La mot lmh vuc mdi hinh thanh, dao du’c mdi trudng chua co duoc mdt quan niem thdng nhat, do do, chua co duoc nhiing dinh hudng hoat dong thong nhat. Cac khuynh hudng khac nhau co nhung can cu ly luan khac nhau, cach tiep can khac nhau, va do do, co nhung quan niem cu the khac nhau, tham chi ddi lap nhau. Tuy vay, theo chung tdi co mot diem thdng nhat lien ket tat ca cac khuynh hudng, cac phong trao : dd la su can thiet bao ve moi trudng tir goc do dao diic.
Su can thiet bao ve mdi trudng tu goc do dao diic xuat phat tu nhan thiic ve vai tro dac biet cua dao diic trong hoat dong ngudi.
Tuy nhien sir thong nhcft trong viec khang dinh vai tro cua dao du'c moi trudng vln khong loai trir dugc van de: Dao du'c mdi truong la mot nln dao diic mdi hoan toan doc lap va cao hon dao diic truyen thdng hay chi la mot linh vuc, mot phuong dien cua dao diic noi chung? Noi cach khac, thuc chat cua dao dike moi trudng la gi?
Nhu da trinh bay d phSn tren, nhung ngudi chu truong co mot nen dao diic mdi trudng doc lap va cao hon dao diic truyen thdng da xay dung cac quan diem, quan niem, cac chuan mu'c cua dao diic mdi trudng tren co sd, mot luan diem, mot dinh de : moi sinh the, moi vat the deu co gia tri noi tai. Gia tri noi tai chmh la khai niem n£n tang cua dao diic hgc mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, gia tri ndi tai la mot khai niem gay nhieu tranh luan. Hon the, viec khang dinh gia tri noi tai cua su' vat la khong phu hgp vdi truyen thong gia tri hgc cua nhan loai.
Nhung nha dao diic hgc moi trudng phuong Tay hien dai nhin nhan cuoc khung hoang mdi trudng chi nhu la hau qua cua mot nhan thiic sai Mm. Ddi vdi hg, con ngudi da sai Mm khi khong nhan thay gia tri noi tai cua van vat, khong nhan thay quyen cua van vat; da sai lam khi nhin nhan van vat chi la vat sd huu cua minh. Cung vdi di£u do la long tham khong gidi han, la chu nghia vat chat trong loi song. Nhung di£u do da dan den sir boc lot va tan pha tu nhien, mdi trudng. De giai quyet van de mdi trudng chi can tir bo quan niem sai lam trudc day, thiet lap lai mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng tren co sd thira nhan gia tri, su binh dang va quyen cua van vat.
Quan niem macxit khong phu nhan nhan to nhan thiic nhung khong tuyet doi hoa nhan to nay. Van d6 khong don gian chi d chd, tir trudc tdi nay, nhan loai da nhin nhan mdt cach sai Mm v6 quan he giua con ngudi va tu nhien. Co nhien, khong the phu nhan rang, trong nhieu trudng hgp, nhan loai da khong nhan thiic dugc moi quan he qua lai, tinh quy dinh Hn nhau giua con ngudi va tu nhien. Nhung dang sau nhan to nhan thiic, can thay tmh quy dinh, xet tdi cung cua cac nhan to kinh te, xa hoi.
Neu nhin nhan van de tir goc nhin lich sir, tinh den nhu'ng tac nhan kinh te, xa hoi thi co the tha'y rang, trong di£u kien cua van minh nong nghiep, bao ve mdi trucmg hoan toan khong phai la van de co tinh song con ddi vdi phat trien. Cac quan he kinh te tien tir ban, trinh do cong nghe ti6n tu ban va loi song tiet kiem cua thdi ky tien tu ban khong co nhu cau cung nhu khong du kha nang khai thac den can kiet tai nguyen va huy hoai mdi trudng. Nhung mat can bang giua con ngudi va tu nhien chi co tinh cuc bo va mdi trucmg tu dieu chinh de lay lai trang thai can bang. Khi mdi trudng chua tro thanh van de cua phat trien thi no cung chua tro thanh van de cua dao dire. Chua the noi den dao dire mdi trudng theo nghia dich thuc trong cac thdi dai trudc chu nghia tir ban. Nhung triet ly v6 quan he hai hoa giua con ngudi va tu nhien trong ton giao va cac he tu tudng phuong Dong duoc trinh bay d ph£n tren chi hien ra nhu la nhung tien d6 cho sir md rong cua dao dire con ngudi. Chung phan anh nhan tinh va kha nang nhan hoa cua con ngudi tdi ngoai gidi. Trong nhung thdi dai do, khong ai dat van de bao ve mdi trudng hay bao ve mdi trudng tir goc do dao du'c.
Nhung su hinh thanh va phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban da timg budc dat con ngudi vao tinh trang doi lap vdi tu nhien. Theo chung tdi, co hai nhan to quan trong nhat dan den tinh trang ddi lap nay. Dd la nhung budc tien trong lmh vuc cong nghe va sir md rong cua quan he thi trudng. Tien bo cong nghe tao dilu ki6n cho viec md rong quan he thi trudng; quan he thi trudng tao dieu kien va thuc day nghien cuu, ap dung cong nghe.
Quan he thi trudng va tien bo cong nghe la nhung tac nhan tao ra mot khol lucmg hang hoa, khol lugng san pham khong lo. Khoi lugng san pham
ay phai dugc tieu thu de qua trinh san xuat dugc tiep tuc va md rong. Loi sdng tieu thu dugc hinh thanh vfra nhu hau qua vira nhu nhan to bao dam cho su md rong san xuat trong didu kien kinh te thi trudng va tien bo cong nghe. Su gia tang va md rong cua loi song tieu thu, den luot no, lai doi hoi su gia tang cua san xuat va do do gia tang khai thac tu nhien. Nhu’ng nha
dao du'c hoc moi truong phuong Tay hien dai co ly khi phe phan su' banh tru’dng qua mric cua ldi song tieu thu trong dieu kien cua xa hoi hien dai.
Nhu vay khong chi nhan thu’c, ma dang sau nhan thirc, nhung nhan to kinh te, cong nghe, xa hoi la nhung tac nhan dan den su tan pha moi trudng. Su tan pha nay da phuong hai den loi ich cua con ngu'di va xa hoi tren nhung phuong dien sau:
Thu: nhat, do la nhung thiet hai ve kinh te. Han han, lut loi, can kiet tai nguyen, sa mac hoa da't nong nghiep, o nhiem moi trudng nuoi thuy hai san, mua axft... la nhung tac nhan gay ra nhung thiet hai ldn ve kinh te.
Thu: hai, do la nhiing tac dong bat loi den sue khoe. Nude, khong khi bi o nhiem do lut loi, chat thai cong nghiep, hoa chat dung trong nong nghiep; thuc pham khong an toan do thuoc sau, thuoc bao quan, thuoc tang trong... da va dang la mdi lo ngai ldn ve siic khoe cho con ngudi
Thu" ba, do la nhung tac dong bat loi den loi ich cua cac the he tuong lai. Khai thac can kiet tai nguyen va lam o nhi6m mdi trudng khong chi gay thiet hai cho chinh cac the he hien tai ma con tao nen ganh nang cho the he tuong lai
Thu tu, su phat trien khong dong deu tren the gidi hien nay khien cho viec khai thac tu nhien va phat trien kinh te d cac qudc gia phat trien lam thiet hai loi fch cac qudc gia cham phat trien.
Nhu v$y, chfnh qua trinh khai thac tu nhien bat hofp ly, tham chf, trong nhilu trudng hgfp la tan pha tu nhien da dan den nhung ton hai vl mat lgi fch cua nhan loai noi chung, cac qudc gia, cac the he noi rieng. Bao ve mdi trudng trd thanh van de cua phat trien, van de co tmh toan c&u. D6 bao ve mdi trudng, dam bao cho su phat trien bln vung con ngudi phai co nhung dieu chinh nhat dinh trong phat trien noi chung va trong quan ly, khai thac tu nhien noi rieng. Thuc chat cua nhitng su dieu chinh ay chinh la dieu chinh lai ich: gitta lai ich trudc mat va lai ich lau dai, giua lai ich qudc gia nay vdi lai ich quoc gia kia, giua lai ich the he hien tai vdi lai ich the he tuong lai. Chfnh vi vay ma uy ban the gidi ve mdi trudng va phat trien, d
tdm khai quat nhat, da dinh nghia: “Phat trien ben vung (sustainable development) la phat trien de dap ting nhu cau cua ddi nay md khong lam ton hai den kha nang dap ting nhu cau cua ddi sau”
Tir cach nhin nay co the thay, dieu chinh loi ich trong phat trien tro thanh nen tang cua sir thiet lap mot quan he mdi giua con ngudi va tu nhien. Vi bao ve moi trudng la van de toan cau nen giai quyet no tire la di6u chinh loi ich ciang phai duoc thuc hien tren tat ca cac pham vi: qudc te, qudc gia, cac cong dong den timg ngudi dan.
Nhung su dieu chinh nhu vay duoc thuc hien trong tat ca cac lmh vuc hoat dong ngudi, bdi d dau, lam gi va hoat dong trong mot thiet che xa hoi nao, con ngudi cung ton tai trong mdi trudng, co quan he vdi cac cap do khac nhau cua mdi trudng. Nhung su di6u chinh loi fch giua ngudi vdi ngudi trong quan he vdi moi trucmg duoc the hien cu the trong viec thuc hien trach nhiem ca vdi tu cach con ngudi nghe nghiep ca vdi tu cach con ngudi cong dan. Trach nhiem bao ve mdi trudng cua con ngudi la sir the hien va thuc hien cac yeu Cciu cua xa hoi ddi vdi con ngudi, cac yeu cau ay phan anh loi fch chung d ca cac cap do: cong dong, qudc gia, toan nhan loai ca trong hien tai cung nhu trong tuong lai.
Nhiing trach nhiem bao ve mdi trudng khi duoc phan anh vao y thiic dao diic, con ngudi thi tro thanh trach nhiem dao diic. Trach nhiem dao diic la su nhan thiic va thuc hien mot cach tu giac, tu nguyen nhung yeu cau cua xa hoi, cua cong d6ng. Tuong tu nhu vay, nhiing yeu cau cua phat trien ben vung, cua viec bao ve mdi trudng duoc phan anh vao y thiic dao diic con ngudi, loai ngudi; dong thdi su the hien y thiic dd trong thuc tifin phat trien phat trien xa hoi va bao ve mdi trudng chfnh la y thiic va thuc tiln dao due mdi trudng. Dao dtic mdi trudng, do vay, la mot phuefng clien cua dao dtic noi chung, la suthe hien va thuc hien dao due xa hoi trong ITnh vuc quan he giua con ngudi va tu nhien. Khdng co va khong can co mot thii dao due mdi trudng ddi lap va cao hon n£n dao diic gan lien vdi con ngudi, xa hoi loai
dich thuc. Nhung c£tn phai xay dung dao du'c moi truong vdi tir cach la mot phuong dien, mot linh vuc cua dao du'c. Dang sau quan he giua con ngudi vdi moi trudng la quan he giua con ngudi voi con ngu'di. Su dieu chinh cac quan he giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong viec khai thac va bao ve thien nhien can dugc thuc hien thong qua cac chuan muc dao du'c mang tmh tu nguyen. Do la mot hinh thiic dieu chinh co tmh dac thu va cung voi cac hinh thu’c dieu chinh khac, chang han luat phap, cac thoa thuan..., no lam phong phu cho phuong thuc dieu chinh quan he giua con ngudi va con ngudi trong viec bao ve moi trudng.
Dao du’c moi trudng, trudc het phan anh quan he giua con ngudi va tu nhien. Trong quan he true tiep vdi tu nhien, dao du:c mdi trudng ddi hoi, trong toan bo hoat dong song cua minh, con ngudi phai ton trong su da dang sinh hgc, giu gin su can bang ve mat sinh thai giua con ngudi va mdi trudng cung nhu su can bang sinh thai cua ban than mdi trudng.
Tuy nhien, con ngudi chi co the tdn trgng va bao ve thien nhien trong chimg muc ton trgng con ngudi, giai quyet on thoa nhung van de kinh te, xa hoi trong quan he giua ngudi va ngudi tren tat ca cac cap do: cong dong, quoc gia, toan nhan loai.
Nhu vay, theo nghia rong, dao diic mdi trudng hien dien trong tat ca cac phuong dien cua cudc song con ngudi, loai ngudi. Chmh vi the ma cac cam ket qudc te thudng nhan manh den phuong dien xa hoi cua viec bao ve mdi trudng.