NEN VA MONG NHA DAN DUNG
II. Cae bQ phan lam tang cuong' kha nang ehju 111c eua tumlg
TUdng trong cling nhu tinrng' ngoai do yeu c4u stt dung phai chira lai cac 10(ctra di,
cua s6, 10d~t cac loat dinrng ~ng thie't bi ...) hoac chiu tai trong t~p trung cue b(>- Cac hien tirong nay lam giam kha nang chiu lire cua tlti1ng phai thi6t ke' them esc cau kien
nhir : lanh t6, vom cu6n, giang tltdng, tru li~n tltdng.
1/- Lanh to:
Lanh tt> la ke't cau chiu luc tren 16 cira 86 hoac etta di. Lanh to co nhieu loai tuy theo nhip cua lanh t6, tai trong tac dung I~n lanh t6, hinh dang kieh thinrc 16 etta.
Thuong co cac loai lanh to : g~, cu6n gach, gach c6t thep, betong c6t thep va thep, Hien nay dung nhieu lanh to gach xay cu6n phang va lanh to betongcot thep.
1-1. Lanh t6 g(tch:
a- Lanh to gach. xdy cu6n.phdng : D~t gach xay dirng, 2 ben nghieng va dttng dAll
v~ phia trong tam, mach vira hinh canh quat. XAy gach thong thuong mac 75, vira tam
hop mac 50. Mach vira km nhat khong qua 20mm va cling khong dlt</c nho hon 7nlm.
D9 cao thong thinrng cua cudn 181 gach hoac 1 gach 1/2. Loai lanh to nay thIcll hqp vdi
16 etta 1,25m. Thong qua tinh toan ne'll nang mac vtia len co th~ ap d1;lng eho nhjp 10
ctta 1,50m. (Hinh Hs - 3A).
1--3. Chieu cao elLa tuOng :
Quye't dinh bdi d¢ On dinhcua tirong va co lien quan tdi chidu day cua tirong. .
2/- KiEiu each xay :
2-1. Nguyen tdc :
Khi xay tltdng c~n bao dam cac nguyen tec :
,
- B~ mat chiu lire cua tltdng phai thAng goc vrri huong' chuyen lire.
- V$t lieu xay phai : ngang bang, thang dirng, mat phang, goc vuong - Mac vtia phai dung theo yl!u c~u cua tung loai tirong.
- Mach vira dimg'. hang tren khong diroc trung vdl mach vira dttng ~ hang dltrrj d~
bao dam tinh toan kh6i - Yeu c~u cua kh6i xay phai dam bao d~c chac, on dinh, 2-2. Kieu ccieh sap 11Q£h:
-Vech ngan 6 -llem
- Tinrng chiu hrc 22 - 33 - 45cm.
- CQt gach.
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1-2: Lanh to betongc6t thep:
Theo phirong phap tbi cong co thA chia thanh 2lo~i : lanh to toan kh6i va lanh to lAp ghep,
a -Lanh t6 toan kh6i : Phia trsn 16 cira lAp van khuon d~t c6t thep va d6 betong.
Chi~u rOng lanh to thong thudng bAng chi~u rOng tinrng. Chieu day va s61uCJng cua c6t thep trong lanh to do tinh toan quy6t dinh,
Khi tudng ICtnhctn 1 gach, thi chidu rOng cua lanh to ve phirong dien chiu hrc cling khong cAn bang cua chieu rong cua tl!dng, luc do lanh to co th~ lam hinh chir L. Trudng
hop san gac dO toan kh6i khi dO cao cua lanh to va dO cao cua san gan bang nhau nsn k€t hop dO san va lanh to lam mot, nhir vf).ykha nang chiu lire Be tang, dOllg thai giam bot trinh tll thi cOng.
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b - Lanh t6 bet6ng c6t thep lap ghep : Thi cong nhanh, co th~ vttQ't diroc khAu dQ ICtn.LOlilinAy hien nay sit dVng rAt rOng rai, d6i vdi nha stta chita llilistt dVng cang t6t - Ti6t di~n cua lanh to d~i da s61a hinh chit nh$t, cling co khi lit hinh chli L. Ki'ch thU(1c cua lanh to nen lAybOi s6 cua kfch thudC vien g~ch lam tieu chuAn, chi~u rOng t6t nl1st b~ng chi~u rOng cua 1/2 g~ch ho~c 1 g~ch ; chi~u cao b~ng chi~u day clla 2, 3, 4 vi~n g~ch - Lanh to chOn sAu vao tUC1ng1 - 1 1/2 glilch. (Hinh H3 - 5).
1-3: Innh log&:
Ap dVng ndl co nhi~u gOva cac lo~i nha ban virih cUu - Co th~ k6t hc;1pviii khutln ctta. (Hinh Ha - 6).
1-4: Lanh to IMp:
b-'Lanh. t6 gQChxdy cutin vom : Lanh to cu6n chi chiu nen la chu y6u, do do co dQ
b~n' bao dam va lai khong' t6n thep, hoac n6u co cling rAt ft, song thi COl1gco hoi phirc
,-'
tap. No ciing d~,hu hong ne'u nha lun khong d~u (2 g6i tua cua lanh to hin khac nhau) (Hinh Ha - ab).
c- Lanh t6 gQChc6t thep : Tren 10cira phu mOt lop vlta ximang mac 50 hose 75 day 2 - 3cm trong d~t thep t 6 hoac thep ban 20 x lmm ct11/2 glitch dl)t m(>tthanh, hai dliu
chon sAu vao tui1ng 1 d6n 1- 1/2 gach, phia trsn dung vlta mac 50, xAy cao 5 - 7 hang va khOng diroc nho hctn 1/4 nhip, sau do xAy binh thinrng, Loai nay thich hop vdi nhip 2,00m. Tlili cac ch6 goc tudng n6u chidu rOng cua tudng khong dll kha nang chiu lire xo
ngang cua lanh to thi s61U'qng thep do k6t cAu tmh toan quy6t dinh,
Tlili vung dia chAt chiu lire khOng d~u co kha nang tao thanh lun khong deu va nhirng nha co chan dOng krn khong nen dung lanh to gach .
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(Hinh Ha.4) .
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Trong IUC1llgnhe, khAu d¢ hrn, Thirong dung thep hinh - Loal nAy it dung vi.khong cAn thi6t va dAt ti~n.ã (Hinh Ha - 7)
2/- GiAng tumlg :
Khi xAy dung cac nha b~ng gach de tuctng d6i cao tr~n n~n ddt ye'u, cAn phai chu
y t&i kha nang do lun khong d~u anh hUdng t&i chAt IUC1llgcua ttnrng. Vi tUdng' glitch sau khi chiu keo phat sinh ra v6t nttt lam cho de)cirng cua tU(lng Be giam ye'u co th~ dAn tdi dOtudng. Do do ngoai ãbien phap gia c6 n~n mong, con dung he dAm tao thanh vanh dai kin bao xung quanh nha, d nhirng vi tri tuong d6i d@rott 6n dinh (dinh t~ng 1, map du&i ke't c~u chju luc cua san).D6ng thdi giAng tinmg con lam tAng them dOcirng tdng th~ cua nha rA:tt6t d6i v{ti loai nha tudng gach san lAp ghep ..(Hinh Hs - 8).
Can clt d~c di~m cua k6t cAu, tinh hinh phan bol\lC, tinh hinh dat dai ; cong trinh co th~ phat sinh momem u6n d tr~n va b dUdi dAn tdi dinh tu'dng hay day tinmg b] mrt,
Do do giAng tudng b6 tri d dinh tudng hay dinh mong (chan tinrng) - Khi tufrng tuong d6i cao, tinrng md nhidu le, cua, t~ng tren tai trong thay d6i tirong d6i lrrn, ddt khong
ddng nhdt co th~ do s\l pha hoai cua I\lc cAt gAyra tudng hj mrt, luc nAy tai gura tAng nha cfing cAn co giAng tudng d~ tang them dOcirng tOng th~ cua nha,
3/- Tru li~n ttidng :
Tru li~n tUdng la mot bO phan tang cUdng kha nang chiu luc cua tUdng - No cung vdi tinrng true tie'p chiu tai trong ttt dan mal hoac dAm san chuydn vao - Chieu rong va day cua bO phan nho ra khol tudng thinrng la be)is6 clla 112 glitch. Chi~u rOng thudng 1 - 1/2 g~ch ho~c Idn hdn. (Hinh a ....9.)
ill - Cau t~o tumlg xay :
TUdng la ket cAu bao che (chu ye'u tUdng ngoai). Ngoai y~u cAu cach Am, phong hoa ... con co y~u cAu ch6ng lliticac tac h~i'lau dai cua thi~n nhi~n : mua, gio, nhiet dO...
CAu tlilo than tuCtng cAn thoa man cac y~u cAu.tren - Do do c~u tlit0 tuô)ng can chu y'
nhAt la tUdng ngoai. TUdng trong d nhiing chO d~c bi~t nhtt khu ve sinh, b6p ... cung can co cAu tlilOd~c biet d~ dll kha nAng lam viec.
1/- Dinh ttid~g :
Co 2 phuctng phap cAu tlilo dinh tUdng :
- Trudng hqp nha co mai dUB: lqi d\lng mai dua lam bO ph~n k6t thuc dlllh tudng.
Mai dua khong l&n co th~ xdy g~ch nha ra lam bO ph$n k6t c~u dd mai dua. Ne'u mai , dua Idn thi ta dung conaon hay ddm d~ lam ke't cAu db mai dual
- TUdng vttc;rt mai : ne'u nha khang co mai dua thi xdy tudng cao vugt khoi mai - d~ ~~ phong nudc mua thAm ttt dinh van tUdng, dinh tUdng thudng lam di~n.tbAng glitch
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LO cira ra vao trong ngoai nha can lam mai hAt, thtnrng• lam bang betang - Khuon cira lAp d map trong tinrng hoac d giita noi chung chdng tham t6t - Khi khuon cira lap
d map ngoai thinrng n~n lam gd moc mnrc k6t hop vdi lanh t6 hoac maiohat d~ ngAn khong cho marc th~m V80 nha.
2-3 : Pooh cJuci.i Itf wa ..
. a - B~ctia sd : Thinrng lam bAng gach xAynghieng va nhO ra khoi tUdng 50 - 70mm thuan lol cho thoat mrcc va tranh lam bAn tudng, cling co th~ xAy phAng nhirng dung viia ximAng trat d~ d~ phong marc thafm vao tudng co dOdoc Idn hem 1/5. B() phan nho ra khoi tudng co th@ lam moe nUdc hose trat vat, hai ben co th~ trat cao hem m()t it d~
d~ phong bAn. Ngoa! ra each cAu tao tr@n con co thA lam bAng da, b@tOng,kim loai, (Ha
- Llbj).
b- Nghoch. elLa di : Chi xtt ly ctta di ngoai nha d~ d~'phong mroc hAt, gio lua vao
trong nha diroc lam cao hem hay thA:phem n~n nha 10 - 20 mm. Gd nho len co th~ xay bAng gach ho~c bAng vita ximAng lam gd co nhuQc di~m quet dQn kho. (Hs - 11b2).
2-4 : Tam eM ehdn ndng : (Ha - 12)
TAm che chAn nAng bao gdm cac tA:mchAn nang tr~n ho~c ben 16 ctta, co mAy lOlili chu y6u : TA:mchAn nAng ngang, dltng, vUa ngang vUa dltng. Nghiell cUu k6t hQp vdi vi~c thOng thoang gio iJ'ngoai va b~n trong 16clia, ddng thdi tuy thea stl tinh tOall ella v~t ly ki6n trUc.
- Tafm chAn nAng ngang : thudng dung vdi hUdng Nam, ngAn tia nAng tli tren xudng, co th~ cAu ~o tA:mchAn dtc ho~c rllng (Ha - 12).
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b- Cua khtJng khutJn : o rung khi h~u lanh, hotc do yeu cau each Am, ctta khong \,
khuon co th~ lam thanh chit L hoac chit T nhu v~y che mira gio t6t, lai tang them dO ki~n cd, tranh dUQcdi dOng khi dong md - Kich thinrc Idi 10m thinrng r()ng bang 1/2 gach, day 1/4 gach, •
2-2 : Phdn tren 16 ata : (Hv3 - 11a)
2/- LA clia:
2-1 : Hai ben 16 ~Q_:
a - Cua eo khuon. : Hai bsn IIIctta thinrng lam phAng hoac Idi, 10m. B6 tri chon bach sAt hoac gach gllli@n k6t khuOn cira vao tudng. '
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lang viia ximAng hoac bAng b~tOng cdt thep lAp ghep, dafyciing la mii bao v~ than ttrong - Du. . rmi bao ve than tinmg lam bAng phirong. phap nao thi tr~n cung cling pha! lam doc
da thoat mnrc va cAn nho ra khol tudng 5 - 7 em thi vi~c thoat nUdc moi t6t. (Hinh Ha -10).
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M~t tudng ngoai co th~ chia ra lam 3 lo~i :
a - Mq,t tUdng kh6ng trat :Xay gGlchtran kht>ng trat Vlia- Mi)t tuCtng.yeu c~u phai. , -TAm chan nang dirng : Thtnrng dung vdi hudngTAy, TAyNam, Dong Dong Nam ._~.~._ch.~~cac tia nAng,xi~n d_ hai ~en. Tam chdn nAng dirng' thAng hoac xien tuy theo
hinh thirc ki6n true va tinh toan v$t Iy ki6n true.
- TAm chan ngang - dirng k6t hop : Tac dung cua loai n4y la ngan co tia nAng xi~n va tr~n xu6ng - Thinrng dung vdi hirdng DOng Nam va TAy Nam.
4/- B~ tUdllg : (Tinrng mong)
B~ tudng la doan than tudng gdn v&i m~t dAt (tinrng' mong). DAy 18 bO phan g4n m~t dAt vi v$y ngoai marc mira thAm theo tuang chay xu6ng con b] Am udt do cac hat mnrc mira rot xu6ng n~n bAn I~n tinrng' va anh hUdng cua nltdc ngam lam he tuang b]
phs hoai va anh hUdng d6n de) Am trong nha, d~ tranh tinh trang bAt lCJinay ngltai ta co bien phap cAu tao bao ve than tinrng, quanh nha con lam he thdng ranh marc hose h~ th6ng n~n d6c d~ thoat mnrc rmra ra ngoai cong trinh,
a - Be tuilng : Thinrng co 2 each lam:
- Be tudng lam bAng v~t lieu co kha nang chiu hrc cao nhu cac phien dB, betong va b~tOng c6t thep. Khi lam v$t lieu nay be tUdng co th~ lam nho hen than tircng' van
khoang 30 - 50mm, lam theo ki~u n4y co uu di~m thoat nltdc mira t6t.
- Be tinrng lam bang v~t lieu thong thirong nhu gach cac loai, d~ tang cinrng kha nang chiu 11iC co th~ xAyd4y hen than tinrng, tao thanh cac gd nhO ra khoi than tUdng 30 - 50mm, phia ngoai trat Vlia ximang - D~ tang them my quan, ben ngoai co th~ op bAng dB, cac t~m granito due sAn vdi cac mau sAc khac nhau. (Hs ...17).
b - Riinh. thotit nuac quanh nlui :D~ dan mrdc mira, mnre bAn ra xa cong trinh den h~ th6ng thoat mrcc chung n6i hay chim.
Thong thinrng' ranh thoat mrcc quanh nha co th~ lam bang da, gach, betong, ngoai lang Vlia ximang mac 80 #. Noi chung kh6ng n~n lam bAng g~ch vi gGlchngam trong., nUdc d~ bj phil ho~i va nudc bAn se thAm va~. C1 nhltng vUng mua it cling co th~ laln via he co dO d6c 5 %. (Ha - 18).
6/-C'u ~o m~t tui1ng:
Lc1pm~t tudng lam nhi~m V\l bao v~ than tudng nhu chd'ng anh hudng cua mua~
gio va cac anh hudng co' h~i cua v$t Iy, hoa hQc ho~c phil hOGlikhac do con ngltdi gay ra. Ngosi ra con lam nhiem V\l trangtri cho cOngtri~h th~m dep, s~ch se va ddi ,Iuccon co tac d\lng tAng them ca~h nhiet, cach Am va q\lang hQc. v.v ...
6-1 : MQ,t tuOng ngocii :
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- a., goc tttdng nen dung nhling vi~n dB to d~ cAu hai d9:u tUdng l~i dam bRo lien
ke't dttqc ch~t che - CIl thea dO cao 1m thi co mc)t vi~n da to d~ cAu ngang hai dau tUdng.
- M~ch vita xay khong nen d~y qua - dO'iv&ida hQc thi m~ch Vtta xdy 3cm, doi vdi da gia cOng thi m~ch vita xay 1cm. '
V~nguyen tAcc6u ~o :
Tuy theo klch thudC cua vien da ma quy6t djnh each xAy :
CAu tao tinrng pha! bao dam chiu hrc tot, d~ xAy, b~n dep. Xay tUc1ngda phai bao dam cac di~u :
- Xay thanh hang: Cac mach vita ngang phai cung nam tr~n mat phang ngang d~ tranh da chen nhau khi chiu lire.
- Cac mach viia dltng khOng diroc trung nhau tranh tUdng bi mrt theo chieu dirng.
- Thd da x3y pha! nAm ngang : co nghia la thAng goc vdi hinrng tac dOng cua ll/c (d6i vdi da sac nen ngang thd t6t hen sire chiu nen doc tho).
-Da congvil dai khOng duqc dung vi d~bi gay, gi)p da 10m thi d~t chi~u 10mxu6ng dttdi d~vien dB.On dinh .•
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xay thAng, gach t6t vuong thanh sAc canh, khOng cong, khong sUt me, mach vita phang
va d~11- D~ d~ phong mnrc mira thlrrt V90 qua mach vita, nsn Idp vita xay phai dung vita
ximang mac lam mach viia 16i hoac lorn. (Hs - 20)
b- MQ,ttlldng trot: Mtt tuimg ngoal trat thinrng co 2 Idp viia trat va lap mat,
Lop vita trat duqc phan ra lam' 2 Idp d~ thi cOng vi tuimg xAy khong phang, co chb 16i chO 10m :,ldp thu nh6t co toc dung lam phang mat, krp thir hai tie'p tuc trat. M~t tuimg dl)c biet co th~ trat them lap mra, TOng chidu day cua cac ldp lil 16 - 20mm.
c - MQt tuimg 6p : Met tltimg 6p thinrng co th~ dung cac phie'n de hoac cac t~m granite due sAn d~ 6p mat ngoai cua tltimg. (Ha - 21).
6-2 : M(1t tuOng trong :
TUc1ngtrong do yeu c4u ve sinh thirong dung tuimg trat vita mol cau tao ciing gi6ng nhu tinmg' ngoai co trot vita. C'n chu y may d,i~m khi trat tUdng trong:
- Tinrng d khu vvc cO nUdc nhu khu ve sinh, tA.m,Xl ; nen dung vita ximang mac
cao trat ttt san len d6n dO cao 1m60, hoac co th~ dung gach trang men 6p mat tudng.
- a goc tUdng phal trat bAng vita ximang mac cao d~ tranh sac me khi va cham .
- a., chan tinrng nen trat vita ximang hoac 6p gach men hay nep g6. (H3 - 22a).
Ngoai ra do yeu cau trang tri, mat tUdng trong con diroc 6p g6 van, lambris (H3 - 22b).
IV - TuOng d8 : (H3 - 23) ,
49 -V~ yeu c4u each Am : Dam bao each Am tirong doi tot, dung cac loai v~t li~u nhe,
co dO r6ng nhidu d~ each Am nhu vo dam bao ep ...
-V~ yeu cAu my quan : Khong co khe mrt vita dam bao my quan, Vl1a khong cho
Am truydn qua duqc, khOng ngAm mnrc,
- V~ yeu c4u chi~u day cua vach : Tuy theo v$t lieu va yeu cAu each Am rna quyet dinh - Bao dam dung v~t li~u thich hop, c~u tao va thi cong don gian.