Nha nUoc la nen chuyen chfnh cua giai cap nay doi vOi giai cap kh6c va dOi vOi toanXQ
h9i. D6 1a nen chuyen chinh cua giai cap nam quyen thong tri ve kinh te trong xa hQi. Ph.Angghen chi r5: "Nha nl1ac chang qua chi 1amQt bQ may cua giai cap nay de tran ap mQt giai cap khac,,69.Nha nlfac chinh 1amQt bQ may do giai cap thong tri ve kinh te thiet l~p ra nham h<;1pphclphoa va cUng cO sl! ap bue cua chung dOi vai quim chUng lao dQng. Giai cap thong trl sLI'dVng bQ may nha nlfac de dan ap, clfOng bue giai cap khae trong khuon kho l<;1i lch cua giai cap thong trioD6la ban chat cua nhanl1aetheo nguyen nghla, tuc nhanl1ac cua
68V.I.Lenin, Toimt?P.T.33, Nxb Tien b9, MatxccNa, 1976.tr.W.
69 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toim t[lp,T.22, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia, Ha N9i,1995,tr.290·291.
giai cap boc IQt. Khong co nha illfOc, mQt to chirc bao lire chuyen dung de tran ap, thi giai cap thong tr] khong the duy tri ach ap birc boc lQt cua no dOivoigiai cap b] thong trio
vo,tinh each la nen chuyen ehfnh cu« mot giai cap d6i voi qiai cap khac, nha nuoc ella giai cap boc lQt khong the la ke cong bang de baa v$ lQ'i ich chung cho cac giai cap trong xii hoi.
MOi kieu nha nuoc co ban chat rieng nhung deu mang mot sO d~c diem chung. Nha ntroc xa hQi chu nghia cting co nhirng net chung do nhung vOi ban chat la chuyen chinh vo san, no khong can la nha mroc thea dung nghia rna chi la "nLra OOaniroc''. Nha nutrc xii h(>i chu nghla ton tat tren cO sa nguyen d~ccong hfru nhtrng tllli$u san xuat chu yeu va lao
dongtl/ nguy$n. £)ola san pham eua nhan dan lao d(>ng nharn thl/e',hi$n sCtm$nh lich sLr la xay dl/Dg rnQt xa hQi khang can ap bCte boc lQt, khong can giai cap.
Ban chat eua nha nllae dLfQ'cthe hi$n trong cae d~c trLfng va d.1Ctenang eua no. 3. Nhfrng d~c trU'ng cOban
Nha nLfac la rnQt bQ ph~n quan trQng trong kien trUe thLfQ'ng tang eua xa hQi, no co ba d~c trUhg cO ban sau:
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M¢t la, nha nU'OcqUi3nIi dan cU'tren m¢t vimg liinh thonhat din.h.£)~e trLfng nay phan bi$t sl/ khae nhau ella cae to ehCtc nha nLfOe vOi to ehCte thi tQe, bQ l<;:letrLfoe kia. Cae to ehCtc thi tQc, bQ l<;:ledLfQ'ehinh thanh tren cO sa nhCrng quan h$ huyet thong, can to ehue nha n1l0e gan lien vOi vi$e phan ehia dan elf thea ph<;:lrnvi !anh tho rna hQ cll trU. Noi each khae, quyen ll/c nha nlloe co hi$u ll/c vOi tat ea cae thanh vien atrong mQt bien giOi quoe gia, bat ke h9 thuQc quan h$ huyet thong nao.
Hai la,b9 may quyen l'lC chuyen nghi?p cLlanha nU'Ocmang tfnh cU'Ongche d6i vOi
m9i thanh vien trong xCih¢i. £)0 la nhCrng dQi vii trang d~c bi$t (quan dQi, e2lnh SaL.), nhCtng cang Cl,l (toa an, tr<;:ligiam ...) va mQt bQ may dong dao eac vien chLre dllQ'e tra lLfOng de ehuyen lam eang vi$c hanh ehinh cai trio
Ba la, tOn t?i m(lt h? thong thue kh6a de' nuoi b¢ may nha nUOe ho?t d¢ng. Nha nVoe khong the tOn t<;:li,neu khang dlja vao h$ thong thue khoa. Noi each khac, ve cO ban m9i nha nLfoe deu tan t<;lidLf(_)cnhD' vao sl/ ehu dip ella nhan dan bang can dLfD'ngeLfOngbCrc hay tl/ nguy$n ho~c phOi hQ'p ea haL
Ngoai ba d~e tnrng cO ban ke tren, hien nay, co quan diem eho dmg, nha nuoc mang d~e trung ehLlquyen qucc giava kha nang eaitr]xa hQi bang phap lu~t.
Chu quyen quoc gia the hien d~e trung ve quyen l<;1ituyet doi ella nha nuoctrong mot lanhtho. NhanUDe la ng110i d?i dien ehosir toan ven ben trong lanh tho va su dQe l~p dai voi ben ngoai, Chu quyen quae gia con the hien aviec nha ntroc thay mat toan dan tham gia cac quan h~ doi ngoai, tham gia cac cong UDequoc te, v.v ..
Nhd nLfOccaiti] xii h9i bang ph6p lu~t. Nha nuoc la cO quan duy nhat co quyenlam ra luat, to chirc thuc hien lu~t, giam sat va xet xV dOivoi nhirng vipham phap luat. Day la d~e quyen ella Nha nliDe rna cae to ehue xa hQi khae khang co. Phap lu~t do nha nUDe d~t ra, the hi~n y chi ella giai cap thong tri, nham dieu ehTnhmQi quan h~ x~ hQi thea dinh hl1Dng va ml,Je tieu xae dinh. Tinh el16'ng ehe ella phap lu~t the hi~n sUe m?nh eU6'ng ehe ella nha nliDe doi vDi toan bQ xa hQi.
4. Nhii'ng chue nang cdban
Ban chat giai cap ella nha nUGe con dl1<;1ethe hi~n a cae ehue nang ella no. Chue nang ella nha nUDe dl1<;1ehieu 1anhCrngphUCIngdi~n hOi;itdQng ehU yeu .eLlanha nUDe. Tuy thea
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goe dQ khae nhau rna ehue nang ella nha nliDe dU<;1ephan ehia khae hhau. DliGi goe dQ tinh chat eua quyen ll/e ehinh tri, nha nliDe cochuc nang thong trj chfnh trj cua giai cap vachuc nangxii h9i. DliDi goe dQ ph?m vi tae dQng eua quyen ll/e, nha nUDe eo chLrcnang doi n9i
vachuc nang doi ngo?i.
a) Chuc nang thong tri chinhtr~va chue nangxiihQi
Chuc nang thong tr!chinh tr!eua giai cap noi len dmg bat eu nha nUDe nao ding la eang e\,Jehuyen ehinh ella mQt giai cap, no S~lnsang sV dl,JngmQi eang el,J,mQi bi~n pha.p co the co de bao v~ sl/ thong tri ella giai eap do.
Chuc nangxii h(Jiella nha nUDe noi len rang bat ky nha nU'Denao cling phai thl/e hi~n vi~e quan ly nhCrngho?t dQng chung vi sl! ton ti;ii ella xii hQi, phai 10 mQt s6 eang vi~e chung ella toan xa hQi; trang giOi hc;lnco the dU<;1e,phai th6a man mQt s6 nhu eau chung eua eQng dong dan eUnam dliDi sl/ quan 1yella nha nUDe.
Trang hai ehue nang do thi ehue nang thong tri ehinh tri la eO ban nhat, ehue nang xii hQi phai phl,JthuQe va phl,Jevl,J ehoehuenang th6ng tri ehinh trio
Trang cac xii hOi eo giai eap (lOi khang truce day, de giCr nha n110e trong tay giai cap
rninh, giai eap thong tr] nao ciing buoc phili nhfin danh xii hOi rna quan ly nhCrng cong viec
ehung. Vi~e giai quyet eo hi~u qua nhCrngvan de ehung ella xa hoi set90 ra dieu ki~n de duytri xa hOi trong vong tr~t nrthea quan diem va lQ'iIch ella giai eap d~m quyen, Noi each khac, vi~e thuc hi~n chtrc nang xii hOi thea quan diem va giOihan ella giai eap dlm quyen la phirong thirc, dieu kien de nha nl16'e do thtrc hi~n diroc vai tro giai eap thong tr] ella minh. Dieu do diiduocPh.Angghen gdli thich r5 rang: nha n110e la daibieu ehinh thtrc ella toan xii hQi chl trong chung muc nola nhanl16'e ella ban than giai eap dai di~n eho toan xii
.,
hOi trong thai d~i tl1O'ngLrng.
Khi de e~p mOi quan h~ giCraehuenang thong trj ehinh trj ella giai eap va ehuenang xa hOi rna nha n110e do phai thl/e hi~n, Ph..Angghen viet: "0 khap nO'i,ehuenang xa hOi 1.1eO' sO ella sl,fthong trj ehinh trj; va 51/thong trj ehinh trj eling ehl keo dai ehUng nao no eon thl/e hi~n ehuenang xa hOi do ella no,,70.Khi xa h9i khong eon giai eap thl nhCrngnQi dung thuQe
70C.MikvaPh.Angghen, Toan t?P, T. 20, NxbChfnhtriquae gia,HaN9i,1994, tr.253.
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chue nang xii h9i se do xa hOi tl/ dam nhi~m; va khi do, ehe dO tl/ quan ella nhan dan dLJ'Q'e xae l~p.