2J,1 Khdi niem vdn hod
Tren thuc te ta't ca cac dinh nghia va khai niem ve van hoa deu thdng nha't vdi nhau d mdt diem: van hoa la dac diem hoac phuang thiic hoat ddng sdng cua con ngudi. Nhiing dinh nghTa ve \'an hoa lien quan den khuynh hudng nay hoac khuynh hudng khac trong nghien ciiu tuy thugc vao cac nha nghien ciiu khac nhau sir dung.
Khai niem vdn hod da dugc diing nhieu tii 1843, nhung den nam
1871 dinh nghia ve van hoa ciia E.B. Taylor, mot nha kinh dien ciia khuynh hudng tien hoa luan, mdi dugc sir dung rgng rai. Ke tir dd den nay cac dinh nghia khac nhau ve van hoa lien tiep dugc dua ra theo nhung trudng phai ly thuyet khac nhau. Chang han nhu trudng phai ly thuyet tien hoa luan ve van hoa vdi cac dai dien noi bat nhu G.Spencer, E.Tylor ciia Anh, A.Batxtian ciia Dire, L.G.Morgan cua My. Thuyet tien boa van hoa cua Franz Boas, thuyet chiic nang luan cua B. Malinowski, thuyet ca'u triic chiic nang ve van hoa ciia A.Racliff Brown... Ndi tdm lai cac nha nhan hgc Tay Au va My nay, cd nhdm thi chia van hoa ra thanh
cac ITnh \arc nhu.* Phuang thitc kiem song; Ca cau xd hoi; Cac hinh thitc
ton gido, nhdm khac lai chia thanh: Ddi song vat chat; Ddi song tinh than; Ca can xd hdi; Cac he thong ton gido. Nhdm cac nha dan tgc hgc
Armenia cua Lien Xd cu lai chia van hoa theo he thdng: Vdn hod san
xudt; Vdn hod dam bao dai song (Idng ban, nhd cira, an mac..); \'dn hod chuan mifc xd hdi (luqt le, nghi le. phong tuc); Vdn hod nhan thirc.
Theo nha Dan tgc hgc Viet Nam Nguydn Tir Chi thi: "\'dn hod Id
todn bg cugc song - cd vat chat, xd hoi, tinh thdn ciia timg cdng ddng'
[7, 53-56] .
Ciing vdi khai niem van hoa, vdn hod tgc ngudi la mot trong nhung khai niem ca ban ciia nhan hgc, nd Id tong the cdc yen to ve tieng
ndi, chu viet, sinh hoqt vdn hod vat chat vd vdn hod tinh thdn, cdc sac thdi tdm ly vd tinh cam, phong tuc vd le nghi.. khien nguai ta phdn biet tgc nguai ndy vdi tgc ngudi khdc [10, 25]. Van hoa tgc ngudi gdm long
the cac yeu td mang tinh dac trung, dac thu thuc hien chuc nang co ket
tgc ngudi. Chfnh van hoa^ tgc ngudi la n6n tang nay sinh y thiic tgc ngudi, nen tang nhu vay phai ke dau tien la ngdn ngir me de, trang phuc, nha't la trang phuc nii, cac tin ngudng va nghi 16, vdn van hgc dan gian truyen mieng, tri thiic dan gian ve tu nhien, xa hdi, con ngudi, tri thiic san xuat, khau vi an udng, tam ly..
Ndi tdi van hoa tgc ngudi la ndi tdi mdt pham vi rat rgng, bao gdm loan bg cac ITnh vuc cua ddi sdng, tuy nhien mdi nen van boa rieng bao
gid ciing ham chiia nhung ban sac rieng. 'Ban sac vdn hod Id tong the
nhung tinh chat, tinh cdch, man sac vdn hod ciia mdi dan toe, dugc hinh thdnh vd ton tqi ben viing trong tien trinh lich sir, giiip cho vdn hod dan tgc giir dugc tinh duy nhat vd thong nha't, phdn biet vdn hod cua dan tgc do vdi cdc ddn tgc khdc" [10, 28].
Tren day, chiing tdi chi dua ra nhung khai niem dugc sir dung trong luan van ma khdng cd y dinh lam ban. Nhirng khai niem nay giiip chiing tdi cd ca sd de tim hieu ve ban sac ciia van hoa Thai va su ddng gdp cua ngudi phu nu Thai trong viec bao ton, lam phong phii han va phat huy ban sac van hoa cua tgc ngudi.
2.7.2 Khdi quat ve vdn hod Thdi
Ngudi Thai d nha san lam bang gd. Ire, mai Igp gianh. Tuc ngir
Thai cd cau "huan Tdy huan mi han, qudp^jni xaii' (tiic la nha ngudi
Thai cd gac, ben san cd cot), nha san ciia ngudi Thai chia lam hai loai. Nha san cd hai chai dau hdi, cau triic hinh irdn khum tua mai riia ggi la
"hudn tup cong"' (nha mai cong). Nha san mai hdi hinh chii* nhat ggi la "hirdn tup lai' (nha mai bang) [40, 21-22].
Mdi mot nep nha san Thai la mot don vi gia dinh phu he. Cac gia dinh da he hoac hat nhan quan tu thanh don vi cu dan ggi la ban. Ban nhd nha't khoang 3 - 4 gia dinh, ban trung binh khoang 30 - 40 gia dinh, cung cd ban Idn nhu Pe Ludng d Thanh Ludng hien nay cd tdi 106 gia dinh, ban Nguu cd 60 gia dinh.
Ngudi Thai la mdt dan tgc sdm biet trdng bdng det vai, san pham tit nghe del da dat den trinh do cao ve ky thuat \'a my thuat. Nghe del ludn gan vdi ddi sdng ciia ngudi phu ntr , mang dac trung rat rieng cua
dan tgc Thai. Cac nhdm Thai cd trang phuc ve ca ban gidng nhau, trang
phuc ntr thudng mang nhiing net dac trung dien hinh ciia van hoa Thai
nhu: xua com (ao ngdn) cd dinh ciic bac hinh con budm, nhen, ve sau hay hinh bdng hoa, xm (vay), xai eo (that lung), pieu (khan ddi dau,
ngudi Thai Den thudng theu hoa van hinh cay gudt, hoa d hai dau khan),
va mdt so dd trang siic nhu pua sooi (mdt loai day bac quan quanh theo that lung cdn ggi la xa lich), mdy khdt can (tram cai tdc bang kim loai,
dung cho phu ntr cd chdng chi cd d ngudi Thai Den).
Trang phuc nam don gian hon, may bang chat lieu vai bdng tu del nhugm cham, gdm khan ddi dau. ao co trdn, xe ta ben hdng, quan xe dung giira dng rgng den mat ca chan. Trudc kia nam gidi thudng mac
cd mau den. mau gach non hoac hoa \'an ke. Cue ao lam bang ddng hoac tet bang day vai, ao cd trdn khdng cd cau vai, cd hai tiii d hai ben vat ao.
Ngudi Thai cd truyen thdng an xdi, ca, cac loai rau.. vdi cac each che bien chu yeu la dd. nudng. Ngudi Thai thfch an cac vi chua. dang,
cay, hay an dd tai, gdi vdi nhieu loai gia vi tham ngon. Trong cac dip \i
hdi hay tiep khach ruau dugc nau tir gao, san, ngd thudng la dd udng phd bien d cac nhdm Thai.
Vdi ca cau kinh te ndng nghiep truyen thdng, ngudi Thai cho rang
tren trdi cd Then Ludng la da'ng cai quan trdi dat, loai ngudi va van vat. Dudi Iran gian cd cac Phi (ma) cai quan. Phi huan (ma nha), Phi dam (ma hg), Pii pdu (dng ba to lien) la nhting luc lugng phu hg bao ve con ngudi. Vao dip dau xuan ngudi Thai to chiic cac \i xen mudng, xen ban,
xen huan mdi cac vi nhien than va td tien ve du. Trong cac dip nay, khdp
(hat), xoe (miia) la nhiing bieu hien het sire dgc dao cua van hoa Thai.
Cung vdi cac loai hinh nghe thuat phong phii, van hgc Thai cting la mot tai san vd gia cua van hoa Thai. Van hgc Thai cd the dugc xem nhu mot biic tranh lich sir xa hdi, mdt qua trinh tu duy ve nhiing su \'al hien tugng khach quan cua tu nhien , xa hdi cua dan tgc Thai. Truyen co dan gian, ca dao tuc ngir hay nhiing tac pham ndi ve lich sir cac ddng quy tgc
Thai nhu Qudm td mudng (truyen ke ban mudng), Qudm tdy pii xdc (nhung budc dudng chinh chien cua dng cha), Qudm phanh mudng (Idi
dung mudng) la nhirng tu lieu vd gia cho viec nghien ciiu lich sir, dan tgc hgc va van hgc Thai.
Luat tuc Thai cung la mot phan het su'c quan Irgng trong kho tang van hoa Tliai, dac bicl nhuiig luat tuc da dugc \Tc't thanh A'an. Luiit tuc Thai la luat ciia xa hdi phong kien Thai sa ky vdi viec xac lap quyen lire cua lanh chiia phong kien. Luat tuc Thai khdng nhting xir ly mdi quan he
eitia con neudi vdi con neudi. quan he eia dinh va xa hdi ma cdn tim each xir ly mdi quan he giira xa hdi con ngudi vdi xa hoi linh ihieng. Luat tuc Thai la tam guang phan anh nhi6u mat cua dgi sdng, (phan anh
vi: to chirc chfnh tri xa hdi, tin ngudng ton giao, luat phap dao diic, quan
he ling xir gia dinh ddng hg, quan he san xua't va phan phdi...), la niem tu hao ciia dan tgc Thai.
Van hoa Thai dugc bieu hien d rat nhieu khfa canh khac nhau cua ddi sdng, qua an, mac, d, phong tuc, luat tuc, nghi I^, hoat dgng nghe thuat, tam ly, phong each sdng, tir dd cd the phan biet dugc van hoa Thai vdi cac nen van hoa khac. Hien nay, mdt so ket qua nghien ciiu d Viet nam da len tieng canh bao rang nen van hoa cua cac dan tgc dung trudc nguy ca suy thoai ve ban sac [46, 24] , van hoa thung Iting cua ngudi
Thai dang bi ngheo di. Trudc nhan dinh nay, luan vm ciia chiing tdi
chua dam ban luan vao, tuy nhien d Thanh Ludng da xua't hien nhting hien tugng dan xen, ket hgp cua cac yeu td truyen thdng va hien dai trong mot sd net van hoa ciia ngudi Thai.