Migration, Environment and Climate Change: ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE docx

... however, climate change is unique in being 43Migraon, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence 18Migraon, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence Enhancing the Knowledge ... change Enhancing the Knowledge Base17Migraon, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence 44Migraon, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence Challenges and approaches ... 13Migraon, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence 2. Contextualizing the migraon, environment and climate change debate The migraon, environment and climate change nexus...

... Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation promulgated in 1997 - the Law on the Bulganan National Bank (BNB) and the Law on Commercial Banks. The first altered the structure of the BNB and ... patriots, and left and nght centres. The executive power rests upon the elected president and the government. The president appoints the head of government, generally referred to as the prime ... in the government, the president may dissolve the government, dissolve the State Duma, or call for new elections. Both the president and the government can promulgate decrees and resolutions....

... dominated by the transport and en-ergy sectors, which together make up 85% of the total. Beyond the climate- themed bonds, there are baskets of other bonds that represent future expansion if the proceeds ... low-carbon, climate- re-silient purposes such as in the energy, waste and water themes. Broader and deeper than expectedWhat is significant about these findings is that they present a climate- themed ... Bonds and Climate Change www.climatebonds.net June 2012There are some USD174bn in over 1,000 climate- themed bonds4 outstanding from 207 issuers. Corporates – included listed, state-owned and...

... analogs is the best way to combat climate change. They can be expectedto spread such messages to other people, and may press foranalogs to be served at meetings they attend and for the GHGsthereby ... in landfills, incinerators, and waterways.•Production, distribution, and disposal of byproducts, suchas leather, feathers, skin, and fur, and their packaging.•Production, distribution, and ... lagoon in the foreground.USDA/NRCS, Jeff Vanugaby Robert Goodland and Jeff AnhangWhenever the causes of climate change are discussed, fossilfuels top the list. Oil, natural gas, and especially...

... opportunity, the conference agreed on the following general conclusions: 1. Address under the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol the climate effects of air pollutants and the short-lived climate ... evaluate, in a holistic manner, the valued impacts of policies and measures. However, in assessing the cost and benefits of climate and air policies together, the boundaries for considerations ... change, and may serve as a model for other regions of the world. (CLRTAP EB and WGE; IPCC; other regional MEAs) Ozone effects and climate change 1. Impacts of ozone on vegetation and feedbacks...

... in comparison with the baseline period and in the B1 scenario the lowest. Meanwhile, the flow in the months of flood season in Dong Nai basin has decreasing tendency. The trend of change ... differences in calculated results in the scenarios, among them increase in the flood flow in the A2 scenario is the highest, at the stations Yen Bai, Ta Bu and Vu Quang are 1418m3/s (increasing ... with the baseline period; at Ta Lai station, the dry-season correlate flow decreases by 6,4%. The correlate decrease in scenario B2 and B1 are 6,8% và 6,1% at Phuoc Hoa station and 6,3% and...

... script of the model, with the rate of loss rice land by industrialization and climate change as today, the Mekong Delta’s paddy land is 1619.8 thousand ha in 2020 and is only 993.9 thousand ha ... security and export. Thirdly, the Mekong Delta is one of the great and fertile plains of Southeast Asian; is the food production and export area of the most important in the country. In the future, ... mainly for the construction of urban, industrial and other projects. With the speed of the current land acquisition, in 2020 paddy land in the country is only 3.4 million ha, while in the long...

... in comparison with the baseline period and in the B1 scenario the lowest. Meanwhile, the flow in the months of flood season in Dong Nai basin has decreasing tendency. The trend of change ... differences in calculated results in the scenarios, among them increase in the flood flow in the A2 scenario is the highest, at the stations Yen Bai, Ta Bu and Vu Quang are 1418m3/s (increasing ... 102 3. Assessing impacts of climate change on flow in Hong-Thai Binh and Dong Nai river basin The flow at hydro-stations and sub-basins was simulated according to three climate change...

... solution The metropolitanareaofMexicoCity(MAMC)is the largesturbansettlementin the country and datesbacktopre-Hispanictimes.Settledin the MexicoValleyinaclosedbasin, the citywasestablishedinanareawhichincludedseverallakessuchaslakeTexcoco.In the 17thCentury,inordertopreventflooding, the city’sSpanishinhabitantsbegantodesiccate the lakeswith the constructionof the NochistongoTajocanaltodrainwaterfrom the MexicoValley.During the 19thCentury,otherprojectswereundertakentodrain the lakes and channel and exportresidualwatersto the Cuautitlan-Tulariver.5Thisnewinfrastructurealtered the hydrologicalcharacteristicsbothwithin and outside the basin and generatednumeroussocial and environmentalchangesincluding the lossofwetlands and biodiversity.Following the MexicanRevolutionof1910, the cityexperiencedunprecedenteddemographic and urbangrowtheventuallycoveringmuchof the formerlakebasin.In the late20thcentury the MAMChadspreadtocoveranareaofover5000km2,with35municipalities and 20millioninhabitants,becoming the world’smostpopulatedcity.6Tosupplywatertothisgrowingpopulation, the cityadoptedahydraulicmodelthatmadeuseofnewtechnologytoextractgroundwaterfrom the deepwellsin the ValleyofMexico and toimportitfrom the nearbyLerma and Balsasriverbasinusingdams,channels and pumpingnetworks.7Solutionsmustconsidersocial and environmentalimpact and strikeabalancebetween the needsofurban and ruralareas.Ontheirowninitiative, the Mazahuawomenhavepromotedanumberofprojectsaspartofaplanforsustainableregionaldevelopment.Theseincludeprojectssupportingwaterinfrastructuredevelopment, the introductionoffirewoodsavingstoves,greenhouses,organicagriculture and reforestation.Throughtheseinitiatives,Mazahuawomenaredemonstratingtheirlocalcapacity and  the importanceofmoreinclusivepublicpolicieswhichbenefitruralaswellasurbanpopulations.Theireffortsemphasise the importanceoftakinglonger-termperspectiveswhichguaranteewatersecurity,forestconservation, and organicagriculturalproduction.Insummary,whendealingwithwaterproblemssuchas the MAMC’s,itisimportanttotakeintoaccountnotonly the likelyimpactsof climate changebutalso the widersocial and environmentalimpactsofsourcingwaterforexpandingurbanpopulations.Individual and collectiveleadershipisessential and solutionsmustconsidersocial and environmentalimpact and strikeabalancebetween the needsofurban and ruralareas. The MAMCishighlyvulnerableto the impactsof climate change.Decreasedrainfallcanexacerbatewatersupplyshortagesbothwithinitsown, and inneighbouringbasins.9Extremeclimaticevents,suchasstorms and extraordinaryprecipitationcouldpotentiallycause the collapseofdeepdrainagesystems and resultindramaticfloodingtocriticallevel–asituationaggravatedby the factthat the MAMCissettledinazonethatwaspartofalakesystemuntiljustacenturyago. The MAMCisalsovulnerabletoenergycrisisasitdependson the nationalelectricitynetwork,suppliedbyhydroelectricdams(whicharethemselvesvulnerableto climate change) and thermoelectricplantswhicharedependentonfossilfuels.Likewise, the MAMCisvulnerabletochangesinlanduse and increaseddeforestationinside and outside the basin,whichcanleadtodecreasedinfiltration and increasedrunoff. The currentproblemswithwaterarecritical and increasinglybecoming the sourceofconflictasinhabitantsof the MAMC and itssurroundingbasinshavediminishingaccesstowater,whichhampersdevelopment and increasespoverty.Asaconsequence,waterconflictshavearisen,largelyasaresultof the transfer and drainageofwaterbetweenbasins.Forexample,inrecentyears the Cutzamalasystemhasbeenasourceofsocialconflictwith the indigenouspopulationof the Mazahuaregion.Withsprings and riversincreasinglypolluted, the Mazahuaaresufferingwaterstress,withagriculturalwaterusebeingrestrictedtojustrainwater.10Asaresult, the Mazahuahavemobilised and confrontedbothFederal and StategovernmentinMexicothroughcollectiveactionwhichhasincluded the occupationofoffices,food and waterstrikes,streetdemonstrations and permanentprotestcampsatwatersystemfacilities.Leadership ... solution The movetowardsintegratedlocalactiontoaddress climate changein the cityofDurbaninSouthAfricarepresentsanimportantshifttowardsamoreinnovativeapproachtobuildingsustainablecommunities.Thiscasestudyreviews the processbeingundertakeninDurban and itssurroundingurbanmunicipality,exploringhowstrongleadershipenabledamoreintegrated,transdisciplinaryapproachtobeimplementedatlocalgovernmentlevel.Itfocusesoneffortsbeingundertakingbothin the city and  the widerurbanmunicipalityofeThekwini,whichis the localgovernmentauthorityresponsibleforgoverning the growingpopulationof3.5millioninarichmixofracial,cultural and naturalresources. The relationshipbetweenurbanform and sustainabilityiscurrentlyoneof the mosthotlydebatedissueson the internationalenvironmentalagenda.Thisisparticularly the casegiven the stronglinkbetweenspatialplanning,landuse and climate change. The waycitiesshoulddevelopin the future, and the effecttheirformcanhaveonresourcedepletion and social and economicsustainability,arecentraltothisdebate.IntegratedDevelopmentPlanningis the leadinglocalplanninginstrumentnowusedinSouthAfrica.Itprovidesmunicipalitieswithatooltoalignbudgeting and projectimplementationwithstrategicpriorities.Italsoallowsforlinkages and coordinationacross the growingnumberofsectoralplans,programmes and projectsat the municipallevel. The IntegratedDevelopmentPlan(IDP)wasfirstintroducedin1996inanCase ... possible The caseofNDMC’slinkageswithChintan and wastepickerswassuccessfulduetoleadershipatmultiplelevels. The cornerstoneof the projectwas the leadershipdisplayedby the NDMC. The NDMCis the legalownerofwasteonceitreaches the neighborhoodbins.Anydecisionrelatedtoinclusionisthereforedependanton the NDMC.Moreover, the areawhereservicesarebeingprovidedby the projectishometopoliticians,seniorofficials,policymakers,judges and othersdecisionmakers,Therefore, the NDMCiscautiousaboutanynewideasforfearoffailure and retribution. The newlawsrelatedtosolidwasterequiresegregationofwaste and itsefficientrecycling.Despiteintenseawareness,veryfewresidentseverseparatetheirrecyclablefromtheirorganicwaste.Bolsteredby the guidelinesof the SupremeCourtthatsuggest(butdoesnotmakemandatory)doorstepcollectionofwaste, the NDMCmadethisserviceavailabletolocalneighbourhoods. The choicetooptforwaste-pickersinsteadofexistingcontractorsdisplayedleadershipbecauseitinvolvedtakingrisksbysupportinganewideathatwastooperateusingpeopleseverelydiscriminatedagainstwhichinvolveddoorstepinteractionsofsuchpeoplewithseniorgovernmentofficials.Thisalsoimplieddisturbing the embeddedlinkagesbetweenmunicipalworkers and the informalsector,apotentiallythornyissue.Itisnotablethat the twoothermunicipalitiesofDelhihavenotdisplayed the samelevelofleadership. The initiativecouldnothavebeensuccessfulif the wastepickershadfailedtodeliverefficientservices.Inmanypartsof the country,NGOshavecomplainedabouttheirinabilitytotrainwastepickerstodeliverservicesaccordingtoagreedstandards.Sincewastepickersnowhavetocomplywithstandards and collectioncriteria, the newworkisactuallyashiftawayfromtraditionalwastepicking.Chintaninvestedinwaste-pickerssocialorganisation,soleadershipamongstthisgrouphadalreadybeennurtured.Thisraisedwaste-pickers’profiletoalevelwhichledNDMCtonotice and acknowledgetheirroleasenvironmentalserviceproviders.Thisinturnhelpedthemtoworkcollaboratively and ensurestandardsweremetleadingtooptimalperformance.Successwasalsolargelydueto the effortsofafewleaderswhorealised the senseofurgency and the opportunityforaction.Thisprocesswasmadepossibleby the facilitationroleplayedbyChintanwhoestablishedarelationshipwithNDMC.Chintanisanon-profitorganisationthataddressesissuesofurbansustainability and environmentaljustice.7Itworkswith the informalrecyclingsectoratboth the grassroots and advocacylevels.Helping the wastepickerstoshiftfrombeingscavengerstomanagersisagoalof the organisation.Therefore,itsleadershipwasessentialtobuildtechnicalcapacityatgrassrootslevel and complementNDMC’sownleadership.AnewtrendinIndiaisseeing the increasingprivatisationofsolidwastemanagementatalmostall the levels-collection,transportation,recycling,disposal.Beforethis,collection and disposalwasprimarily the workofmunicipalities,whocollectedwastefromformalcollectionpointsacrossneighbourhoods. The citizensgeneratingwastewereexpectedtodeposititattheseinformaldumpswherewaste-pickersscavengedforpaper,plastics,metalsetc.Allrecyclingwas and continuestobeundertakenby the informalrecyclingsector,saving the municipalitiesinDelhiover600,00rupeeseachdayinlabourcostsalone.In the NDMCarea, the informalsectorwasterecyclerscollectedupto59%of the wastein the NDMCarea,segregatedit and soldonto the recyclingtrade.Suchrecyclingdivertedwastebeingtakentolandfills and reduced the associatedenvironmentalcosts.Therewasnosystemtopreventneighbourhoodsfromdisposingoftheirwasteonstreetcorners,whereitwaseitherburnedorputrefiedwhencollectionserviceswereslow. The waste-pickersalsoworkedinunsafeconditions,withhugehealthrisks,oftenbrutalisedasillegalentrantsintowastemanagement and forcedtopaybribes. The sector,throughNGOs,isdemandingthatwastepickersshouldbeincludedinplansforwastemanagementasequalpartners. The NDMCembarkedonaninclusivewastemanagementsystem.AseriesofcontractsweresignedwithChintan,whichstipulatedthat the wastepickerswouldbeat the coreof the servicedelivery,forwhichhighperformancestandardswereagreedupon.Inall,over70,000establishments and householdswerecoveredundertheseplans. The income and occupationalsafetyof the wastepickersincreased,asdid the recyclingrates.Case...

... heavy metals, dust and nitric oxides (the main pollutants from these area) were studied. The structure of conducting and mechanic tissues, the leaf shapes and dimensions, the variation in mesophyll ... sensitivity of the clones. Sensitive clones had more effective photosynthesis and more Rubisco and phenolics, but the effects of ozone on these parameters were similar in the sensitive and tolerant ... depend on the functional compatibility of the symbionts (species and strain of fungi and population of plants) and stress tolerance of ectomycorrhizal roots.Therefore the information on the ectomycorrhizal...