ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 18 pptx

... genetic variation (including additive-, epistatic- and dominance-associated variance), environmental variation and, perhaps, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. • Narrow sense ... toxicant can result in cross-resistance or co-tolerance. This co-tolerance can result in very rapid accommodation to a novel toxicant. For example, plants tolerant to a particular s-triazi...

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... United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-13:97 8-0 -8 49 3-3 35 7-6 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded ... understand its parts and also how that level functions as part of a larger whole. This can only be done by simultaneous and thoughtful application of microexplana- tion, holism,...

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... in adults in that particular part of the estuary. particular habitat can sustain. As an example, phosphorus might limit the standing crop of a nuisance blue-green algalspecies ina freshwaterlake ... the accumulation of a contaminant in (and occasionally also on) an individual organism. Models and associated concepts applied to toxicant bioaccumulation in individuals estab- lish the founda...

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... hazard of a reference group or type is used as a baseline hazard and the hazard of another group is scaled (made proportional) to that baseline hazard. For example, the hazard of contracting a ... on ln time-to-fatal cancer might be estimated with an accelerated failure model. The median time-to-fatal cancer appearance might be 230 days earlier than that of the reference population. Bot...

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... comparison of beak sizes among allopatric and sympatric pop- ulations of Galapagos finches. Assuming that beak size is an appropriate surrogate for resource use, the greater separation of beak ... statisticalnull hypothesistesting paradigmhas becomeso catholicand ritualizedas toseemingly impede clear thinking and alternative analysis approaches. (Anderson et al. 2001) Statistical approaches .....

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... pH and organic matter may affect nitrification rates and contaminant bioavailability, experimental approaches are necessary to determine if the relationship between nitrification and soil characteristics ... Bernhard-Reversat, F., and Lavelle, P., Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralisation and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Cd-contaminated soils, Appl. Soil Ecol., 25, 99–109, 2...

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... Phase I reactions (Slater 1984). As a final example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation. In such a case, more metal ion is available ... Function or purpose Associated process Metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) Translation TranscriptionExcretion, respiration, detoxification, and sequestration Maintain soma, control aging Mai...

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... soma, they are also relatively unavailable for trophic transfer to grazers, predators, or parasites (Nott and Nicolaiduo 1993, Wallace and Luoma 2003, Wallace et al. 2003). Let us examine details ... estu- ary, which have high levels of cancer deaths (18% of all deaths) (Martineau et al. 2002). These whales are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and display annual cancer rates...

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... cerebellum (Acquaah-Mensah et al. 2001). Acrylamide, a chemical contaminant that has been found in some foods, can cause axon damage, producing loss of coordination (ataxia) and skeletal muscle weakness (LoPachin ... or urea. Crustaceans excrete primarily ammonia via antennal glands and insects have Malpighian tubules that excrete uric acid. Both crustaceans and insects also have nephrocyte...

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... such as lead can be excreted via the mammalian liver by an active transport mechanism (Rozman and Klaassen 1996). Abou-Donia et al. (2002) also make the generalization that a molecular weight greater ... gill ATPases. The basolateral membrane of gill cells, which have high Na + /K + -ATPase activity (Evans et al. 1999), is the site ofATPase-mediated transport of many metals such as silver i...

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