Hgc de phan tich cac ngdn ban (ca khdu ngir va biit ngir) la mdt khia canh quan trgng cua viec thdng thao trong mdt ngoai ngir. Trong khi ddi vdi nhtrng ngudi ndi ban ngir luu loat, phan tich ngdn ban dudng nhu la mdt qua trinh "ndi hien" (Chomsky 2007) hay tu ddng hda, thi trong hgc tieng Anh nhu la mdt ngoai ngir, ngudi hgc dudmg nhu lai phai dua vao sir giup do true tiep va cu the ciia ngudi day de phan tich va hieu ngon ban. Tham chi trong nhirng giai doan khac nhau ciia qud trinh hgc tieng Anh, ngucri phat thong diep va ngucri nhdn thong diep cung can phdi phan tich nhiing nghTa bieu vat va nghTa bieu niem cua tir ngir trong do. Do sdu vd pham vi ciia qua trinh phan tich ngon ban tang len theo sir thong thao ngon ngu* ciia nguoi hgc. Nguoi day giiip ngucri hgc nam bat nhirng y chinh thong qua huong dan true tiep. Thi du, trong khi de cap den du lich, ngucri hgc co the nghe mgt thong bao dich vu cong cgng cho du khach nhirng loi khuyen, dgc mgt ban qudng cao ve mot chuyen di du thuyen (o Ha Long chang ban), hoac nghe mot cau
chuyen vh mot ki nghi cua gia dinh mgt sinh vien. Voi nbirng ngon ban nay, ngoai
vi?c xac djnh ''cai gi dang dien ra'' (trucmg ciia ngon ban), "ai dang tham gia" (khong khi cua ngon ban) va "phdn ngon ngfr nao dugc the hien'^ (phuomg thirc cua ngon ban), ngucri day can phai chi cho nguoi hgc biet cac moi lien ket, do mach lac ciia ngdn ban thdng qua viec sir dung cac chudi hay cac mat xich tham chilu: ngudi, vat, thdi gian (hien tai. qua khir, tuomg lai) thdng qua cac cau triic
thdng tin va cku U-iic dk ngir. Bing each nay, ngudi hgc hieu dugc nhirng ngdn
cdnh dich thirc chira dung nhirng thi du ve cdu tnic vd hinh thuc tir dugc su dung mgt each tu nhien,
Nguoi day giiip do ngucri hgc khi hg bdt ddu tham gia vdo ngon canh ban ddu ciia ngon bdn. Bdt ddu bdng nhiing huong dan va giang day cu the vd co he thong, ngu6fi day giup nguoi hgc thuc hien nhtimg nhiem vu the hien sir hieu biet ve nhumg y chinh va /hodc nhCimg chi tiet cu the. Nhirng nhiem vu nhu vay bao gom viec lira chgn y chinh tir mot danh muc nhumg sir lira chgn thay the, tao ra mgt nhan de khdc cho ngon ban, phdn img lai nhirng cdu hoi dimg-sai, vd tim nhirng mau thong tin cu the trong ngon ban. Nguoi day co the huong lop hgc vdo thao luan de phuc vu cho muc dich lien he thong tin moi voi thong tin da dugc hgc
truirc db, va cho sir bieu biel ve ngon ban noi chung.
6.5.4.9. Thong tin van hoa
Bi) sung vao vice trai nghiem voi mgt bv' thong ngon ngii moi, hgc tieng Anh cung cdp cho nguiri hgc kien thirc ve sir phong phii ciia nen vdn boa Anh vd cac nuirc noi ticmg Anh. Mc)i quan he giira ngim ngir vd vdn hoa chi ci) the dugc hieu bcri nhirng ngucri co kicMi thirc ve ca hai khia canh. Ngucri hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi can phai phat trien sir hieu biet ciia minh vg nhirng ngudi sdng trong cac nen van hda khac, nhurng loi sdng dgc nhat vd nhi ciia hg, va nhung ddng gdp ciia hg vao the gidi. Thdng qua hgc tieng Anh. ngudi hpc ihu dugc kicMi thirc ve nhung the che xa hgi, chinh tri va kinh te, nhumg nhan vat lich su, van hgc, nghe thuat, khoa hgc va cdng nghe d cac nude ndi tieng Anh.
Nhirng qu\ udc vin hda ciia mdt qudc gia dugc the hien theo hai each neng biet: (1) su san sinh ra vin hgc. ngh^ thuat, khoa hgc «&. cdng nghe va (2) nhiing qu\ uac vl xS hgi ciia nhiirng thanh vien Uong nen viin hda dd. Hai khia canh nay
cua van hda phu hgp vdi viec dua vao chucmg trinh day ngoai ngir ndi chung va chuang trinh day tieng Anh ndi rieng. Ngudi day cd thi trinh bay nhimg san phim van hda nhu la nhimg thdng tin cho ngudi hgc. Thi du, cd nhilu chu dl giup ngudi hgc cd the thu dugc nhtimg thdng tin ve nen van hda Anh va cua cac nude ndi tiing Anh nhu ki nghi, the che xa hdi, cugc sdng gia dinh, le hdi, cugc sdng d trudng dai hgc, V.V.. Ngoai viec nhan dugc sir giang day true tilp tir ngudi day, ngudi hgc cd the dugc giao nhimg nhiem vu nghien ciru cung cip thdng tin van hda khdng nhtimg cua nude Anh ma cdn ca cua mdt sd nude ndi tiing Anh khac nhu MT, Australia, Canada, v.v.
Nguoi day ciing co the danh mot khoang thoi gian nhat dinh de gioi thieu cho ngucri hgc ve nhiing quy uoc xa hgi. Do moi quan he gan giii giira ngon ngir va vdn boa, cho nen dieu co ban la ngon ngir phai dugc ngucri day mo hinh boa va phdi dugc nguoi hgc the hien mot each dich thuc (trong nhtrng ngon canh phii hgp). Nhii'ng thi du ve do chinh xac ciia ngon ngir trong nhirng ngon canh phii hcrp bao gom viec sur dung nbirng binh thirc loi noi than mat, trung tinh hodc xa giao trong lop hgc tieng Anh, sir dung nhirng cir chi, dieu bg phii hgp.
6.5.4.10. So sanh ngon ngir va van hoa
Ban chat cua tieng Anh dang dugc hgc va cua nen van hda Anh va cac nuoc ndi tiing Anh dugc thi hien trong ngdn ngii- cd the phii hgp vdi viec so sanh hai ngdn ngir va hai nin van hda Anh va Viet. Ket qua dugc ki vgng ciia nhirng su so sdnh nay khdng nhQ-ng la su gia tang vl kiln thirc ngdn ngur va su thdng thao trong tiing Anh ma cdn ca sir gia tang vl kien thirc ngdn ngir va sir thdng thao trong tiing Viet. Mgt trong nhirng muc tieu quan trgng ciia hgc tieng Anh khdng chuyen
b bac dai hgc la giiip ngudi hgc phat triln y thirc vl ngdn ngu nhu la mdt he thdng.
Giang day true tilp tap trung vao nhirng diem tuomg ddng \a dj biet giira he thdng
ngdn ngir tieng Anh vdi he thdng ngdn ngtir tiing Viet cho phep ngudi hgc cd dugc cai nhin thau dao ve ngdn ngir gdp phan vao viec nang cao su thdng thao uong ca hai ngdn ngir Anh va Viet, qua dd nang cao dugc kiln thuc chuyen nganh ma ho dang theo hgc. Ngudi hgc hudng Igi tir viec hgc tiing Anh thdng qua viec phat hien ra nhumg mau thirc khac nhau trong cac he thdng ngdn ngir va cac nIn van hda (Lado 2002).
Thong qua hgc tieng Anh va tham gia vdo so sanh hai he thong ngon ngir tieng Anh vd tieng Viet, nguoi hgc hieu biet hon ve ti^ng Viet. Thong qua viec c6 gdng dicn dat cdc y nghia cu the nhu the nao trong tieng Anh, nhap md chung nhu the nao ve mdt cau triic, va sir nhay cam voi nhirng chudn muc ciia phep lich su nhu the nao trong nen van boa Anh vd cac nuoc noi tieng Anh, ngucri hgc y thirc dugc ban chat ciia tieng Anh va hieu them dugc ban chat cua tieng Viet. Thi du, nhirng ngucri hgc nao truoc khi hgc tieng Anh cho rang tdt ca cdc ngon ngir deu giong nhau thi trong khi here s5 nhanh ehcmg phdt hien ra co nhirng pham trii ton tai trong tieng Anh nhung lai khong ton tai trong tieng Viet. Ngugc lai, nhCrng nguiri hgc niu) truirc khi hgc tieng Anh cho rang tdt cd cdc ngon ngir deu khdc nhau, thi trong khi hgc se nhanh chong phat hien ra rang trong tieng Anh vd tieng Viet co nhirng pham trii lucrng dong voi nhau. Nhiimg phat hien nay khong nhirng lam tdng kha nang sir dung tieng Anh ciia nguiri hgc ma con cung cdp nhirng sir hieu biet thau dao ve nhirng chien luge giao tiep va trao doi cac y nghia trong tieng Viet.
Do su tucmg tac khong the phdn chia dugc giira ngon ngir vd van hoa, cho nen
hgc ngoai ngir cung cap nhirng sir so sanh li thii giira cdc nen vdn boa vd giira cac
ngon ngfr. HCK tieng Anh va nghien ciru lien van hoa mo rgng the gioi quan ciia ngucri hgc. Kinh nghiem hgc tieng Anh Idu ddi se giiip ngucri hgc phdt hien ra rdng cac nen vdn boa khac nhau nhin the gioi theo cdc each khdc nhau. Khi ngucri hgc hieu dugc rang nen vdn hoa dich giao nhiimg moi lien tuomg moi cho mgt tir, thi hg
bat dau nhan ra rang hgc ngoai ngir khdng phai chi la vin dk hgc tir vung ma cdn
phai hgc mdt tap hgp mdi nhQ-ng khai niem cd lien he vdi tir. Ngudi hgc cd thi gia djnh rang van hda cua ngdn ngO: ma hg dang hgc gidng vdi van hda cua tiing Viet. Thdng qua viec so sanh true tilp giira van hda Anh va cac nude ndi tiing Anh vdi
van hda Viet, ngudi day cung cip cho ngudi hgc co sd dk lien he ngdn ngir vdi bdi
canh van hda phu hgp. Tuy nhien, dilu quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi day la phai chi ra rang so sanh hai nen van hda khdng phai de xac dinh xem nIn van hda nao tdt hon nen van hda nao ma la phat triln su hilu biit, giup ngudi hgc phat triln su thdng thao trong tieng Anh cung nhu trong tiing Viet.
6.5.5. Moi quan he giira noi dung va phu^cng phap giang day
Ngi dung ca ban cua giang day tieng Anh chinh la tieng Anh - each sir dung ciia nd trong nhQ-ng ngdn canh van hda phii hgp. Tuy nhien, trong khi day mot ngoai ngu-, thiet ke hoac lira chgn nhirng ngi dung phii hgp nhat dinh lam tang hieu qua cua qua trinh hgc ngoai ngir do. Thi du, nhiing ngi dung phii hgp cua tieng Anh khong chuyen 6 Giai doan 2 cua dai ngon pho lien tuc co the bao gom thong tin ve cac nuoc noi tieng Anh, vi tri dia li cua nhii'ng nuoc nay vd nhumg sir kien Hch sir dua tieng Anh tro thanh mgt ngon ngir toan cau, v.v.. Boi vi nhirng ngi dung lira chgn mo rgng su tiep can thong tin cho ngucri hgc, cho nen hgc nhirng ngi dung do mo rgng kinh nghiem giao due cho hg. Dieu nay mo ra nhumg co hgi lam giau nhirng kinh nghiem hgc tap, nghien cim ciing nhu von song ciia ngucri
hgc. No cung cung cap cho ngucri hge cac kl nang de hg co the vugt ra khoi nhirng
gidi ban giao due chinh thirc hay giao due theo trucmg lop. Do do, hgc tieng Anh dugc xem nhu la mcrt qua trinh lien tuc dong gop vao viec hgc tap va nghien cim idu dai cua nguoi hgc o bac dai hgc vd sau dai hgc, Thi du, ngucri hgc co the theo doi nhirng tin tire tir nhirng nuirc khac, nghe nhung bai phong van voi nhirng nguoi nucrc ngoai truoc va trong khi dich, hoac tiep can mgt kho thong tin rimg
iom ve thoi su, chinh tri, khoa hgc & cong nghe tir cac noi tren the gioi thong qua Intemet. Nguoi day chuan bi cho nguoi hgc co dugc sir tiep can voi cdc nguon hgc
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lieu da dang bang tieng Anh. Nhirng nguon hgc lieu ndy bao gom sach, bdo, tir dien va cdc nguon lire cong nghe khac,
Hgc tieng Anh dua vdo kien thirc nguoi hgc thu nhdn dugc tir nhirng mon hgc chuyen nganh cua hg. Nguoi hgc co the lien he nhirng thong tin hg da 1dm chu dugc trong cdc mon hgc voi viec hg hgc tieng Anh. Thong tin va nhirng khdi niem hg hgc dugc tir cac mim hgc tao co so cho viec tiep tuc hgc tieng Anh ciia hg, giiip hg kham pha nhQ-ng kien thirc mdi. Thi du, ngudi day cd the thuc hien cac mdi lien he lich sir thdng qua viec gidi thieu cho ngudi hgc ve nhQ-ng su kien ljch sir hoac md ta ve mdt nhan vat lich sir hay mdt nha khoa hgc ngudi Anh. Sau khi hpc vl mdt nhan vat ljch sir hoSc mdt nha khoa hgc. ngudi hgc cd the dgc trong nhirng tu lieu tham khao md ta thanh cdng hay that bai ciia cac nha khoa hgc khac. Theo each nay, hgc tieng Anh gdp phan vao viec lam giau toan bd kinh nghiem giao dye ciia ngudi hgc thdng qua viec khuyen khich, chuyen hda, va ciing cd nhirng khai niC'in va kien thirc thu dugc tir nhu'ng nganh hgc khac.
6.6. Dc xuiit he thong nhom cac mon hgc tieng Anh khdng chuyen b Dai hpc
Qudc gia Ha Noi
6.6.1. Dan luan
Nhu da trinh bay trong Chuang 2, Muc 2.4, hien tai giong nhu tat ca cac truimg dai hgc Viet Nam. ti^ng Anh khdng chuyen d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha N91 dugc phan thanh ba giai doan img vdi ba bac hgc: dai hgc, cao hgc va tien sT, uong do bac dai hgc 14 tin chi (630 ticn). bac cao hgc 7 (315 ti^t) tin chi. va bac tien si 3 tin chi (135 tiet).
Theo Tickoo (1994), d cac trudng dai hgc chau A, mdt trung tam ti^ng Anh (chuyen nganh) hoat ddng theo mdt trong bdn md hinh: (i) nhu la mdt trung tam
djch vu phu trach giang day ti^ng Anh cho tk ca cac khoa va cac bd mdn, (ii) la
mgt dan vj ddc lap nam trong mdt khoa (faculty) hoac mdt trudng, (iii) la mdt bd phan cua khoa khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van day ph^n kidn thirc chung (chuang trinh giao due dai cuang) cho sinh vien d cac nganh khoa hgc & cdng nghe, hoac (iv) la mdt bd phan cua khoa ngoai ngir gdm nhiSu ngoai ngir dugc day d mdt co sd dao tao dai hgc.
d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, md hinh hoat ddng day tidng Anh khdng chuyen
dugc td chirc tham chi cdn da dang va phirc tap hon nhidu. Nhu da dk cap trong
Chuang 2, Muc 2.4, d bac dai hgc cd nam dan vj dugc giao phu trach: Khoa Ngoai ngii- chuyen nganh cua trudng Dai hgc Ngoai ngir phu trach giang day he cir nhan ciia trudng Dai hgc Cdng nghe, trudng Dai hgc Kinh td, va khoa Luat; Bd mdn ngoai ngir cua trudng Dai hgc khoa hgc tu nhien phu trach giang day tieng Anh d hai he dai hgc va cao hgc d trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhien; Bd mdn ngoai ngir cua trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van phu trach giang day tieng Anh o hai bac dai hgc va cao hgc; Bg mon ngoai ngir bai ciia trucmg Dai hgc Ngoai ngu phu trach giang day ngoai ngii hai cho cac khoa khac thuge truimg Dai hgc Ngoai ngir; va khoa Sau dai hgc phu trach giang day ngoai ngir cho hge vien cao hgc cua cac vien nghien cim, cac khoa va cac tmng tam nghien cim true thuge Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi. 0 bac tien sT, tieng Anh la mon tu hgc, viec to chirc va ddnh gia ket qua tu hgc do cac dan vj dao tao tien sT thuc hien. Sir phirc tap ve td chirc cdn cd the thay d chd hien tai hai trudng dai hgc mdi dugc thanh lap la trudng Dai hgc Cdng nghe va trudng Dai hgc Kinh te khdng cd don vj nao dugc giao nhiem vu to chirc day tieng Anh d bac sau dai hgc. Thuc te nay dat ra yeu cau phai cd mdt chuang trinh thdng nhdt cdp Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, chi dao mgi hoat dgng day va-hgc tidng Anh khdng chuyen .xuyen sudt ca ba bac hgc cir nhdn.
thac sT va tien sT. Vdi ddng ca ay, trong muc nay chiing tdi se nghien cim dk xuit
he thdng cac mdn hgc tieng Anh khdng chuyen d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.