Tài liệu Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices docx

... September2009becauseofthelaborrequired to collect,sort, and processtherecyclables.30Recycling,reuse,deconstruction, and remanufacturingshiftthevalueaddedintheeconomyfromhighlymechanized,environmentallyharmfulextractionindustries, to labor‐intensive,localindustries.31,32 Land management options to reduce emissions alsohavemanyco‐benefits.Anumberofstudieshaveshownsubstantialbeneficialeffectsofbrownfieldsredevelopmentforlocalcommunities,includingjobcreation,increasedpropertyvalues,taxrevenuesforlocalgovernments,preservationofgreenspace, and socialbenefits.33,34Otherresearchhasshownthatbrownfieldsredevelopment,asacomponentofurbanredevelopment,reduceslocalvehiclemilestraveled and isassociatedwithlowerbuildingenergyuse,35bothofwhichlead to improvementsinurbanairqualityinaddition to GHGreductions.Theco‐benefits to communitiesof materials and land management strategiesmakethemattractiveasGHGreductionoptions.UnlikemanyGHGmitigationoptions,theyarealsolargelyunderstate and localinfluence.States and communitiescanusethesetools to reduce theircarbonfootprints and meetstateorlocalGHGreductiontargets.Thepurposeofthisdocument, Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices, is to increasetheunderstandingofhow materials and land management practices relate to GHG emissions and showanewwayofthinkingabout materials and land management aspartofthesolution to theclimatechange.ThisdocumentpresentsEPA’sresearch to date.Aswedevelopprograms and policieswithourpartners,moredetailedstudiesthataccountforeconomic,technical, and institutionallimitations and opportunities willbeneeded.Inaddition,wewillshareinformationonthemitigationimpactsofcurrent materials and land management programsonGHG emissions and ultimatelydevelopmorespecificapproaches to implement materials and land management activitiesthatcouldachieveGHGemissionreductions.Theremainderofthisdocumentisorganizedintothefollowingsections.Section2presentsannualGHG emissions intheUnitedStatesusingtwoapproaches.Thesector‐basedapproachallocates emissions to economicorend‐usesectorsincludingtheelectricpowerindustry,transportation,industry,agriculture,commercial, and residentialsectors.Thesystems‐basedapproachreliesonthesamedata,butapportions emissions to materials management, land management, and othersystems to demonstratethepotentialimpact materials and land management haveontotalU.S. emissions. Section3presentsresearchintothepotentialGHGreductionsthatcouldbeachieved through anumberof materials and land management approaches.Section4summarizesthereport and describesthedirectionthatfutureresearchmaytake.Finally,thedocumentappendix(TechnicalSupportfor Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices) presentsthedatasources and methodologyused to developthisreport. ... U.S.EPA.2003.BeyondRCRA:Waste and Materials Management intheYear2020.Availableat:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/vision.pdf.“Sustainable Materials Management: TheRoadAhead”buildsonthisreport and isscheduled to bepublishedinFall2009 7 Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices  September2009Using materials management approaches to help reduce oravoidGHG emissions isconsistentwithEPA’svision and manyofthestrategies to increasetheefficient and sustainableuseofresources and reduce wastegenerationaredescribedinBeyondRCRA:Waste and Materials Management intheYear2020.Someofthestrategiesincludereducingtheamountof materials used to makeproductsorperformservices and influencingproductdesign,use, and reusecapabilities to minimizerawmaterialinputs,extendproductlifespans, and maximizetheease and frequencyofsubsequentproductdisassembly,recycling, and/ ortransformationforfurtherproductiveuse.27Inaddition to increasingmaterialefficiency and reducingwaste, materials management activitieshavethepotential to significantly reduce GHG emissions, asdescribedinthefollowingsections. Land management isatermused to describeseparateorintegratedstrategiesthatinfluencehowwemanage and use land to provideopenspace and habitat,food,naturalresources, and placesforpeople to live,work, and recreate.Forexample, land management includesthe practices ofdeveloping land and managing land foragricultural and forestrypurposes.Thewaywemanageour land directlyinfluencesGHG emissions related to agriculture,thebuiltenvironment(e.g.,residential and commercial emissions) ,electricityuse, and transportation.Theconceptof land management linksdirectly to EPA’svisionofpreventing land contamination,inpart,byencouragingsmartgrowth,28improvingchemical and waste management to preventcontamination,restoringcontaminated and potentiallycontaminated land forreusebysociety, and encouragingthesustainablereuseofproperty.Some land management approachescanalsoyieldGHGemissionreductionsorcanprotectthecarbonsinkprovidedbyU.S. land, whichisfurtherdescribedinSection2.Bytakingadvantageof opportunities presentedby materials and land management, EPA and itspartnerscancontribute to areductionoravoidanceofGHG emissions aswellasimprovement to publichealth and theenvironment.LeveragingOSWERprograms to achievemeasurableclimatechangebenefitsinnowayreplacesorsupersedesotherOSWERprogramgoals.Rather,thisdocumentpromotestherecognitionthat materials and land management programshavesignificantclimatebenefitswhileyieldingpositiveenvironmental,economic, and societalco‐benefitsincommunitiesacrossthecountry.Inthecaseof materials management, themajorityofGHGreductionbenefitsfromrecyclingorwastepreventioncomefromtheenergysavingsfromavoidedresourceextraction and materials processing.29Thisenergysavingscarriesco‐benefitsofimprovementsinlocalairquality.Similarly,theconservationofrawmaterialreducesenvironmentaldegradation and waterpollutionfrommining,logging, and oilextraction. ... SeeAppendixAformoredetailonhowtheestimateofGHG emissions frominfrastructuredevelopment to newlydevelopedgreenfieldwasderived.49Ewing,R.,Bartholomew,K.,Winkelman,S.,Walters,J., and Chen,D.2008.GrowingCooler:TheEvidenceonUrbanDevelopment and ClimateChange.Urban Land Institute.Washington,D.C. 15 Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices  September2009extracting and processingfuelsusedforlocalpassengertransport.Theslicerepresents1,019MMTCO2E,or15%of2006U.S. emissions. 50Thefinal land management elementofFigure4istheadditionalsliceoutsidethepiechartrepresentingGreenfieldDevelopment.Eachyear,millionsofacresofpreviouslyundevelopedoragricultural land (“greenfields”)aredeveloped,51resultinginGHG emissions fromthecarbonsinkprovidedbyU.S. land and vegetation.However,theGHG emissions associatedwithgreenfielddevelopmentarenotcurrentlycalculatedintheInventoryofU.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks.Becausethese emissions arerelateddirectly to land cleanup,revitalization and reuse,aroughestimatewaspreparedforthisreport.Thisestimateaccountsforforest,grassland, and agricultural land convertedforanurbanuse and mayincludesomeoverlapwiththeexisting land sinkvalue.These emissions areshownasanadditionalsliceoutsidethepiechartinFigure4becauseitrepresentsaninitialestimatethatisnotincludedintheInventoryofU.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks and, ascalculated,wouldbeinaddition to the emissions shownintherestofthepiechart.52Themethodologyused to developthisestimateisdescribedinAppendixA.Thepreliminaryestimateindicates emissions associatedwiththedevelopmentofgreenfieldsareontheorderof314MMTCO2E,orapproximately4%,of2006U.S.GHG emissions. 53OtherTherearethreeadditionalsystemsthatwehavegroupedunder“Other”(seeFigure5).ThiscategoryincludestheUseofAppliances and Devices(8%),BuildingHVAC and Lighting(25%) and OtherPassengerTransport(9%).Whileitcanbearguedthateachoftheseslicesareinfluencedby materials or land management, manyoftheassociatedmitigationapproacheshavebeenwidelyexploredinotherstudies and arenotthefocusofthisreport.Theseslicesarebrieflydescribedbelow....

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