Báo cáo khoa học: Fibroblast growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 (MRP-14) ppt

Fibroblast growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 (MRP-14) Futoshi Shibata, Katsuyoshi Miyama, Fumie Shinoda, Jun Mizumoto, Katsuhiko Takano and Hideo Nakagawa Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan Fibroblasts play a critical role in chronic inflammation and wound healing. In this study, a fibroblast growth- stimulating factor was purified from the exudate of car- rageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The purified protein was a disulfide-linked homodimer. Amino acid sequence analysis of the peptides generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and proteinase V8 resulted in identification of the protein as S100A9. Recombinant S100A9 as well as its disulfide-linked homodimer stimu- lated the proliferation of fibroblasts at a similar con- centration of the purified protein. The concentration of S100A9 in the exudate was determined by immunoblot analysis. The total protein concentration in the exudate reached a maximum 4 days after carrageenan injection and then slightly decreased, whereas the concentration of S100A9 reached a maximum at day 3 and then decreased rapidly. These studies show that S100A9 is present at a high concentration in the exudate of carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats, and that S100A9 stimulates pro- liferation of fibroblasts, suggesting that it plays a role in chronic inflammation. Keywords: carrageenan; fibroblast; growth; inflammation; S100A9. Granuloma is formed by a foreign body or infectious agents and consists of epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes [1]. Fibroblasts usually sur- round granuloma, and play an important role in wound healing. These processes are mediated by growth factors and cytokines, including platelet-derived growth factors [2], transforming growth factor b [3], fibroblast growth factors [4–6], and connective tissue growth factor [7]. We have purified and identified S100A9 as a new fibroblast growth- stimulating factor (FGSF) from the exudate of carrageenan- induced granulomatous inflammation in rats in this study. S100A9 [8], also known as calgranulin B [9] and MRP-14 [10,11], belongs to the S100 protein family and has two Ca 2+ -binding EF-hand motifs. S100A9 forms a hetero- dimer with S100A8 [8], also known as calgranulin A [9] or MRP-8 [10,11], and is expressed in granulocytes, monocytes [11], and activated keratinocytes [12,13]. Epithelioid cells in foreign body granuloma also expressed S100A9 [14,15]. High serum concentrations of S100A9 are detected in cases of cystic fibrosis [9], rheumatoid arthritis [11], systemic lupus erythematosus [16], Crohn’s disease [17], inflammatory bowel disease [18], and multiple sclerosis [19], and suggest an important role of S100A9 in chronic inflammation. It was reported that S100A9 bound zinc ions [20] and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans [21], also activated b 2 -integrin, Mac-1 on neutrophils [22] thereby controlling responsive- ness to neutrophil chemoattractants [23], as well as having macrophage-deactivating activity [14], antinociceptive activ- ity [24] and neutrophil chemotactic activity [25]. Calprotec- tin, a complexed form of S100A8 and S100A9, is known to inhibit microbial growth [26,27] and growth of fibroblasts by chelating zinc ions [28]. On the contrary, the present study provides evidence that S100A9 may function as a mitogen for fibroblasts in chronic inflammation. Materials and methods Cells Mouse fetal fibroblasts, BALB/c 3T3 cells and normal rat kidney fibroblasts, NRK-49F cells were obtained from Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank. BALB/c 3T3 cells and NRK-49F cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, supplemented with 10% (v/v) calf serum and 5% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, respectively. Proliferation assay For fibroblast growth-stimulating factors, proliferation of BALB/c 3T3 cells or NRK-49F cells was measured by the method described by Kueng et al.[29].Culturedcellswere placed into 96-well microtiter plates at a density of 1000 cells per well and allowed to grow for 24 h in the presence of Correspondence to Futoshi Shibata, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930–0194, Japan. Fax: + 81 76 4344656, Tel.: + 81 76 4347543, E-mail: fshibata@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp Abbreviations: ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; FGSF, fibroblast growth-stimulating factor; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MRP-14, myeloid-related protein-14; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; XTT, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo- phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide. Enzymes: BamHI (EC 3.1.21.4); glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18); horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); proteinase V8 (EC 3.4.21.19); SmaI (EC 3.1.21.4); thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5). (Received 8 December 2003, revised 19 March 2004, accepted 30 March 2004) Eur. J. Biochem. 271, 2137–2143 (2004) Ó FEBS 2004 doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04129.x 10% (v/v) calf serum. Cells were then washed with serum- free medium and incubated for 48–96 h in the medium containing 2% (v/v) calf serum and sample solution. Cell number was measured by crystal violet staining. For S100A9, proliferation of NRK-49F cells was meas- ured as described by Scudiero et al. [30]. NRK-49F cells were inoculated at a density of 2000 cells per well into 96-well microtiter plates. After 24 h, cells were washed with serum-free medium and incubated for 48 h at 37 °Cinthe medium containing 0.5% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and experimental agents. Prewarmed (60 °C) solution contain- ing 50 lg of 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)- 2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and 0.38 lgof phenazine methosulfate was added to each well. After incubation for 3 h at 37 °C, the plates were mixed and absorbance at 450 nm was measured with a microplate reader model 550 (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Induction of air pouch-type inflammation by carrageenan in rats A 2% (w/v) solution of carrageenan (4 mL in saline, Seakem 202, Marine Colloids Inc., NJ, USA) was injected into preformed air pouches on the backs of male Wistar rats (body mass: 170–200 g) [31]. One, two, three, four, and seven days after the injection, the rats were sacrificed by cutting the carotid artery under light anesthesia and granulation tissues and pouch fluid were then collected. Aliquots of the pouch fluid were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at )80 °C until use. The concentration of protein was determined using a Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The rats were treated in accordance with procedures approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Purification of fibroblast growth-stimulating factors All purification procedures except for RP-HPLC were carried out at 4 °C. The pouch fluid was collected on day 7 after carrageenan injection and centrifuged at 70 000 g for 60 min. The resulting supernatant (day 7 exudate, 1000 mL) was adjusted to pH 4.5 with 9 M HCl, and stirred for 2 h. After centrifugation at 13 000 g for 60 min, the supernatant was brought to 38% saturation with ammonium sulfate and stirred for 3 h, and then centrifuged. The resulting supernatant was precipitated by addition of ammonium sulfate to 70% saturation. This precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), applied to a CM-Cellulofine C-500 column (2.6 · 47 cm; Seikagaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) and eluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer-150 m M NaCl (pH 6.0). Eluate was applied to a heparin-Sepharose CL-6B column (1.6 · 26 cm, Amer- sham Biosciences, NJ, USA) and eluted with a linear gradient from 0.1 to 2 M NaCl in 50 m M Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.0). Proteins which eluted between 0.6 M and 1.2 M NaCl were pooled, concentrated, and chromatographed on a Sephadex G-75 column (1.6 · 94 cm; Amersham Bio- sciences) equilibrated with phosphate-buffered saline con- taining 0.01% (v/v) Brij-35. A peak fraction corresponding to a molecular mass of about 20 kDa was pooled, lyophilized, dissolved in 6 M guanidine/HCl, and loaded onto an ODS-120T column (0.46 · 25 cm; Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature. Proteins were eluted from the column by a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0 to 50.4% (v/v) in 0.05% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid at a flow rate of 0.8 mLÆmin )1 . Finally, the major peak was rechro- matographed under the same conditions, and FGSF was isolated as a single peak. Amino acid sequence analysis of a fibroblast growth-stimulating factor The purified FGSF was dissolved in 3 M guanidine hydro- chloride, 0.2 M Tris/HCl (pH 8.2) at a concentration of 1 lgÆmL )1 and reduced with 25% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol at 40 °C for 3 h, and then carboxymethylated with 0.1 M iodoacetic acid. The carboxymethylated protein was puri- fied by HPLC on an ODS-120T column and fragmented by either cyanogen bromide cleavage or digestion with pro- teinase V8 from Staphylococcus aureus. Resulting peptides were separated by RP-HPLC. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the peptides were determined by automated Edman degradation on an Applied Biosystems 470 A gas phase sequencer equipped with a 120 A on-line phenyl- thiohydantoin amino acid analyzer. Purification of recombinant S100A9 protein Total RNA from rat macrophages was reverse-transcribed. S100A9 cDNA [32] was amplified from the cDNA by PCR, cloned between BamHI and SmaI sites of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression plasmid, pGEX4T2 (Amersham Biosciences), and sequenced. Fusion protein expression was induced with 0.5 m M isopropyl thio-b- D - galactoside in Escherichia coli DH5a for 6 h at 28 °C. After incubation, the bacteria was harvested by centrifugation and lysed by freezing and thawing, sonication, and addition of 1% Triton X-100. The clear lysate was obtained by centrifugation and applied to a Glutathione Sepharose 4B column (Amersham Biosciences). GST-S100A9 fusion protein was eluted from the column with 10 m M glutathi- one)50 m M Tris/HCl (pH 8.0), chromatographed on a Sephadex G-50 column (Amersham Biosciences), equili- brated with phosphate-buffered saline to remove glutathi- one, and cleaved with thrombin (Amersham Biosciences) at 22 °C for 16 h. This solution was passed through a Glutathione Sepharose 4B column to remove GST. Finally, recombinant S100A9 was purified on an ODS-120T column (Tosoh Co.) using a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 28 to 40% (v/v) in 0.05% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid, evaporated, dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline with 1 m M calcium chloride and stored at – 20 °C. Oxidation of the thiol group of S100A9 was achieved with a copper–phenanthroline complex [33]. The latter was removed by dialysis against 5m M ammonium acetate and the protein lyophilized. The lyophilized sample was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline. Production of polyclonal antiserum Polyclonal antiserum to S100A9 was raised in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of GST-S100A9 fusion protein emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant. Two weeks after the primary injection, boosts of 0.5 mg of the 2138 F. Shibata et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 271) Ó FEBS 2004 fusion protein in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant were injected every 2 weeks. The rabbits were bled 2 weeks after the final boost under anesthesia. The rabbits were treated in accordance with procedures approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Gel electrophoresis Exudates were diluted SDS buffer containing 2% (w/v) SDS and 0.02% (w/v) bovine serum albumin. SDS/PAGE was carried out as described by Laemmli [34] using low molecular mass markers and low-range rainbow molecular mass mark- ers (Amersham Biosciences) as molecular mass standards. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R 250. Immunoblotting Proteins separated by SDS/PAGE were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories) using the Mini Trans-blot cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The membranes were incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti- S100A9 serum and then with a horseradish peroxidase- conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Caltag Laboratories, CA, USA). The reaction products were visualized with an ECL Western blotting detection system (Amersham Biosciences) and a luminoimage analyzer (LAS-1000 plus, Fuji Photo Film, Tokyo, Japan). Chemiluminescence was quantitated using the Science Laboratory 99 Image Gauge program (Fuji Photo Film). Chemiluminescence of the band linearly correlated with the amount of recombinant S100A9 (25 to 200 ng per lane). For quantitation of S100A9 in the exudates, three different amounts of recombinant S100A9 (80, 120 and 200 ng) were used in each assay as standards. Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results Purification of fibroblast growth-stimulating factors Fibroblast growth-stimulating factors were purified from the exudate of carrageenan-induced inflammation as des- cribed under Materials and methods and eluted from RP-HPLC as a major peak (peak 1) and a minor peak (peak 2) (Fig. 1). The major peak was purified by rechromato- graphy on RP-HPLC. We could not obtain an adequate amount of protein from peak 2 to continue analysis on it. The purified FGSF (peak 1) gave a single band at 13.4 kDa under reducing condition and at 26 kDa under nonreducing condition, respectively (Fig. 2). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified FGSF could not be successfully performed, suggesting that the N-terminal amino acid is blocked. Therefore, FGSF was carboxymethylated and treated with cyanogen bromide and proteinase V8; 4 (CN-1 to CN-4) and 12 (V-1 to V-12) peptides were then isolated by RP-HPLC. Although we could not determine any amino acid residues from peptides CN-4 and V-5, other peptides show a significant sequence similarity to rat S100A9 (Fig. 3). Fig. 1. RP-HPLC separation of fibroblast growth-stimulating factors from the inflammatory exudate. Proteins were eluted by a linear gra- dient of acetonitrile from 0 to 50.4% (v/v) in 0.05% (v/v) trifluoro- acetic acid. Growth-stimulating activity of each fraction for BALB/c 3T3 cells was assayed at a concentration of 1 lgÆmL )1 .Eachcolumn represents the mean ± standard errors of six determinations. Fig. 2. SDS/PAGE analyses of a fibroblast growth-stimulating factor (FGSF) and recombinant S100A9. FGSF purified by rechromatography of peak 1 indicated in Fig. 1, recombinant S100A9 and oxidized S100A9 (A9ox) were analyzed by SDS/PAGE in the absence (–) or presence (+) of 2-mercaptoethanol (final 10%) and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Ó FEBS 2004 Fibroblast growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 (Eur. J. Biochem. 271) 2139 Production of recombinant S100A9 The coding region of cDNA for rat S100A9 was amplified from macrophage RNA by RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequence of S100A9 cDNA was identical with that regis- tered in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ (T. Imamichi; accession number L18948) except for the replacement of G with C that resulted in a change from arginine to serine at position 106. Nucleotide sequence data is available in the DDBJ/ EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB118215. Raftery et al. [35] pointed out a cDNA sequen- cing error due to the fact that mass spectrometry of S100A9 isolated from rat spleen found serine instead of arginine at position 106. Recombinant S100A9 was produced using glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression plasmid in Escherichia coli, purified, and analyzed on SDS/PAGE (Fig. 2). A single band had a molecular mass of 13.6 kDa and was not altered by reduction. The sequence of N-terminal 10 residues of recombinant S100A9 was identical to that of rat S100A9 (T. Imamichi; accession number NP_446039) except for two extra amino acids (Gly-Ser) at the N-terminus and the lack of the initiator methionine. After oxidation, most of S100A9 existed as the disulfide-linked homodimer (Fig. 2). Growth-stimulating activity of FGSF and S100A9 As shown in Fig. 4A, addition of FGSF purified from exudate to the cultures of NRK-49F cells resulted in dose- dependent stimulation of proliferation. FGSF stimulated proliferation of BALB/c 3T3 cells more efficiently (data not shown). S100A9 and its disulfide-linked homodimer stimu- lated proliferation of NRK-49F cells at concentrations higher than 390 ngÆmL )1 (30 n M ) and 260 ngÆmL )1 (10 n M ), respectively (Fig. 4B). The concentration of S100A9 in exudate Inflammation was induced by carrageenan on the back of rats and granulation tissues and exudates were collected (Fig. 5). The volume of exudate continued to increase even 7 days after carrageenan injection. How- ever, the wet weight of granulation tissue increased rapidly until 4 days following the initial injection, suggesting that granulation tissue formed 4 days after carrageenan injection. To determine the concentration of S100A9 in the exudate, polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits against GST- S100A9 fusion protein. The exudates collected (Fig. 5) were diluted, electrophoresed and immunoblotted for S100A9 (Fig. 6A) with three different amounts of recombinant Fig. 3. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of rat S100A9 and peptides isolated from FGSF. The identified amino acid residues of a cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptide (CN-3) and proteinase V8-digested peptides (V-2 to V-10) are aligned with the amino acid sequence of rat S100A9 (accession number NP_446039). Asterisks indicate amino acid residues identical with those of rat S100A9. Fig. 4. Growth-stimulating activity of FGSF and S100A9. NRK-49F cells were incubated with varying concentrations of FGSF purified from exudate (A) or S100A9 (B) in the presence of 1% (v/v) calf serum for 96 h (A) or 0.5% (v/v) fetal bovine serum for 48 h (B). Cell numbers were measured by crystal violet staining (A) or XTT staining (B). Each point represents the mean ± standard errors of six deter- minations. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P<0.01) from control. 2140 F. Shibata et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 271) Ó FEBS 2004 S100A9 as standards. A band with a molecular mass of 13.6 kDa was detected under reducing condition. A faint band of 60 kDa appears to be BSA added in SDS buffer, because the same band was detected without exudates. The concentration of S100A9 was estimated by quantification of chemiluminescence of immunoblots of exudates and recom- binant S100A9 (Fig. 6B). Protein concentration in the exudate reached a maximum 4 days after carrageenan injection and then slightly decreased, while the concentra- tion of S100A9 reached a maximum at day 3 and then decreased rapidly, indicating that the transient increase of S100A9 was specific, and not leakage from serum. Discussion In the present study, a fibroblast growth-stimulating factor (FGSF) was purified from the exudate of carrageenan- induced inflammation in rats (Fig. 1). Amino acid sequence analyses and SDS/PAGE indicated that the major protein in FGSF was S100A9 homodimer (Figs 2 and 3). A relatively higher concentration (100 ngÆmL )1 )ofFGSFwas required to stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts (Fig. 4A), whereas fibroblast growth factor [36], epidermal growth factor [37], and connective tissue growth factor [38] were active at lower concentrations (0.4–3 ngÆmL )1 ). Recombin- ant S100A9 also stimulated the proliferation at a similar concentration to FGSF (Fig. 4B), suggesting that the major active protein in FGSF was S100A9. Yui et al. [28] reported that calprotectin, a complexed form of S100A8 and S100A9, inhibited the growth of human dermal fibroblasts presumably by the chelation of zinc ions. This conflict may come from the difference of subunit composition. Indeed, Newton and Hogg reported that S100A9 and S100A8/ S100A9 heterodimer showed a different biological activity [22]. S100B, another member of S100 family protein, stimu- lated proliferation of rat astroglial cells [39] and activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in astrocytes [40]. S100A12 and S100B bound a receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) [41], which was reported to activate ERK [42]. The receptor and signal transduction pathways leading to growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 have yet to be elucidated. S100A9 isolated from rat spleen was acetylated at the N-terminus after removal of the initiator methionine [35]. Because we could not detect the N-terminal amino acid sequence of FGSF purified from the exudate, a similar modification may exist. This N-terminal modification does not appear to affect growth-stimulating activity, as recombinant S100A9 also showed activity (Fig. 4B). Although FGSF existed as a disulfide-linked homodimer (Fig. 2), this oxidation may occur during purification steps. However, both monomer and disulfide-linked homodimer forms of S100A9 stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts (Fig. 4B). The concentration of S100A9 in carrageenan-elicited exudates was very high (> 1 mgÆmL )1 ) during the forma- tion of granulation tissue (Fig. 6), and these high concen- trations of S100A9 were enough to stimulate fibroblast proliferation (Fig. 4B). Our observations have led to the hypothesis that S100A9 contributes to the formation of granulation tissue by stimulating growth of fibroblasts. Fig. 6. The concentration of S100A9 in the exudate of carrageenan- induced inflammation in rats. (A) Exudates (Fig. 5) were analyzed by immunoblotting for S100A9 in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (final 10%). M: recombinant S100A9. (B) The concentration of S100A9 was estimated by quantification of chemiluminescence of immunoblots using a luminoimage analyzer. Protein concentration of the exudate was also determined. Each point represents the mean ± standard errors of 4–6 rats. Fig. 5. Formation of granulation tissue and retention of exudate. Granulation tissue and exudate were collected on day 1–7 after car- rageenaninjectionintoapreformedairpouchonthebackofrats. Each point represents the mean ± standard errors of 4–6 rats. Ó FEBS 2004 Fibroblast growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 (Eur. J. Biochem. 271) 2141 Acknowledgements The valuable technical assistance of Mariko Kitahara, Kumi Ichinose, Noriko Mannen and Manabu Kumakura is acknowledged. References 1. Warren, K.S. (1976) A functional classification of granulomatous inflammation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 278, 7–18. 2. Pierce, G.F., Mustoe, T.A., Altrock, B.W., Deuel, T.F. & Thomason, A. (1991) Role of platelet-derived growth factor in wound healing. J. Cell. Biochem. 45, 319–326. 3. O’Kane, S. & Ferguson, M.W. (1997) Transforming growth factor bs and wound healing. Int. J. Biochem. 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After oxidation, most of S100A9 existed as the disulfide-linked homodimer (Fig. 2). Growth-stimulating activity of FGSF and S100A9 As shown in Fig. 4A, addition of. acid sequence of rat S100A9 (accession number NP_446039). Asterisks indicate amino acid residues identical with those of rat S100A9. Fig. 4. Growth-stimulating activity of FGSF and S100A9. NRK-49F cells