... oligomers: spectroscopic characterization of amyloidogenic protein statesMikael Lindgren1 and Per Hammarstro¨m21 Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, ... thio-flavin T (ThT) [4] and Congo red [5], with concomitantalterations of their optical properties in terms of, forexample, fluorescence quantum efficiency and theirinfluence of polarized light rendering ... the structure and properties of proteins has a long history, and techniques for pro-tein-structure characterization cover a very wide range of techniques. As proteins in native and other thermo-dynamically...