession is thus the orientation time to which the time of the theft is represented as anterior by the past perfect In sum, verb ... categories expressed by verb forms Tense Introduction The formation of the present tense The formation of the past tense The formation of the other tenses The meanings of tenses: expressing temporal...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 02:18

... Introduction Towards a theory of tense and time The absolute use of the present tense The absolute past tense The absolute use of the present perfect The present perfect vs the preterite in clauses ... Topics in English Linguistics 60-1 Editors Bernd Kortmann Elizabeth Closs Traugott Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase Volume 1: The Grammar of the English ... Declerck, Renaat The grammar of the English tense system : a comprehensive analysis / by Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle p cm − (The grammar of the English verb phrase...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... categories expressed by verb forms Tense Introduction The formation of the present tense The formation of the past tense The formation of the other tenses The meanings of tenses: expressing temporal ... subsequent volumes dealing with the English verb phrase (The definitions of the terms and concepts used in the book are brought together in an extensive glossary at the end of the book.) Part I (ϭ sections ... overview of tense and two other areas of meaning that can be expressed by the use of verb forms in English and that interact with tense: the system of grammatical aspect and the system of mood...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... interpretation of the discourse Chapters 12 to 14, as mentioned above, deal with the interaction of temporal adverbials and the tense of the clause in which the adverbial functions Chapter 12 explores further ... with the past tense and the present perfect Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of a state, we can say that the clause in question refers to the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... located in the future The situation of their causing a disturbance, however, is interpreted as lying in the future in the first case, in the present in the second, and in the past in the third ... feature of finite verb forms in English 1.10.2 Because of the crucial importance of being marked for tense, finite verb forms are by definition indicative forms Compare: They were in the kitchen ... be the temporal zero-point It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode information concerning the relation of the time of a situation to the temporal zero-point t0 (which is usually the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... form of will.) 1.15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homophonous with the stem of the verb (e g underline), except in the third ... that the theft was committed before the confession The time of the confession is thus the orientation time to which the time of the theft is represented as anterior by the past perfect In sum, verb ... infinitive (which is the citation form of the verb used as an entry in dictionaries) 1.16 The formation of the past tense The regular past tense indicative form consists of the stem of the verb and a suffix...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... was in the middle of writing an essay ’) There are in principle three kinds of imperfective aspect, depending on whether the speaker focuses on the beginning, the end or the middle of the situation ... represents the actualization of a situation (Both ontological aspect and actualization aspect are determined by the choice of lexical material, the former on the level of the verb phrase, the latter ... onto the floor does not Note that in these examples it is the (actually bounded or nonbounded) nature of the referent of the subject NP that is responsible for the difference in boundedness of the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... determined in the first instance by the meanings of the verb and of the other components of the predicate constituent (as defined in 1.7) and the semantic relations between them If a verb, VP or ... predicate constituent The latter consists of the verb phrase (VP) and the optional adverbial(s), if any The VP consists of the verb form (ϭ verb ϩ auxiliaries, if any) ϩ the complements (ϭ direct ... utterance) a referent The meaning (or denotation) of the noun phrase results from a combination of the lexical meaning of boy and the grammatical meaning of the definiteness marker the The referent (which...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... as head of its verb phrase The features are therefore typical, not only of the simple situationtemplate of the verb know but also of all more enriched situation-templates using this verb (i e ... 1.29.1, any verb or verb phrase denotes a situation-template The nature of the template is determined by the lexical contents of the verb (phrase) in question For example, know represents the situation ... (and to the clauses denoting them), the literature also applies these labels to the verbs or verb phrases which typically refer to a particular group of situations We read of ‘punctual verbs’,...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... example, the features [( dynamic] and [( agentive] help to determine the possibility of using the verb phrase in the progressive form The distinction [( telic] is relevant to the use of temporal adverbials ... However, for the sake of convenience, we will extend the use of ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’, so that they apply to the following three cases Firstly, the labels will be applied to the verb phrases ... 1.34.3 Certain verbs can only be used to refer to a state We refer to them as static situation verbs or state verbs (Some people speak of verbs of state.) Examples of static situation verbs are:...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... for the adverbial to make sense, a series is required to make the situation durative.) One after the other, the ramblers reached the top of the hill (The idea of repetition is induced by the ... ashes.] The fact that the transition cannot form part of the ‘middle part’ of the situation referred to by the progressive form is due to the fact that the transition itself is the possible end of the ... plurality of the subject NP and the duration-implying phrase one after the other.) Someone was frantically knocking on the back door (Repetition is signalled by the use of the progressive form.) The...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... on the level of the clause (which refers to actualization), the indication of the full length of a situation can also be the result of measuring the situation when the endpoint of the actualization ... result of this kind of measuring, it renders the clause (and the actualizing situation referred to) bounded, but it does not affect the atelic nature of the kind of situation denoted by the VP ... categorization of situation kinds which reflects our intuitive distinction between different kinds of actualization (determined by the choice of verb, verb phrase, predicate constituent and subject of the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... the VP is atelic It is irrelevant to this whether the three people walked together or one after another Since walk is atelic, the situation of the third person walking has no inherent point of ... was in the library suggests that the proposition ‘John be in the library’ only applies in the past and not in the present, i e that the situation is no longer actualizing at the time of speech ... he was out of hospital Downslope of the vents, there have been some dramatic changes within the last few weeks (www) Oral presentations are in general within the last few weeks of the semester...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... (L-nonbounded: because of the indefiniteness of many more, the duration adverbial for many more years indicates a period of indefinite length and therefore does not specify the terminal point of the period ... because of the indefiniteness of the duration adverbial However, the sentence to which the adverbial is added (viz I am going to run the marathon) is itself L-bounded if it refers to the complete ... does not alter the fact, though, that in nonprogressive clauses the (a)telic nature of the VP is one of the strongest factors determining the (non)boundedness of the sentence using the VP in question.)...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... from the fact that the nature of the subject NP may affect the interpretation of the actualization of a situation as homogeneous or not, it is often not possible to decide on the homogeneity of ... drink a glass of beer, in which no single part of the situation constitutes a full instance of drinking a glass of beer) Some of the information which determines the (non)homogeneity of a concrete ... consists of a (punctual) change from one state to another In open the window the situation-template involves the window undergoing a transition from the state of being closed to the state of being...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... the temporal relation between the time of actualization of a situation and some other time, which may be the temporal zero-point (which is normally the moment of speech) or some other ‘time of ... expression of the temporal location of the actualization of a predicated situation’ I Introduction see 2.2), such as the time of another situation Thus, in the sentence John said that Bill had left, the ... time A tense is the pairing of a morpho-syntactic form with a meaning, the meaning being the specification of the temporal location of a situation Thus, in the future tense, the form ‘will ϩ...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... they express is or is not that of anteriority The same is true of the other nonfinite forms, viz infinitives and gerunds (In other words, verb forms are only tense forms if the main verb or the ... Apart from the fact that they not involve a particular inflectional tense morpheme, the present perfect and the future tense are often excluded from the English tense system on the basis of the claim ... of tenses, one of which is the future tense.) In other words, the observation that English and French (and most languages that have tense) treat the distinction of past and nonpast as being of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... equivalent, and that the difference between them is to be found in the constraints they impose on the processing in context of the utterance in which they occur” The claim that the will/shall future ... realization of the future tense In the following examples there is no real difference of meaning between will and be going to: Tomorrow there {will be / is going to be} frost in the northern part of England ... actualization of the future situation which is the outcome predictable from the present state Only the future situation Ϫ the one associated with the lexical verb Ϫ is actually referred to Such verb forms...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... coinciding with the situation time of said The situation time of was feeling is not the time of the full situation: it is the time of the predicated situation, i e that part of the time of the full ... note the temporal relation between the time of the full situation 122 Towards a theory of tense and time and the time of the predicated situation (ϭ the situation time) The former ‘contains’ the ... So, even if the time of the full situation of Bill brooding does not completely coincide with the time of the full situation of John believing, and the time of the full situation of John believing...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... working in the garden (The two full situations may either coincide or overlap: one situation may have started at, before or after the beginning of the other situation, and either of them may have ... or after the end of the other situation The two situations are Wsimultaneous in the sense that they have at least one point of time in common.) As is clear from the comment added to these examples, ... principles of conversation) are often as important as the semantics of the tense and the Adv-time (if any) 131 132 Towards a theory of tense and time III The role of temporal adverbials 2.22 Definition...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20