R E EXPESS THE MEANING (tái diễn đạt ý nghĩa)
PHIÊN DỊCH Ở CẤP ĐỘ TỪ VỰNG (Translation at the lexical level)
(Translation at the lexical level)
4.1. Ðể giúp cho sinh viên và người học ý thức rõ tính chất đa nghĩa ( Polysemy) của từ vựng ( Anh và Việt) và làm sáng tỏ vài điểm lý thuyết, tối thiểu kế những bài tập sau đây. Ðiểm lý thuyết cần nhớ là ý kiến của E.A. Nida và Milfred Larson về các thành tố nghĩa (meaning components) (xem lại mục 3.4 và 3.8 ở chương 1). Triển khai ra chúng ta có thể nói rằng dịch là chuyển các thành tố nghĩa từ một ngôn ngữ này (ngôn ngữ gốc = source language) sang một ngôn ngữ khác ( ngôn ngữ mục tiêu = targeet language) chứ không phải chuyển các từ vựng ( mà Nida gọi là " va li đựng quần áo" còn M. Larson gọi là "bao bì đóng gói"). Như vậy một từ trong tiếng Anh có thể phải dịch bằng một tổ hợp từ trong tiếng Việt hay thậm chí cả một câu (hay ngược lại).
4.2. Chuyển những câu sau đây sang Tiếng Việt, đặc biệt lưu ý đến các từ được gạch dưới.
1. The sky was studded with stars.
2. She was wearing a diamond - studded ring 3. The sea was studded with the sails of yachts. 4. The prince reappeared in the guise of a peddler. 5. She did that under the guise of friendship
6. Your words and actions do not always jibe.
7. The umpire's lapse of memory brought jibes from the crowd. 8. The attack made a breach in the defenses of the city.
9. Failure to doff one's cap is a breach of etiquette. 10. A good team has no place for drones.
11. The drone of motor could be head. 12. He's a boring old drone.
14. A horde of followers rushed into the streels. 15. Hordes of buffaloes roamed the plains. 16. Autumn coler began to tinge the leave.
17. Even their happy days had a tinge of sadness. 18. His admiration was tinged with envy.
19. The coach made some scathing remarks.
20. Daddy Cameron through the accident unscathed. 21. The basement became a seething mass of flames. 22. The shop began to seethe with activity.
23. Floods make rivers turbid.
24. The turbidity of his mind is unbearable. 25. The doctor advised tepid baths.
26. The tepidness of her welcome made him angry, 27. They kept house on a very meagre income
28. The meagerness of the vegetaiton increased as we approached timberline.
29. No one likes his meagre face. 30. They always have meagre meals.
31. It was a meagre attendance at the council meeting. 32. Disease and disorder were rampant.
33. The elephants got free and went on a rampage. 34. Rich soil makes some plans too rampant. 35. They give has a fragile appearance. 36. Chineware is very fragile.
37. The new selling plan will be a test of his mettle 38. Garth was a mettlesome youth.
39. The luster of each facet was dazzling in the sunlight. 40. There was a soft luster in her eyes.
41. Not a morsel of food fell on the floor. 42. The letter brought a morsel or two of hope.
43. The French tried to incite the Indians to revolt. 44. Bribes were one means of incitement.
45. Pain had distorted her face. 46. The speaker distorts the facts.
47. Do you have access to the president of the company. 48. The files are accessed every day to keep them up to date.
49. She accessed three diffenrent files to find the correct information. 50. He was made accessory to the crime.
51. That man is not accessible to argument.
52. It is a collection of pairtings not accessible to the public. 53. Tropical birds have bright plumage.
54. She is a full -plumaged girl 55. Most dogs are mongrels
56. The man is a mongrel but his wife is a thoroughbred. 57. Hunters stalk their game in the forest.
58. Dealth and disease stalked unchecked. 59. Can all lumberman wield an axe?
60. The principal wields his influence wisely. 61. Does silence imply approval?
62. The implications of his refusal are clear. 63. Milton espoused the ideals of freedom
64. His faithful spouse accompanies him everywhere. 65. The law divests criminals of the right to vote. 66. He will divest himself of all responsibilies. 67. I cannot divest myself of the idea.
68. Can you get out of the clutches of your moneylenders? 69. A drowing man will clutch at a straw.
70. Put the clutch in!
71. Pay a man back his own coin. 72. He likes to coin new phrases.
73. Several industrial shares reached new lows yesterday. 74. Buy low and sell high.
75. Reporters are trying to get the low -down on the war in the Persian gulf.
76. There's no love lost between them. 77. It is not to be had for love or for money 78. What a love of a cottage!
79. Steel your heart against pity!
80. John is an enemy worthy of one's steel. 81. The horse lacks staying power.
82. I hope that the principle of equality of opportuning for men and women has come to stay.
83. Mary is the stay of his old age. 84. He saw service in both world wars.
85. These old climbing - boots have seen good service on my nemerous holidays in the Alps.
86. He has the car serviced regularly. 87. We are sold out of small sizes. 88. I went bankrupt and was sold up.
89. Are the workers sold on the idea of profit - sharing? 90. Victory was dearly bought.
91. He bought fame at the expense of his health and happiness. 92. She became the byword of the vilage.
93. The place was a byword for iniquity.
94. All the enemies show a clean pair of heels. 95. Famine often follows on the heds of war. 96. That is really a heaven-sent opportunity. 97. What heavenly peaches!
98. What a performance !
100. The seals performed well at the circus.
[Sau khi dịch xong sinh viên và người học có thể đối chiếu với mẫu ở cuối sách].
4.3. Vài điểm cần lưu ý trong khi làm bài tập. Trước hết sinh viên nên thực tập để ôn lại những điểm lý thuyết ở chương 1 khi dịch những câu trên. Ví dụ tìm hiểu 3 khía cạnh - ý nghĩa của những từ được gạch dưới, sau đó xem xét chức năng của chúng, bắt đầu dịch theo phương án ngữ nghĩa để hiểu thật kỹ ý của câu rồi chuyển sang dịch theo phương pháp giao tiếp.
Như từ low trong ba câu sô 73,74,75. Một học sinh mới học tiếng Anh cũng biết low có nghĩa là " thấp" nhưng ý nghĩa liên hội của nó là " thấp kém", một điều:
LOW
DENOTATION
(Nghĩa gốc) thấp